Helmuth von Moltke the Younger

{{Short description|Chief of the German General Staff (1848–1916)}}

{{for multi|the German military strategist of the 19th century|Helmuth von Moltke the Elder|the German resistance figure of the Nazi era|Helmuth James Graf von Moltke}}

{{Infobox officeholder

| honorific_prefix = Graf

| name = Helmuth von Moltke the Younger

| honorific_suffix =

| image = Generalleutnant von Moltke, der neue Chef des Generalstabs, 1906 (cropped).jpg

| alt =

| caption = Moltke in 1906

| office = Chief of the German Great General Staff

| term_start = 1 January 1906

| term_end = 14 September 1914

| monarch = Wilhelm II

| chancellor = {{indented plainlist|

| predecessor = Alfred von Schlieffen

| successor = Erich von Falkenhayn

| birth_name = Helmuth Johannes Ludwig von Moltke

| birth_date = {{birth date|1848|05|25|df=y}}

| birth_place = Biendorf, Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, German Confederation

| death_date = {{death date and age|1916|06|18|1848|05|25|df=y}}

| death_place = Berlin, Province of Brandenburg, Kingdom of Prussia, German Empire

| death_cause =

| resting_place = Invalidenfriedhof

| resting_place_coordinates =

| spouse = {{marriage|Eliza von Moltke-Huitfeldt|1878}}

| children =

| parents =

| mother =

| father = {{ill|Adolf von Moltke|de}}

| relatives = Helmuth Karl Bernhard von Moltke (uncle)

| residence =

| alma_mater = War Academy

| education =

| occupation =

| profession =

| known_for =

| signature =

| signature_alt =

| nickname = Moltke the Younger
({{lang|de|Moltke der Jüngere}})

| allegiance = {{ubl|{{flag|Kingdom of Prussia}}|{{flag|German Empire}}}}

| branch = {{army|Prussia}}

| serviceyears = 1868–1916

| rank = Generaloberst

| unit = 7th Grenadier Regiment

| commands = {{ubli|1st Guards Infantry Brigade|1st Guards Infantry Division}}

| battles = {{ubli|Franco-Prussian War|World War I}}

| mawards = {{ubli|{{lang|fr|Pour le Mérite}}|Order of the Red Eagle|House Order of the Wendish Crown|Royal Victorian Order|Order of the Sword}}

| footnotes =

}}

Graf Helmuth Johannes Ludwig von Moltke ({{IPA|de|ˈhɛlmuːt fɔn ˈmɔltkə|lang}}; 25 May 1848 – 18 June 1916), also known as Moltke the Younger, was a German general and Chief of the Great German General Staff, a member of the House of Moltke. He was also the nephew of Generalfeldmarschall Graf Helmuth Karl Bernhard von Moltke, who is commonly called "Moltke the Elder" to differentiate the two.

Upon becoming the head of the General Staff, Moltke led the German Army from 1 January 1906 to 14 September 1914 during the opening months of World War I. His legacy remains a matter of controversy, due to his involvement in Germany's decision to go to war and in the execution of the invasion of France and Belgium that culminated in the First Battle of the Marne.

Early career

Helmuth von Moltke was born in Biendorf, Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, and was named after his uncle, Helmuth Karl Bernhard von Moltke, future Generalfeldmarschall (Field Marshal) and hero of the Unification of Germany. During the Franco-Prussian War, Moltke served with the 7th Grenadier Regiment and was cited for bravery. He attended the War Academy between 1875 and 1878 and joined the General Staff in 1880. In 1882 he became personal adjutant to his uncle, who was then Chief of the General Staff. In 1891, on the death of his uncle, Moltke became aide-de-camp to Emperor Wilhelm II, thus becoming part of the Emperor's inner circle. In 1898 he became commander of the 1st Guards Infantry Brigade and in 1902, being promoted to Lieutenant General, received command of the 1st Guards Infantry Division.{{cite book |last=Mombauer |first=Annika |author-link=Annika Mombauer |title=Helmuth von Moltke and the Origins of the First World War |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge / New York |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-521-79101-4}}{{rp|47–49}}

Rise to the Great General Staff

In 1904 Moltke was made Quartermaster-General; in effect, Deputy Chief of the General Staff. In 1906, he became chief on the retirement of Alfred von Schlieffen.{{Cite web |title=Moltke, Helmuth Johannes Ludwig, Graf von {{!}} Encyclopedia.com |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/moltke-helmuth-johannes-ludwig-graf-von |access-date=2023-07-18 |website=www.encyclopedia.com}} His appointment was controversial then and remains so today. The other likely candidates for the position were Hans Hartwig von Beseler, Karl von Bülow and Colmar Freiherr von der Goltz.{{rp|68}} Critics charge that Moltke gained the position on the strength of his name and his friendship with the Emperor (who liked to call him Julius{{citation |title=Herfried Münkler - Irrtümer und Illusionen im großen Krieg | date=25 November 2015 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eFV0vAkevus |access-date=2022-10-03}}), with whom he was certainly far closer than were the other candidates. Historians argue that Beseler was too close to Schlieffen to have succeeded him, while Bülow and Goltz were too independent for William II to have accepted them. Moltke's friendship with the Emperor permitted him a latitude that others could not have enjoyed. Goltz, at least, saw nothing wrong with Moltke's performance as Chief.{{rp|71}}

Chief of the Great General Staff

=Preparing for war=

After becoming Chief of the German General Staff, Moltke devoted much of his time reviewing and fine-tuning the war plans set in place by his predecessor, Count Schlieffen.{{sfn|Meyer|2015|p=94}} What came to be known as the "Schlieffen Plan" was based on the likelihood that Germany would be forced to fight both France and Russia in a two-front war.{{sfn|Meyer|2015|pp=107}} As the succeeding Chief of the Great General Staff, Moltke adhered to Schlieffen's plans yet made some modifications such as excluding Holland from the plan.{{Sfn|Dinardo|2016|p=487}}

Therefore, in the event of conflict with Russia, it simultaneously called for a decisive offensive against France.{{sfn|MacMillan|2014|pp=343}} In order to outflank French defenses, the offensive would entail an invasion of the Low Countries, thereby theoretically enabling German forces to swing behind Paris and decisively defeat the whole of France's armies in a battle of encirclement {{sfn|Meyer|2015|p=109}}

In December 1911, Moltke lectured the General Staff: "All are preparing themselves for the great war, which all sooner or later expect."{{cite book |last1=Hamilton |first1=Richard F. |last2=Herwig |first2=Holger H. |title=Decisions for War, 1914-1917 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8aFhQ0tQUxEC |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=2004-12-13 |pages=77 |isbn=978-0-521-54530-3}}

In 1913, Moltke discarded the Germany's sole alternative to the Schlieffen Plan, the Eastern Deployment Plan, which confined hostilities to Russia alone in the event of a Russo-German conflict.{{sfn|MacMillan|2014|pp=343}} Thus, by the time of the July Crisis, there was no way for Germany to go to war with Russia without simultaneously opening hostilities against France.

=Outbreak of World War I=

Shortly before the outbreak of the First World War and the First Battle of the Marne in September 1914, Moltke was called to the Kaiser who had been told by Karl Max, prince Lichnowsky, that the British Foreign Secretary, Sir Edward Grey, had offered French neutrality under guarantee of Great Britain.The Historical Journal, 37, 4 (1994), pp. 885–889, Cambridge University Press According to the historian John Keegan, however, the Kaiser believed that Britain would remain neutral if Germany did not attack France.{{cite book |last=Keegan |first=John |author-link=John Keegan |title=The First World War |publisher=Pimlico |location=London |year=1999 |pages=76 |isbn=0-7126-6645-1}} Whichever is true, the Kaiser, seeing that a two-front war could be avoided, told Moltke to divert forces from the western to the eastern front against Russia. Moltke refused, arguing that such a drastic alteration of a long-planned major mobilization could not be done without throwing the forces into organizational chaos, and the original plan now in motion had to be followed through. Years later, General Hermann von Staabs, head of the German railway division, disagreed, in a book detailing a contingency plan that the German army had for such a situation.{{cite book |last=Tuchman |first=Barbara |author-link=Barbara W. Tuchman |title=The Guns of August |publisher=Ballantine Press |year=1962}}{{rp|93–94}} Grey's offer turned out to be a wishful misinterpretation by Lichnowsky{{rp|92}} and the Kaiser told Moltke to proceed as originally planned.

Over the course of his term during the war, Motlke was confident about the victory of his forces. On 16 August 1914, in the train heading towards Koblenz, Moltke expressed his opinions regarding Battle of Liège and the Austro-Hungarian Army. He said, "Today the last forts of Liège will be shot to pieces," expressing his confidence in the German victory of the Battle. Further, he assessed the Austro-Hungarian Army to be strong enough to fend the Russians. Even Josef von Stürgkh, the military attache onboard with Moltke regarded this as a wishful thought.{{Sfn|Mombauer|2016|p=233}}

Moltke's health, already stressed from this argument with his ruler, would break down as a consequence of Germany's subsequent defeat at the first battle of the Marne, and on 14 September 1914 he was succeeded by Erich von Falkenhayn.

=Marne Campaign=

It is a matter of debate whether the "failure" of the Marne Campaign can be placed at Moltke's feet. The German actions had been based on the Schlieffen Plan and von Schlieffen himself had spotted a flaw in his plan, but had not suggested a solution: if the German right wing had made for the west side of Paris they would have been out of touch with the rest of the German army weak and unsupplied, and if they had made for the east of the city they would have been attacked by the French. On 27 August 1914 Moltke instructed General von Kluck (in command of the right wing) to go west of Paris. The next day Kluck decided to move south eastward instead, Moltke acquiesced and not only were Kluck's forces attacked on the flank by the French but also by the British at their rear. Everywhere the Germans rolled back. Some critics contend that Moltke's weakening of the Schlieffen Plan by sending troops to the Eastern Front led to German defeat on the Marne. The records show that Moltke, who was concerned about Russia, moved 180,000 men east before the war.{{cite book |last=Crowley |first=Robert |editor-last=Crowley |editor-first=Robert |title=What If? |publisher=Penguin Group |date=September 1, 2001 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/whatifworldsfore00cowl/page/275 275] |chapter=The What Ifs of 1914 |isbn=9780425176429 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/whatifworldsfore00cowl/page/275}}Keegan, John source cited 116-117{{Cite book |last=Taylor |first=AJP |title=The First World War |date=1966 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=014-00-2481-6 |edition=Penguin |location=Harmondsworth(London) |pages=31–34}} Many thousands more men were transported from the crucial right wing to the left wing facing France in Alsace and Lorraine. Most controversially, on 28 August, Moltke sent two corps and a cavalry division to reinforce Ludendorff and Hindenburg, just before the victory at the Battle of Tannenberg. The series of moves has been viewed by some historians as responsible for much of the strategic failure of the Schlieffen Plan as enacted in 1914. A number of historians, notably Zuber and S. L. A. Marshall, contend that the failure of Alexander von Kluck's 1st Army to keep position with Karl von Bülow's 2nd Army, thus creating a gap near Paris that was exploited by the French, is a more direct cause than any planning foibles on Moltke's part. The Schlieffen School disagrees and argues that Moltke lost control of the invading armies during the month of August and thus was unable to react when the First Battle of the Marne developed in September. While Moltke had lost touch with his field commanders, German operational doctrine had always stressed {{lang|de|Auftragstaktik}} (personal initiative) on the part of subordinate officers, more so than in other armies. Other historians argue that the multitude of strategic options Moltke faced and the danger of the Russian invasion of East Prussia clouded Moltke's judgement.{{cite web | url=http://www.firstworldwar.com/bio/moltke.htm | title=Who's Who – Helmuth von Moltke | access-date=2007-01-02 | work=Firstworldwar.com}}

Although earlier in the campaign, German generals and the press had been proclaiming the campaign as good as won, on 4 September, Moltke was found despondent that the lack of prisoners and captured guns meant that the Germans had not yet really won a decisive victory.{{cite book|last=Terraine|first=John|url=https://archive.org/details/1916battleofsomm0000lidd|title=Mons, The Retreat to Victory|publisher=Wordsworth Military Library|year=1960|isbn=1-84022-240-9|location=London|url-access=registration}}{{rp|186–7}}{{Cite book |last=Taylor |first=AJP |title=The First World War |date=1966 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=0-14-00-2481-6 |edition=Penguin |location=Harmondsworth (London) |pages=34}} Moltke may well have been overly preoccupied with the unsuccessful German offensive in Lorraine, and he issued no orders to the First, Second and Third Armies between 2 and 5 September whilst the Battle of the Marne was in progress.{{rp|192}}

Following the German retreat from the Marne, Moltke allegedly reported to the Kaiser, "Your Majesty, we have lost the war."[http://jellepeters.com/16-new/56-germany-had-already-lost-world-war-i-before-it-began#sthash.4W86ucly.dpuf "Majestät, wir haben den Krieg verloren"] in {{ill|Otto-Ernst Schüddekopf|de}}, Der Erste Weltkrieg, Bertelsmann Lexikon-Verlag (1977) p. 18.] jellepeters.com

{{quote|Whether General von Moltke actually said to the Emperor, "Majesty, we have lost the war," we do not know. We know anyhow that with a prescience greater in political than in military affairs, he wrote to his wife on the night of the 9th, "Things have not gone well. The fighting east of Paris has not gone in our favour, and we shall have to pay for the damage we have done".|ChurchillChurchill, Winston. The World Crisis, 1911–1918, Free Press, 2005, {{ISBN|0 7432 8343 0}}, p.168.}}

Later life

File:Invalidenfriedhof, Grab von Moltke.jpg (Invalidenfriedhof), Berlin (restitution stone from 2007)]]

After Moltke handed over authority to Falkenhayn in September 1914, he was entrusted in Berlin with the office of Chief of the Home Substitute for the General Staff, which had the task of organising and forwarding the reserves together with controlling the territorial army corps while corresponding to those at the front. Moltke's health continued to deteriorate, and he died in Berlin on 18 June 1916 (aged 68) during the state memorial ceremony for Generalfeldmarschall Colmar Freiherr von der Goltz. He left a pamphlet entitled Die 'Schuld' am Kriege (The Blame for the War), which his widow Eliza intended to publish in 1919. She was dissuaded from doing so because of the problems it might cause. The pamphlet was designed to show the "chaotic" nature of events leading up to the war, to counter Allied accusations of warmongering by Germany. Army chiefs and the German Foreign Ministry were disturbed by its contents. General Wilhelm von Dommes was sent to advise Gräfin Eliza von Moltke against its publication. Having read the pamphlet, he confided to his diary that it "contains nasty stuff". Instead, Eliza published the more bland Erinnerungen, Briefe, Dokumente, a collection of her husband's letters and documents. Other material was archived. Some was later destroyed during the Second World War and the original pamphlet has been lost since that time.{{rp|10}}

Personal life

At sixty-six, Graf von Moltke was one of the older commanders of 1914 and in poor health, having suffered a stroke shortly before the outbreak of the war.{{cite book |last=Summer |first=Ian |title=The First Battle of the Marne 1914 |publisher=Osprey |year=2010 |page=14 |isbn=978-1-84603-502-9}} These factors negatively affected his determination when he was under stress.{{cite book |last=Keegan |first=John |title=The First World War |year=1998 |pages=176–177 |publisher=Hutchinson |isbn=0-09-1801788}} His personal interests included music, painting and literature. While often assertive in manner, his character was assessed by the historian Barbara W. Tuchman as being essentially that of a self-doubting introvert.Tuchman, Barbara W., The Guns of August, Four Square, 1964, p. 99

Moltke was a follower of theosophy, which taught that humanity was an endless, unchanging cycle of civilizations rising and falling. Historian Margaret MacMillan connected his personal beliefs with his resigned approach to the possibility of a general war in the lead-up to the First World War.{{cite book |last=MacMillan |first=Margaret |author-link=Margaret MacMillan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZZapAQAAQBAJ |title=The War That Ended Peace: The Road to 1914 |publisher=Random House |location=New York City |year=2013 |pages=258 |isbn=978-1-4000-6855-5}} Like many of his colleagues on the German General Staff, he was heavily influenced by Social Darwinism. His view of international relations as merely a struggle for survival led him to believe that the longer the start of the war was delayed the worse things would be for Germany.{{cite journal |last=Biggar |first=Nigel |title=Why Britain Was Right To Go To War In 1914 |journal=Standpoint |date=September 2013}}

Honours

He received the following decorations and awards:{{cite web|title=Helmuth Johannes Ludwig von Moltke, der Jüngere|website=the Prussian Machine|access-date=9 April 2021|url=http://prussianmachine.com/aok/moltke.htm}}

;German honours

{{columns-list|colwidth=25em|

Prussia:
Iron Cross (1870), 2nd Class
Grand Cross of the Red Eagle, with Oak Leaves and Crown
Knight of the Royal Crown Order, 2nd Class, 12 September 1896; with Star, 19 September 1901;{{citation|title=Königlich Preussische Ordensliste (supp.)|journal=Preussische Ordens-Liste|volume=1|pages=[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015025921423&view=1up&seq=87&skin=2021 87], [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015025921423&view=1up&seq=713&skin=2021 105]|lang=German|location=Berlin|year=1895}} 1st Class
Commander's Star of the Royal House Order of Hohenzollern
Knight of the Black Eagle, with Collar, 1909
Service Award Cross
Pour le Merite (military), 7 August 1915
Baden:Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogtum Baden (1910), "Großherzogliche Orden", pp. [https://digital.blb-karlsruhe.de/blbihd/periodical/pageview/1881436 188], [https://digital.blb-karlsruhe.de/blbihd/periodical/pageview/1882140 892]
Grand Cross of the Zähringer Lion, 1905
Grand Cross of the Order of Berthold the First, 1909
Kingdom of Bavaria:
Grand Cross of Merit of the Bavarian Crown
Grand Cross of the Military Merit Order
Ernestine duchies: Commander of the Saxe-Ernestine House Order, 2nd Class
Hesse and by Rhine: Commander of the Merit Order of Philip the Magnanimous, 2nd Class with Swords, 6 May 1892{{citation|title=Großherzoglich Hessische Ordensliste|chapter=Verdienst-Orden Philipps des Großmütigen|page=[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112089248618&view=1up&seq=142&skin=2021 134]|language=German|location=Darmstadt|year=1914|publisher=Staatsverlag|via=hathitrust.org}}
Mecklenburg:{{Cite book |title=Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Großherzogtums Mecklenburg-Strelitz: 1915 |chapter=Großherzogliche Orden und Ehrenzeichen |location=Neustrelitz |publisher=Druck und Debit der Buchdruckerei von G. F. Spalding und Sohn |date=1915 |pages=[https://rosdok.uni-rostock.de/mcrviewer/recordIdentifier/rosdok_ppn1682263614/iview2/phys_0032.iview2 16], [https://rosdok.uni-rostock.de/mcrviewer/recordIdentifier/rosdok_ppn1682263614/iview2/phys_0043.iview2 27]|language=German }}
Grand Commander of the Griffon, 15 November 1904
Grand Cross of the Wendish Crown, with Golden Crown, 10 September 1911
Oldenburg: Grand Cross of the Order of Duke Peter Friedrich Ludwig
Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach: Commander of the White Falcon, 1892{{citation|title=Staatshandbuch für das Großherzogtum Sachsen / Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach|year=1900|chapter=Großherzogliche Hausorden|page=[https://zs.thulb.uni-jena.de/rsc/viewer/jportal_derivate_00285421/Staatshandbuch_Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach_1900_0061.tif?logicalDiv=jportal_jparticle_01124989 47]|location=Weimar|publisher=Böhlau|language=German}}
Kingdom of Saxony:
Commander of the Albert Order, 2nd Class, 1896;{{cite book|author=Sachsen|title=Staatshandbuch für den Königreich Sachsen: 1901|year=1901|publisher=Heinrich|chapter=Königlich Orden|page=[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015030492006&view=1up&seq=203&skin=2021 169]|location=Dresden|language=German|via=hathitrust.org}} Grand Cross with Golden Star
Knight of the Rue Crown
Schaumburg-Lippe: Cross of Honour of the House Order of Schaumburg-Lippe, 1st Class
Württemberg:
Knight of Honour of the Württemberg Crown, with Crown, 1892;{{citation|title=Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Königreich Württemberg|year=1907|chapter=Königliche Orden|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=720NAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA61 61], [https://books.google.com/books?id=720NAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA134 134]|location=Stuttgart|publisher=Landesamt|language=German}} Grand Cross
Commander of the Friedrich Order, 2nd Class, 1893

}}

;Foreign honours

{{columns-list|colwidth=25em|

Austria-Hungary:{{citation|chapter-url=https://alex.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/alex?aid=shb&datum=1916&page=71&size=45|chapter=Ritter-Orden |title=Hof- und Staatshandbuch der Österreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie|date=1916|access-date=9 April 2021|pages=[https://alex.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/alex?aid=shb&datum=1916&size=45&page=73 46], [https://alex.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/alex?aid=shb&datum=1916&size=45&page=91 64], [https://alex.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/alex?aid=shb&datum=1916&size=45&page=136 109], [https://alex.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/alex?aid=shb&datum=1916&size=45&page=223 196]}}
Knight of the Iron Crown, 2nd Class, 1892
Grand Cross of the Order of Franz Joseph, 1900
Grand Cross of the Imperial Order of Leopold, 1906; in Brilliants, 1909
Commander of the Military Order of Maria Theresa, 1914
Belgium: Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold
Principality of Bulgaria: Grand Cross of St. Alexander
China: Order of the Double Dragon, Class I Grade III
Denmark: Grand Cross of the Dannebrog, 29 October 1902; in Brilliants, 10 November 1906{{cite book |year=1912 |orig-year=1st pub.:1801 |editor1-last=Bille-Hansen |editor1-first=A. C. |editor2-last=Holck |editor2-first=Harald |title=Statshaandbog for Kongeriget Danmark for Aaret 1912 |trans-title=State Manual of the Kingdom of Denmark for the Year 1912 |url=https://slaegtsbibliotek.dk/918019.pdf#page=46 |format=PDF |series=Kongelig Dansk Hof- og Statskalender |language=da |location=Copenhagen |publisher=J.H. Schultz A.-S. Universitetsbogtrykkeri |pages=13–14 |access-date=30 April 2020 |via=:da:DIS Danmark}}
Kingdom of Italy:
Grand Cross of Saints Maurice and Lazarus
Grand Cross of the Crown of Italy
Empire of Japan:
Grand Cordon of the Rising Sun
Grand Cordon of the Order of Meiji
Monaco: Grand Cross of St. Charles, 14 April 1907[https://journaldemonaco.gouv.mc/var/jdm/storage/original/application/e6b5203284da6a19b9f8bf4f7bc7534a.pdf Journal de Monaco]
Netherlands: Grand Cross of the Order of Orange-Nassau
Ottoman Empire: Order of Osmanieh, 1st Class
Persia: Order of the Lion and the Sun, 1st Class
Kingdom of Portugal: Commander of the Royal Military Order of St. Benedict of Aviz
Kingdom of Romania:
Grand Cross of the Star of Romania
Grand Cross of the Crown of Romania
Russian Empire:
Knight of St. Alexander Nevsky
Knight of St. Anna, 1st Class in Diamonds
Knight of St. Stanislaus, 1st Class
Kingdom of Serbia: Commander of the Cross of Takovo
Spain: Grand Cross of the Military Merit Order
Sweden: Commander Grand Cross of the Sword, 1908{{citation|title=Sveriges statskalender|year=1915|page=674|url=https://runeberg.org/statskal/1915/0674.html|via=runeberg.org|access-date=2021-04-09|language=sv}}
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland: Honorary Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order, 28 May 1901Shaw, Wm. A. (1906) The Knights of England, I, London, [https://archive.org/details/cu31924092537418/page/n531/mode/2up p. 440]