Helicity (particle physics)

The angular momentum J is the sum of an orbital angular momentum L and a spin S. The relationship between orbital angular momentum L, the position operator r and the linear momentum (orbit part) p is

:$\backslash mathbf\{L\}\; =\; \backslash mathbf\{r\}\backslash times\backslash mathbf\{p\}$

so L's component in the direction of p is zero. Thus, helicity is just the projection of the spin onto the direction of linear momentum. The helicity of a particle is positive (" right-handed") if the direction of its spin is the same as the direction of its motion and negative ("left-handed") if opposite.

Helicity is conserved.

{{cite book |last1=Landau |first1=L.D. |last2=Lifshitz |first2=E.M. |title=Quantum mechanics |date=2013 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=9781483187228 |pages=273–274 |series=A shorter course of theoretical physics |volume=2}}

That is, the helicity commutes with the Hamiltonian, and thus, in the absence of external forces, is time-invariant. It is also rotationally invariant, in that a rotation applied to the system leaves the helicity unchanged. Helicity, however, is not Lorentz invariant; under the action of a Lorentz boost, the helicity may change sign. Consider, for example, a baseball, pitched as a gyroball, so that its spin axis is aligned with the direction of the pitch. It will have one helicity with respect to the point of view of the players on the field, but would appear to have a flipped helicity in any frame moving faster than the ball.

In this sense, helicity can be contrasted to chirality, which is Lorentz invariant, but is not a constant of motion for massive particles.{{cn|date=February 2025}} For massless particles, the two coincide: The helicity is equal to the chirality, both are Lorentz invariant, and both are constants of motion.

In quantum mechanics, angular momentum is quantized, and thus helicity is quantized as well. Because the eigenvalues of spin with respect to an axis have discrete values, the eigenvalues of helicity are also discrete. For a massive particle of spin {{mvar|S}}, the eigenvalues of helicity are {{mvar|S}}, {{nobr|{{math| S − 1}}}}, {{nobr|{{math| S − 2}}}}, ..., −{{mvar|S}}.

{{cite book

|last1=Troshin |first1=S.M.

|last2=Tyurin |first2=N.E.

|year=1994

|title=Spin Phenomena in Particle Interactions

|publisher=World Scientific

|place=Singapore

|isbn=9789810216924

}}

{{rp|12}}

For massless particles, not all of spin eigenvalues correspond to physically meaningful degrees of freedom: For example, the photon is a massless spin 1 particle with helicity eigenvalues −1 and +1, but the eigenvalue 0 is not physically present.

{{cite web

|author=Thomson, Mark

|date=Fall 2011

|orig-date=Michaelmas Term, 2011

|title=Electroweak unification and the W and Z bosons

|series=Particle Physics / Part III: Particles

|volume=Handout 13

|department=High Energy Physics

|publisher=Cambridge University

|place=Cambridge, UK

|url=https://www.hep.phy.cam.ac.uk/~thomson/partIIIparticles/handouts/Handout_13_2011.pdf

|access-date=2022-10-15

}}

All known spin-1/2 have non-zero mass; however, for hypothetical massless spin {{sfrac|1|2}} particles (the Weyl spinors), helicity is equivalent to the chirality operator multiplied by {{sfrac|1|2}}{{mvar|ħ}}. By contrast, for massive particles, distinct chirality states (e.g., as occur in the weak interaction charges) have both positive and negative helicity components, in ratios proportional to the mass of the particle.

A treatment of the helicity of gravitational waves can be found in Weinberg.

{{cite book

|first=Steven |last=Weinberg

|year=1972

|title=Gravitation and Cosmology: Principles and application of the General Theory of Relativity

|publisher=Wiley & Sons

|at=chapter 10

}}

In summary, they come in only two forms: +2 and −2, while the +1, 0 and −1 helicities are "non-dynamical" (they can be removed by a gauge transformation).

In {{nowrap|3 + 1}} dimensions, the little group for a massless particle is the double cover of SE(2). This has unitary representations which are invariant under the SE(2) "translations" and transform as {{math|e^ihθ}} under a SE(2) rotation by {{mvar|θ}}. This is the helicity {{mvar|h}} representation. There is also another unitary representation which transforms non-trivially under the SE(2) translations. This is the continuous spin representation.

In {{nowrap|d + 1}} dimensions, the little group is the double cover of SE({{nowrap|d − 1}}) (the case where {{nowrap|d ≤ 2}} is more complicated because of anyons, etc.). As before, there are unitary representations which don't transform under the SE({{nowrap|d − 1}}) "translations" (the "standard" representations) and "continuous spin" representations.

{{About|helicity in physics||Helicity (disambiguation)}}

• Chirality (physics)
• Helicity basis
• Gyroball, a macroscopic object (specifically a baseball) exhibiting an analogous phenomenon
• Wigner's classification
• Pauli–Lubanski pseudovector

{{reflist|25em}}

{{refbegin|25em}}

• {{cite book

|last1=Povh |first1=Bogdan |last2=Lavelle |first2=Martin

|last3=Rith |first3=Klaus |last4=Scholz |first4=Christoph

|last5=Zetsche |first5=Frank

|year=2008

|title=Particles and Nuclei: An introduction to the physical concepts

|edition=6th

|place=Berlin, DE

|publisher=Springer

|isbn=9783540793687

}}

• {{cite book

|last=Schwartz |first=Matthew D.

|year=2014

|chapter=Chirality, helicity, and spin

|title=Quantum Field Theory and the Standard Model

|place=Cambridge, UK

|publisher=Cambridge University Press

|isbn=9781107034730

|pages=185–187

}}

• {{cite book

|last=Taylor |first=John

|year=1992

|chapter=Gauge theories in particle physics

|editor-last=Davies |editor-first=Paul

|title=The New Physics

|edition=1st pbk.

|place=Cambridge, UK

|publisher=Cambridge University Press

|isbn=9780521438315

|pages=458–480

}}

{{refend}}

Category:Quantum field theory