Help:Displaying a formula#Unsorted (new stuff)

Variable names and many symbols look very different with raw HTML and the other display methods. This may be confusing in the common case where several methods are used in the same article. Moreover, mathematicians who are used to reading and writing texts written with LaTeX often find the raw HTML rendering awful.

So, raw HTML should normally not be used for new content. However, raw HTML is still present in many mathematical articles. It is generally a good practice to convert it to {{tl|math}} format, but coherency must be respected; that is, such a conversion must be done in a whole article, or at least in a whole section. Moreover, such a conversion must be identified as such in the edit summary, and making other changes in the same edit should be avoided. This is for helping other users to identify changes that are possibly controversial (the "diff" of a conversion may be very large, and may hide other changes).

Converting raw HTML to {{tl|math}} is rather simple: when the formula is enclosed with {{tl|nowrap}}, it suffices to change "nowrap" into "math". However, if the formula contains an equal sign, one has to add 1= just before the formula for avoiding confusion with the template syntax; for example, {{math|1=E = mc{{sup|2}}}}. Also, vertical bars, if any, must either be replaced with {{tlx|!}} or avoided by using {{tlx|abs}}.

{{anchor|LaTeX vs. math template}}

These two ways of writing mathematical formulas each have their advantages and disadvantages. They are both accepted by the manual of style MOS:MATH. The rendering of variable names is very similar. Having a variable name displayed in the same paragraph with {{tlx|math}} and $$ is generally not a problem.

The disadvantages of LaTeX are the following:

On some browser configurations, LaTeX inline formulas appear with a slight vertical misalignment, or with a font size that may be slightly different from that of the surrounding text. This is not a problem with a block displayed formula, and also typically not with inline formulas that exceed the normal line height marginally (for example formulas with subscripts and superscripts).

The use of LaTeX in a piped link or in a section heading does not appear in blue in the linked text or the table of content. Moreover, links to section headings containing LaTeX formulas do not always work as expected.

Finally, having many LaTeX formulas may significantly increase the processing time of a page. LaTeX formulas should be avoided in image captions or footnotes, because when the image is clicked for a larger display or a footnote is selected on a mobile device, LaTeX in the caption or footnote will not render.

Disadvantages of {{tl|math}} include that not all formulas can be displayed, and while it may be possible to display a complicated formula with {{tl|math}}, it may be poorly rendered. Except for the most common symbols such as letters, numerals, and basic punctuation, rendering of Unicode mathematical symbols can be inconsistent in size or alignment where fallback fonts do not match, and some readers may not have any font which includes certain uncommon symbols. Spaces within a formula must be directly managed (for example by including explicit hair or thin spaces). Variable names must be italicized explicitly, and superscripts and subscripts must use an explicit tag or template. Except for short formulas, the source of a formula typically has more markup overhead and can be difficult to read.

The common practice of most members of WikiProject mathematics is the following:

• Use of {{tl|mvar}} and {{tl|math}} for isolated variables and {{tl|math}} for simple inline formulas; or alternately the use of LaTeX for these purposes (optionally using the {{tl|tmath}} template), especially on articles with many complex formulas or where rendering seems inconsistent
• Use of {{tl|mvar}} and {{tl|math}} for formulas in image captions, even if the rendering is mediocre
• Use of LaTeX for separately displayed formulas and more complicated inline formulas
• Use of LaTeX for formulas involving symbols that are not regularly rendered in Unicode (see MOS:BBB)
• Avoid formulas in section headings, and when this is necessary, use raw HTML (see Finite field for an example)

The choice between {{tl|math}} and LaTeX depends on the editor. Converting a page from one format to another must be done with stronger reasons than editor preference.

{{see also|mw:Extension:Math}}

By default SVG images with non-visible MathML are generated. The text-only form of the LaTeX can be set via user preferences at My Preferences – Appearance – Math.

The hidden MathML can be used by screen readers and other assistive technology. To display the MathML in Firefox:

• Install the [https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/native-mathml/ Native MathML] extension
• Or copy [https://github.com/fred-wang/webextension-native-mathml/blob/master/content-scripts/mediawiki.css its CSS rules] to your Wikipedia user stylesheet.

In either case, you must have fonts that support MathML ([https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Mozilla/MathML_Project/Fonts see developer.mozilla.org]) installed on your system. For copy-paste support in Firefox, you can also install [https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/mathml-copy/ MathML Copy].

{{Shortcut|WP:MATHSYMBOL}}

{{See also|Wikipedia:Rendering math}}

TeX markup is not the only way to render mathematical formulas. For simple inline formulas, the template {{tl|math}} and its associated templates are often preferred. The following comparison table shows that similar results can be achieved with the two methods. See also Help:Special characters.

Here is a summary of the mathematical templates:

{{math templates|notation}}

Care should be taken when writing sets within {{tl|math}}, as braces, equal signs, and vertical bars can conflict with template syntax. The {{tl|mset}} template is available for braces, as shown in the example above. Likewise, {{tl|abs}} encloses its parameter inside vertical bars to help with the pipe character conflicting with template syntax. For a single vertical bar, use {{tlx|!}}, and for an equal sign, use {{tlx|{{=}}}}.

Though Unicode characters are generally preferred, sometimes HTML entities are needed to avoid problems with wiki syntax or confusion with other characters:

{{aligned table|cols=10|style=text-align:center;|row1class=unicode|row2class=mw-code

| < | > | − | • |′ | ″ | ⋅ | ·| – | —

| &lt; | &gt; | &minus; | &bull; | &prime; | &Prime; | &sdot; | &middot; | &ndash; | &mdash; }}

In the table below, the codes on the left produce the symbols on the right, but these symbols can also be entered directly in the wikitext either by typing them if they are available on the keyboard, by copy-pasting them, or by using menus below the edit windows. (When editing any Wikipedia page in a desktop web browser, use the "Insert" pulldown menu immediately below the article text, or the "Special characters" menu immediately above the article text.) Normally, lowercase Greek letters should be entered in italics, that is, enclosed between two single quotes ('').

α β γ δ ε ζ

η θ ι κ λ μ ν
ξ ο π ρ σ ς
τ υ φ χ ψ ω

Γ Δ Θ Λ Ξ Π

Σ Φ Ψ Ω

∫ ∑ ∏ − ± ∞

≈ ∝ = ≡ ≠ ≤ ≥
× · ⋅ ÷ ∂ ′ ″
∇ ‰ ° ∴ ∅

∈ ∉ ∩ ∪ ⊂ ⊃ ⊆ ⊇

¬ ∧ ∨ ∃ ∀
⇒ ⇔ → ↔ ↑ ↓
ℵ - – —

{{aligned table|cols=3|style=text-align:center;|row1class=unicode|row2class=mw-code|x² | x₃ | x{{su|b=1|p=2|lh=1}} |x²|x₃|x{{su|b=1|p=2|lh=1}}}}

To avoid line-wrapping in the middle of a formula, use {{tl|math}}. If necessary, a non-breaking space ( ) can be inserted with "&nbsp;". When an inline formula is long enough, it can be helpful to allow it to break across lines. Whether using LaTeX or templates, split the formula at each acceptable breakpoint into separate $$ tags or {{tl|math}} templates with any binary relations or operators and intermediate whitespace included at the trailing rather than leading end of a part.

Typically whitespace should be a regular space ( ) or none at all. In rare circumstances, such as where one character overlaps another due to one being in italics, a thin space can be added with {{tl|thin space}}.

For more on Wikipedia howtos and math style guidelines:

• MOS:FRAC for how to input fractions in various circumstances
• MOS:RADICAL for how to square and other roots in various circumstances
• Per MOS:ELLIPSIS, "..." (three ASCII periods) is used instead of "…" (single character)
• {{section link|Arrow (symbol)|Arrows in Unicode}}
• Mathematical operators and symbols in Unicode
• Wikipedia:Manual of Style (mathematics)

For more on special characters:

• [http://www.unicode.org/charts/charindex.html Unicode character name index] can be used to find the Unicode number of a character.
• [http://www.w3.org W3C] list of MathML characters indexed by [http://www.w3.org/TR/MathML2/bycodes.html code] or [http://www.w3.org/TR/MathML2/byalpha.html name]
• List of XML and HTML character entity references – includes all named entities
• Glossary of mathematical symbols

Math markup goes inside $...$. Chemistry markup goes inside $...$ or .... {{tmath|...}} can be used in place of $...$ to avoid line wrapping of adjacent text (with caveats). All these tags use TeX.

The TeX code has to be put literally: MediaWiki templates, predefined templates, and parameters cannot be used within math tags: pairs of double braces are ignored and "#" gives an error message. However, math tags work in the then and else part of #if, etc. See {{tim|Demo of attempt to use parameters within TeX}} for more information.

The now deprecated tag was considered too ambiguous, and it has been replaced by .{{cite web |title=Consider a longer, less ambiguous name for |date=December 18, 2016 |author=Ed Sanders |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation |url=https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T153606 |accessdate=April 24, 2017}}

LaTeX commands are case-sensitive, and take one of the following two formats:

• They start with a backslash \ and then have a name consisting of letters only. Command names are terminated by a space, a number or any other "non-letter" character.
• They consist of a backslash \ and exactly one non-letter.

Some commands need an argument, which has to be given between curly braces {} after the command name. Some commands support optional parameters, which are added after the command name in square brackets []. The general syntax is:

\commandname[option1,option2,...]{argument1}{argument2}...

The following symbols are reserved characters that either have a special meaning under LaTeX or are unavailable in all the fonts. If you enter them directly in your text, they will normally not render, but rather do things you did not intend.

# $ % ^ & _ { } ~ \

These characters can be entered by prefixing the escape character backslash \ or using special sequences:

\# \$ \% ^\wedge \& \_ \{ \} \sim \backslash

yielding:

{{block indent|1=

}}

The backslash character \ can not be entered by adding another backslash in front of it (\\); this sequence is used for line breaking. For introducing a backslash in math mode, you can use \backslash instead which gives $\backslash backslash$.

The command \tilde produces a tilde which is placed over the next letter. For example, \tilde{a} gives $\backslash tilde\{a\}$. To produce just a tilde character ~, use \tilde{\ } which gives $\backslash tilde\{\backslash \; \}$, placing a ~ over an empty box. Alternatively \sim produces $\backslash sim$, a large centred ~ which may be more appropriate in some situations.

The command \hat produces a hat over the next character, for example \hat{o} produces $\backslash hat\{o\}$. For a stretchable version, use \widehat{abc} giving $\backslash widehat\{abc\}$. The wedge \wedge is normally used as a mathematical operator $\backslash wedge$. The sequence {}^\wedge produces $\{\}^\backslash wedge$ the best equivalent to the ASCII caret ^ character.

"Whitespace" characters, such as blank or tab, are treated uniformly as "space" by LaTeX. Several consecutive whitespace characters are treated as one "space". See below for commands that produces spaces of different size.

Environments in LaTeX have a role that is quite similar to commands, but they usually have effect on a wider part of formula. Their syntax is:

\begin{environmentname}

text to be influenced

\end{environmentname}

Environments supported by Wikipedia include matrix, align, etc. See below.

The font sizes and types are independent of browser settings or CSS. Font sizes and types will often deviate from what HTML renders. Vertical alignment with the surrounding text can also be a problem; a work-around is described in the "Alignment with normal text flow" section below. The CSS selector of the images is img.tex.

Apart from function and operator names, as is customary in mathematics, variables and letters are in italics; digits are not. For other text, (like variable labels) to avoid being rendered in italics like variables, use \text or \mathrm (formerly \rm). You can also define new function names using \operatorname{...}. For example, \text{abc} gives $\backslash text\{abc\}$. \operatorname{...} provides spacing before and after the operator name when appropriate, as when a\operatorname{sn}b is rendered as $a\backslash operatorname\{sn\}b$ (with space to the left and right of "sn") and a\operatorname{sn}(b+c) as $a\backslash operatorname\{sn\}(b+c)$ (with space to the left and not to the right). LaTeX's starred version, \operatorname* is not supported, but a workaround is to add \limits instead. For example, \operatorname{sn}_{b>c}(b+c) \qquad \operatorname{sn}\limits_{b>c}(b+c) renders as

: $\backslash operatorname\{sn\}\_\{b>c\}(b+c)\; \backslash qquad\; \backslash operatorname\{sn\}\backslash limits\_\{b>c\}(b+c)$.

LaTeX does not have full support for Unicode characters, and not all characters render. Most Latin characters with accents render correctly. However some do not, in particular those that include multiple diacritics (e.g. with Latin letters used in Vietnamese) or that cannot be precomposed into a single character (such as the uppercase Latin letter W with ring), or that use other diacritics (like the ogonek or the double grave accent, used in Central European languages like Polish, or the horn attached above some vowels in Vietnamese), or other modified letter forms (used in IPA notations, or African languages, or in medieval texts), some digram ligatures (like IJ in Dutch), or Latin letters borrowed from Greek, or small capitals, as well as superscripts and subscript letters. For example, \text{ð} and \text{þ} (used in Icelandic) will give errors.

The normal way of entering quotation marks in text mode (two back ticks for the left and two apostrophes for the right), such as \text{a ``quoted'' word} will not work correctly. As a workaround, you can use the Unicode left and right quotation mark characters, which are available from the "Symbols" dropdown panel beneath the editor: \text{a “quoted” word}.

MediaWiki stores rendered formulas in a cache so that the images of those formulas do not need to be created each time the page is opened by a user. To force the rerendering of all formulas of a page, you must open it with the getter variables action=purge&mathpurge=true. Imagine for example there is a wrong rendered formula in the article Integral. To force the re-rendering of this formula you need to open the URL

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Integral&action=purge&mathpurge=true

Afterwards you need to bypass your browser cache so that the new created images of the formulas are actually downloaded.

{| class="wikitable"

|-

!colspan="2"|

|-

| \dot{a}, \ddot{a}, \acute{a}, \grave{a}

| $\backslash dot\{a\},\; \backslash ddot\{a\},\; \backslash acute\{a\},\; \backslash grave\{a\}$

|-

| \check{a}, \breve{a}, \tilde{a}, \bar{a}

| $\backslash check\{a\},\; \backslash breve\{a\},\; \backslash tilde\{a\},\; \backslash bar\{a\}$

|-

| \hat{a}, \widehat{a}, \vec{a}

| $\backslash hat\{a\},\; \backslash widehat\{a\},\; \backslash vec\{a\}$

|-

!colspan="2"|

|-

| \exp_a b = a^b, \exp b = e^b, 10^m

| $\backslash exp\_a\; b\; =\; a^b,\; \backslash exp\; b\; =\; e^b,\; 10^m$

|-

| \ln c = \log c, \lg d = \log_{10} d

| $\backslash ln\; c\; =\; \backslash log\; c,\; \backslash lg\; d\; =\; \backslash log\_\{10\}\; d$

|-

| \sin a, \cos b, \tan c, \cot d, \sec f, \csc g

| $\backslash sin\; a,\; \backslash cos\; b,\; \backslash tan\; c,\; \backslash cot\; d,\; \backslash sec\; f,\; \backslash csc\; g$

|-

| \arcsin h, \arccos i, \arctan j

| $\backslash arcsin\; h,\; \backslash arccos\; i,\; \backslash arctan\; j$

|-

| \sinh k, \cosh l, \tanh m, \coth n

| $\backslash sinh\; k,\; \backslash cosh\; l,\; \backslash tanh\; m,\; \backslash coth\; n$

|-

| \operatorname{sh}k, \operatorname{ch}l, \operatorname{th}m, \operatorname{coth}n

| $\backslash operatorname\{sh\}k,\; \backslash operatorname\{ch\}l,\; \backslash operatorname\{th\}m,\; \backslash operatorname\{coth\}n$

|-

| \operatorname{argsh}o, \operatorname{argch}p, \operatorname{argth}q

| $\backslash operatorname\{argsh\}o,\; \backslash operatorname\{argch\}p,\; \backslash operatorname\{argth\}q$

|-

| \sgn r, \left\vert s \right\vert

| $\backslash sgn\; r,\; \backslash left\backslash vert\; s\; \backslash right\backslash vert$

|-

| \min(x,y), \max(x,y)

| $\backslash min(x,y),\; \backslash max(x,y)$

|-

!colspan="2"|

|-

| \min x, \max y, \inf s, \sup t

| $\backslash min\; x,\; \backslash max\; y,\; \backslash inf\; s,\; \backslash sup\; t$

|-

| \lim u, \liminf v, \limsup w

| $\backslash lim\; u,\; \backslash liminf\; v,\; \backslash limsup\; w$

|-

| \dim p, \deg q, \det m, \ker\phi

| $\backslash dim\; p,\; \backslash deg\; q,\; \backslash det\; m,\; \backslash ker\backslash phi$

|-

| \injlim, \varinjlim, \projlim, \varprojlim

| $\backslash injlim,\; \backslash varinjlim,\; \backslash projlim,\; \backslash varprojlim$

|-

!colspan="2"|

|-

| \Pr j, \hom l, \lVert z \rVert, \arg z

| $\backslash Pr\; j,\; \backslash hom\; l,\; \backslash lVert\; z\; \backslash rVert,\; \backslash arg\; z$

|-

!colspan="2"|

|-

| dt, \mathrm{d}t, \partial t, \nabla\psi

| $dt,\; \backslash mathrm\{d\}t,\; \backslash partial\; t,\; \backslash nabla\backslash psi$

|-

| dy/dx, \mathrm{d}y/\mathrm{d}x, \frac{dy}{dx}, \frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x}

| $dy/dx,\; \backslash mathrm\{d\}y/\backslash mathrm\{d\}x,\; \backslash frac\{dy\}\{dx\},\; \backslash frac\{\backslash mathrm\{d\}y\}\{\backslash mathrm\{d\}x\}$

|-

| \frac{\partial^2}{\partial x_1\partial x_2}y, \left.\frac{\partial^3 f}{\partial^2 x \partial y}\right\vert_{p_0}

| $\backslash frac\{\backslash partial^2\}\{\backslash partial\; x\_1\backslash partial\; x\_2\}y,\; \backslash left.\backslash frac\{\backslash partial^3\; f\}\{\backslash partial^2\; x\; \backslash partial\; y\}\backslash right\backslash vert\_\{p\_0\}$

|-

| \prime, \backprime, f^\prime, f', f'', f^{(3)}, \dot y, \ddot y

| $\backslash prime,\; \backslash backprime,\; f^\backslash prime,\; f\text{'},\; f\text{'}\text{'},\; f^\{(3)\}\; \backslash !,\; \backslash dot\; y,\; \backslash ddot\; y$

|-

!colspan="2"|

|-

| \infty, \aleph, \complement, \backepsilon, \eth, \Finv, \hbar, \N, \R, \Z, \C, \Q

| $\backslash infty,\; \backslash aleph,\; \backslash complement,\; \backslash backepsilon,\; \backslash eth,\; \backslash Finv,\; \backslash hbar,\; \backslash N,\; \backslash R,\; \backslash Z,\; \backslash C,\; \backslash Q$

|-

| \Im, \imath, \jmath, \Bbbk, \ell, \mho, \wp, \Re, \circledS, \S, \P, \AA

| $\backslash Im,\; \backslash imath,\; \backslash jmath,\; \backslash Bbbk,\; \backslash ell,\; \backslash mho,\; \backslash wp,\; \backslash Re,\; \backslash circledS,\; \backslash S,\; \backslash P,\; \backslash AA$

|-

!colspan="2"|

|-

| s_k \equiv 0 \pmod{m}

| $s\_k\; \backslash equiv\; 0\; \backslash pmod\{m\}$

|-

| a \bmod b

| $a\; \backslash bmod\; b$

|-

| \gcd(m, n), \operatorname{lcm}(m, n)

| $\backslash gcd(m,\; n),\; \backslash operatorname\{lcm\}(m,\; n)$

|-

| \mid, \nmid, \shortmid, \nshortmid

| $\backslash mid,\; \backslash nmid,\; \backslash shortmid,\; \backslash nshortmid$

|-

!colspan="2"|

|-

| \surd, \sqrt{2}, \sqrt[n]{2}, \sqrt[3]{\frac{x^3+y^3}{2}}

| $\backslash surd,\; \backslash sqrt\{2\},\; \backslash sqrt[n]\{2\},\; \backslash sqrt[3]\{\backslash frac\{x^3+y^3\}\{2\}\}$

|-

!colspan="2"|

|-

| +, -, \pm, \mp, \dotplus

| $+,\; -,\; \backslash pm,\; \backslash mp,\; \backslash dotplus$

|-

| \times, \div, \divideontimes, /, \backslash

| $\backslash times,\; \backslash div,\; \backslash divideontimes,\; /,\; \backslash backslash$

|-

| \cdot, * \ast, \star, \circ, \bullet

| $\backslash cdot,\; *\; \backslash ast,\; \backslash star,\; \backslash circ,\; \backslash bullet$

|-

| \boxplus, \boxminus, \boxtimes, \boxdot

| $\backslash boxplus,\; \backslash boxminus,\; \backslash boxtimes,\; \backslash boxdot$

|-

| \oplus, \ominus, \otimes, \oslash, \odot

| $\backslash oplus,\; \backslash ominus,\; \backslash otimes,\; \backslash oslash,\; \backslash odot$

|-

| \circleddash, \circledcirc, \circledast

| $\backslash circleddash,\; \backslash circledcirc,\; \backslash circledast$

|-

| \bigoplus, \bigotimes, \bigodot

| $\backslash bigoplus,\; \backslash bigotimes,\; \backslash bigodot$

|-

!colspan="2"|

|-

| \{ \}, \O \empty \emptyset, \varnothing

| $\backslash \{\; \backslash \},\; \backslash O\; \backslash empty\; \backslash emptyset,\; \backslash varnothing$

|-

| \in, \notin \not\in, \ni, \not\ni

| $\backslash in,\; \backslash notin\; \backslash not\backslash in,\; \backslash ni,\; \backslash not\backslash ni$

|-

| \cap, \Cap, \sqcap, \bigcap

| $\backslash cap,\; \backslash Cap,\; \backslash sqcap,\; \backslash bigcap$

|-

| \cup, \Cup, \sqcup, \bigcup, \bigsqcup, \uplus, \biguplus

| $\backslash cup,\; \backslash Cup,\; \backslash sqcup,\; \backslash bigcup,\; \backslash bigsqcup,\; \backslash uplus,\; \backslash biguplus$

|-

| \setminus, \smallsetminus, \times

| $\backslash setminus,\; \backslash smallsetminus,\; \backslash times$

|-

| \subset, \Subset, \sqsubset

| $\backslash subset,\; \backslash Subset,\; \backslash sqsubset$

|-

| \supset, \Supset, \sqsupset

| $\backslash supset,\; \backslash Supset,\; \backslash sqsupset$

|-

| \subseteq, \nsubseteq, \subsetneq, \varsubsetneq, \sqsubseteq

| $\backslash subseteq,\; \backslash nsubseteq,\; \backslash subsetneq,\; \backslash varsubsetneq,\; \backslash sqsubseteq$

|-

| \supseteq, \nsupseteq, \supsetneq, \varsupsetneq, \sqsupseteq

| $\backslash supseteq,\; \backslash nsupseteq,\; \backslash supsetneq,\; \backslash varsupsetneq,\; \backslash sqsupseteq$

|-

| \subseteqq, \nsubseteqq, \subsetneqq, \varsubsetneqq

| $\backslash subseteqq,\; \backslash nsubseteqq,\; \backslash subsetneqq,\; \backslash varsubsetneqq$

|-

| \supseteqq, \nsupseteqq, \supsetneqq, \varsupsetneqq

| $\backslash supseteqq,\; \backslash nsupseteqq,\; \backslash supsetneqq,\; \backslash varsupsetneqq$

|-

!colspan="2"|

|-

| =, \ne, \neq, \equiv, \not\equiv

| $=,\; \backslash ne,\; \backslash neq,\; \backslash equiv,\; \backslash not\backslash equiv$

|-

| \doteq, \doteqdot, \overset{\underset{\mathrm{def}}{}}{=}, :=

| $\backslash doteq,\; \backslash doteqdot,\; \backslash overset\{\backslash underset\{\backslash mathrm\{def\}\}\{\}\}\{=\},\; :=$

|-

| \sim, \nsim, \backsim, \thicksim, \simeq, \backsimeq, \eqsim, \cong, \ncong

| $\backslash sim,\; \backslash nsim,\; \backslash backsim,\; \backslash thicksim,\; \backslash simeq,\; \backslash backsimeq,\; \backslash eqsim,\; \backslash cong,\; \backslash ncong$

|-

| \approx, \thickapprox, \approxeq, \asymp, \propto, \varpropto

| $\backslash approx,\; \backslash thickapprox,\; \backslash approxeq,\; \backslash asymp,\; \backslash propto,\; \backslash varpropto$

|-

| <, \nless, \ll, \not\ll, \lll, \not\lll, \lessdot

|

|-

| >, \ngtr, \gg, \not\gg, \ggg, \not\ggg, \gtrdot

| $>,\; \backslash ngtr,\; \backslash gg,\; \backslash not\backslash gg,\; \backslash ggg,\; \backslash not\backslash ggg,\; \backslash gtrdot$

|-

| \le, \leq, \lneq, \leqq, \nleq, \nleqq, \lneqq, \lvertneqq

| $\backslash le,\; \backslash leq,\; \backslash lneq,\; \backslash leqq,\; \backslash nleq,\; \backslash nleqq,\; \backslash lneqq,\; \backslash lvertneqq$

|-

| \ge, \geq, \gneq, \geqq, \ngeq, \ngeqq, \gneqq, \gvertneqq

| $\backslash ge,\; \backslash geq,\; \backslash gneq,\; \backslash geqq,\; \backslash ngeq,\; \backslash ngeqq,\; \backslash gneqq,\; \backslash gvertneqq$

|-

| \lessgtr, \lesseqgtr, \lesseqqgtr, \gtrless, \gtreqless, \gtreqqless

| $\backslash lessgtr,\; \backslash lesseqgtr,\; \backslash lesseqqgtr,\; \backslash gtrless,\; \backslash gtreqless,\; \backslash gtreqqless$

|-

| \leqslant, \nleqslant, \eqslantless

| $\backslash leqslant,\; \backslash nleqslant,\; \backslash eqslantless$

|-

| \geqslant, \ngeqslant, \eqslantgtr

| $\backslash geqslant,\; \backslash ngeqslant,\; \backslash eqslantgtr$

|-

| \lesssim, \lnsim, \lessapprox, \lnapprox

| $\backslash lesssim,\; \backslash lnsim,\; \backslash lessapprox,\; \backslash lnapprox$

|-

| \gtrsim, \gnsim, \gtrapprox, \gnapprox

| $\backslash gtrsim,\; \backslash gnsim,\; \backslash gtrapprox,\; \backslash gnapprox$

|-

| \prec, \nprec, \preceq, \npreceq, \precneqq

| $\backslash prec,\; \backslash nprec,\; \backslash preceq,\; \backslash npreceq,\; \backslash precneqq$

|-

| \succ, \nsucc, \succeq, \nsucceq, \succneqq

| $\backslash succ,\; \backslash nsucc,\; \backslash succeq,\; \backslash nsucceq,\; \backslash succneqq$

|-

| \preccurlyeq, \curlyeqprec

| $\backslash preccurlyeq,\; \backslash curlyeqprec$

|-

| \succcurlyeq, \curlyeqsucc

| $\backslash succcurlyeq,\; \backslash curlyeqsucc$

|-

| \precsim, \precnsim, \precapprox, \precnapprox

| $\backslash precsim,\; \backslash precnsim,\; \backslash precapprox,\; \backslash precnapprox$

|-

| \succsim, \succnsim, \succapprox, \succnapprox

| $\backslash succsim,\; \backslash succnsim,\; \backslash succapprox,\; \backslash succnapprox$

|-

!colspan="2"|

|-

| \parallel, \nparallel, \shortparallel, \nshortparallel

| $\backslash parallel,\; \backslash nparallel,\; \backslash shortparallel,\; \backslash nshortparallel$

|-

| \perp, \angle, \sphericalangle, \measuredangle, 45^\circ for degrees

| $\backslash perp,\; \backslash angle,\; \backslash sphericalangle,\; \backslash measuredangle,\; 45^\backslash circ$

|-

| \Box, \square, \blacksquare, \diamond, \Diamond, \lozenge, \blacklozenge, \bigstar

| $\backslash Box,\; \backslash square,\; \backslash blacksquare,\; \backslash diamond,\; \backslash Diamond,\; \backslash lozenge,\; \backslash blacklozenge,\; \backslash bigstar$

|-

| \bigcirc, \triangle, \bigtriangleup, \bigtriangledown

| $\backslash bigcirc,\; \backslash triangle,\; \backslash bigtriangleup,\; \backslash bigtriangledown$

|-

| \vartriangle, \triangledown

| $\backslash vartriangle,\; \backslash triangledown$

|-

| \blacktriangle, \blacktriangledown, \blacktriangleleft, \blacktriangleright

| $\backslash blacktriangle,\; \backslash blacktriangledown,\; \backslash blacktriangleleft,\; \backslash blacktriangleright$

|-

!colspan="2"|

|-

| \forall, \exists, \nexists

| $\backslash forall,\; \backslash exists,\; \backslash nexists$

|-

| \therefore, \because, \And

| $\backslash therefore,\; \backslash because,\; \backslash And$

|-

| \lor, \vee, \curlyvee, \bigvee

don't use \or which is now deprecated

| $\backslash lor,\; \backslash vee,\; \backslash curlyvee,\; \backslash bigvee$

|-

| \land, \wedge, \curlywedge, \bigwedge

don't use \and which is now deprecated

| $\backslash land,\; \backslash wedge,\; \backslash curlywedge,\; \backslash bigwedge$

|-

| \lnot, \neg, \not\operatorname{R}, \bot, \top

| $\backslash lnot\; ,\backslash neg,\; \backslash not\backslash operatorname\{R\},\; \backslash bot,\; \backslash top$

|-

| \vdash, \dashv, \vDash, \Vdash, \models

| $\backslash vdash,\; \backslash dashv,\; \backslash vDash,\; \backslash Vdash,\; \backslash models$

|-

| \Vvdash, \nvdash, \nVdash, \nvDash, \nVDash

| $\backslash Vvdash,\; \backslash nvdash,\; \backslash nVdash,\; \backslash nvDash,\; \backslash nVDash$

|-

| \ulcorner, \urcorner, \llcorner, \lrcorner

| $\backslash ulcorner,\; \backslash urcorner,\; \backslash llcorner,\; \backslash lrcorner$

|-

!colspan="2"|

|-

| \Rrightarrow, \Lleftarrow

| $\backslash Rrightarrow,\; \backslash Lleftarrow$

|-

| \Rightarrow, \nRightarrow, \Longrightarrow, \implies

| $\backslash Rightarrow,\; \backslash nRightarrow,\; \backslash Longrightarrow,\; \backslash implies$

|-

| \Leftarrow, \nLeftarrow, \Longleftarrow

| $\backslash Leftarrow,\; \backslash nLeftarrow,\; \backslash Longleftarrow$

|-

| \Leftrightarrow, \nLeftrightarrow, \Longleftrightarrow, \iff

| $\backslash Leftrightarrow,\; \backslash nLeftrightarrow,\; \backslash Longleftrightarrow,\; \backslash iff$

|-

| \Uparrow, \Downarrow, \Updownarrow

| $\backslash Uparrow,\; \backslash Downarrow,\; \backslash Updownarrow$

|-

| \rightarrow, \to, \nrightarrow, \longrightarrow

| $\backslash rightarrow,\; \backslash to,\; \backslash nrightarrow,\; \backslash longrightarrow$

|-

| \leftarrow, \gets, \nleftarrow, \longleftarrow

| $\backslash leftarrow,\; \backslash gets,\; \backslash nleftarrow,\; \backslash longleftarrow$

|-

| \leftrightarrow, \nleftrightarrow, \longleftrightarrow

| $\backslash leftrightarrow,\; \backslash nleftrightarrow,\; \backslash longleftrightarrow$

|-

| \uparrow, \downarrow, \updownarrow

| $\backslash uparrow,\; \backslash downarrow,\; \backslash updownarrow$

|-

| \nearrow, \swarrow, \nwarrow, \searrow

| $\backslash nearrow,\; \backslash swarrow,\; \backslash nwarrow,\; \backslash searrow$

|-

| \mapsto, \longmapsto

| $\backslash mapsto,\; \backslash longmapsto$

|-

| \rightharpoonup \rightharpoondown \leftharpoonup \leftharpoondown \upharpoonleft \upharpoonright \downharpoonleft \downharpoonright \rightleftharpoons \leftrightharpoons

| $\backslash rightharpoonup,\; \backslash rightharpoondown,\; \backslash leftharpoonup,\; \backslash leftharpoondown,\; \backslash upharpoonleft,\; \backslash upharpoonright,\; \backslash downharpoonleft,\; \backslash downharpoonright,\; \backslash rightleftharpoons,\; \backslash leftrightharpoons$

|-

| \curvearrowleft \circlearrowleft \Lsh \upuparrows \rightrightarrows \rightleftarrows \rightarrowtail \looparrowright

| $\backslash curvearrowleft,\; \backslash circlearrowleft,\; \backslash Lsh,\; \backslash upuparrows,\; \backslash rightrightarrows,\; \backslash rightleftarrows,\; \backslash rightarrowtail,\; \backslash looparrowright$

|-

| \curvearrowright \circlearrowright \Rsh \downdownarrows \leftleftarrows \leftrightarrows \leftarrowtail \looparrowleft

| $\backslash curvearrowright,\; \backslash circlearrowright,\; \backslash Rsh,\; \backslash downdownarrows,\; \backslash leftleftarrows,\; \backslash leftrightarrows,\; \backslash leftarrowtail,\; \backslash looparrowleft$

|-

| \hookrightarrow \hookleftarrow \multimap \leftrightsquigarrow \rightsquigarrow \twoheadrightarrow \twoheadleftarrow

| $\backslash hookrightarrow,\; \backslash hookleftarrow,\; \backslash multimap,\; \backslash leftrightsquigarrow,\; \backslash rightsquigarrow,\; \backslash twoheadrightarrow,\; \backslash twoheadleftarrow$

|-

!colspan="2"|

|-

| \amalg \P \S \% \dagger \ddagger \ldots \cdots \vdots \ddots

| $\backslash amalg\; \backslash P\; \backslash S\; \backslash \%\; \backslash dagger\; \backslash ddagger\; \backslash ldots\; \backslash cdots\; \backslash vdots\; \backslash ddots$

|-

| \smile \frown \wr \triangleleft \triangleright

| $\backslash smile\; \backslash frown\; \backslash wr\; \backslash triangleleft\; \backslash triangleright$

|-

| \diamondsuit, \heartsuit, \clubsuit, \spadesuit, \Game, \flat, \natural, \sharp

| $\backslash diamondsuit,\; \backslash heartsuit,\; \backslash clubsuit,\; \backslash spadesuit,\; \backslash Game,\; \backslash flat,\; \backslash natural,\; \backslash sharp$

|-

!colspan="2"|

|-

| \diagup \diagdown \centerdot \ltimes \rtimes \leftthreetimes \rightthreetimes

| $\backslash diagup,\; \backslash diagdown,\; \backslash centerdot,\; \backslash ltimes,\; \backslash rtimes,\; \backslash leftthreetimes,\; \backslash rightthreetimes$

|-

| \eqcirc \circeq \triangleq \bumpeq \Bumpeq \doteqdot \risingdotseq \fallingdotseq

| $\backslash eqcirc,\; \backslash circeq,\; \backslash triangleq,\; \backslash bumpeq,\; \backslash Bumpeq,\; \backslash doteqdot,\; \backslash risingdotseq,\; \backslash fallingdotseq$

|-

| \intercal \barwedge \veebar \doublebarwedge \between \pitchfork

| $\backslash intercal,\; \backslash barwedge,\; \backslash veebar,\; \backslash doublebarwedge,\; \backslash between,\; \backslash pitchfork$

|-

| \vartriangleleft \ntriangleleft \vartriangleright \ntriangleright

| $\backslash vartriangleleft,\; \backslash ntriangleleft,\; \backslash vartriangleright,\; \backslash ntriangleright$

|-

| \trianglelefteq \ntrianglelefteq \trianglerighteq \ntrianglerighteq

| $\backslash trianglelefteq,\; \backslash ntrianglelefteq,\; \backslash trianglerighteq,\; \backslash ntrianglerighteq$

|}

For a little more semantics on these symbols, see this brief [https://web.archive.org/web/20160305074303/https://www.math.upenn.edu/tex-stuff/cookbook.pdf TeX Cookbook] or here [https://www3.nd.edu/~powers/ame.332/TeXcookbook.pdf TeX Cookbook].

\hline

0 & 0 & 1 \\

0 & 1 & 1 \\

1 & 0 & 1 \\

1 & 1 & 0 \\

\end{array}

| $$

\begin{array}

\hline

0 & 0 & 1 \\

0 & 1 & 1 \\

1 & 0 & 1 \\

1 & 1 & 0 \\

\end{array}

|}

You can use various delimiters with \left and \right:

The {{tag|math|o}} tag can take a display attribute with possible values of inline and block.

If the value of the {{code|display}} attribute is {{code|inline}}, the contents will be rendered in inline mode: there will be no new paragraph for the equation and the operators will be rendered to consume only a small amount of vertical space.

The sum $\backslash sum\_\{i=0\}^\backslash infty\; 2^\{-i\}$ converges to 2.

The next line-width is not disturbed by large operators.

The code for the math example reads:

:$\backslash sum\_\{i=0\}^\backslash infty\; 2^\{-i\}$

The quotation marks around inline are optional and display=inline is also valid.{{cite web|url=https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#attributes-2|title=HTML Living Standard|website=Web Hypertext Application Technology Working Group (WHATWG)}}

Technically, the command \textstyle will be added to the user input before the TeX command is passed to the renderer. The result will be displayed without further formatting by outputting the image or MathML element to the page.

In block-style the equation is rendered in its own paragraph and the operators are rendered consuming less horizontal space. The equation is indented.

The sum $$\backslash sum\_\{i=0\}^\backslash infty\; 2^\{-i\}$$ converges to 2.

It was entered as

:$$\backslash sum\_\{i=0\}^\backslash infty\; 2^\{-i\}$$

Technically, the command \displaystyle will be added to the user input (if the user input does not already contain the string \displaystyle or \align) before the TeX command is passed to the renderer. The result will be displayed in a new paragraph.

Therefore, the style of the MathImage is altered, i.e. the style attribute "display:block;margin:auto" is added.

For MathML it is ensured that display=inline is replaced by display block which produces a new paragraph

If nothing is specified, the equation is rendered in the same display style as "block", but without using a new paragraph. If the equation does appear on a line by itself, it is not automatically indented.

The sum $\backslash sum\_\{i=0\}^\backslash infty\; 2^\{-i\}$ converges to 2.

The next line-width is disturbed by large operators.

Or:

The sum

$\backslash sum\_\{i=0\}^\backslash infty\; 2^\{-i\}$

converges to 2.

In both cases, the math is coded as:

:$\backslash sum\_\{i=0\}^\backslash infty\; 2^\{-i\}$

{{Shortcut|WP:DISPLAYTAG}}

The templates {{tl|NumBlk}} and {{tl|EquationRef}} can be used to number equations. The template {{tl|EquationNote}} can be used to refer to a numbered equation from surrounding text. For example, the following syntax:

: {{NumBlk|:|$x^2\; +\; y^2\; +\; z^2\; =\; 1$|{{EquationRef|1}}}}

produces the following result (note the equation number in the right margin):

{{NumBlk|:|$x^2\; +\; y^2\; +\; z^2\; =\; 1$|{{EquationRef|1}}}}

Later on, the text can refer to this equation by its number using syntax like this:

: As seen in equation ({{EquationNote|1}}), example text...

The result looks like this:

: As seen in equation ({{EquationNote|1}}), example text...

The equation number produced by {{tl|EquationNote}} is a link that the user can click to go immediately to the cited equation.

{{See also|Wikipedia:LaTeX symbols#Fonts}}

Texvc cannot render arbitrary Unicode characters. Those it can handle can be entered by the expressions below. For others, such as Cyrillic, they can be entered as Unicode or HTML entities in running text, but cannot be used in displayed formulas.

Equations can use color with the \color command. For example,

The \color command colors all symbols to its right.

However, if the \color command is enclosed in a pair of braces (e.g. {\color{Red}...}) then no symbols outside of those braces are affected.

There are several alternate notations styles

Some color names are predeclared according to the following table, you can use them directly for the rendering of formulas (or for declaring the intended color of the page background).

{{Formula Supported Named Colors}}

Color should not be used as the only way to identify something, because it will become meaningless on black-and-white media or for color-blind people. See WP:Manual of Style (accessibility)#Color.

Latex does not have a command for setting the background color. The most effective way of setting a background color is by setting a CSS styling rule for a table cell:

Rendered as:

Custom colors can be defined using:

\definecolor{myorange}{rgb}{1,0.65,0.4}\color{myorange}e^{i \pi}\color{Black} + 1 = 0

:$\backslash definecolor\{myorange\}\{rgb\}\{1,0.65,0.4\}\backslash color\{myorange\}e^\{i\; \backslash pi\}\backslash color\{Black\}\; +\; 1\; =\; 0$

{{See also|Quad (typography)}}

TeX handles most spacing automatically, but you may sometimes want manual control.

Automatic spacing may be broken in very long expressions (because they produce an overfull hbox in TeX):

: 0+1+2+3+4+5+6+7+8+9+10+11+12+13+14+15+16+17+18+19+20+\cdots

: $0+1+2+3+4+5+6+7+8+9+10+11+12+13+14+15+16+17+18+19+20+\backslash cdots$

This can be remedied by putting a pair of braces { } around the whole expression:

: {0+1+2+3+4+5+6+7+8+9+10+11+12+13+14+15+16+17+18+19+20+\cdots}

: $\{0+1+2+3+4+5+6+7+8+9+10+11+12+13+14+15+16+17+18+19+20+\backslash cdots\}$

When relational symbols such as $\backslash uparrow$ are employed as ordinary symbols, for example in bra–ket notation, additional spacing may have to be avoided:

The phantom commands create empty horizontal and/or vertical space the same height and/or width of the argument.

Because of the default CSS

img.tex { vertical-align: middle; }

an inline expression like $\backslash int\_\{-N\}^\{N\}\; e^x\backslash ,\; dx$ should look good.

If you need to align it otherwise, use $...$ and play with the vertical-align argument until you get it right; however, how it looks may depend on the browser and the browser settings.

If you rely on this workaround, if and when the rendering on the server gets fixed in a future release, this extra manual offset will suddenly make every affected formula align incorrectly. So use it sparingly, if at all.

The current Mathoid–MathJax backend has the following elements unimplemented (see also [https://docs.mathjax.org/en/v2.7-latest/tex.html?highlight=differences#differences MathJax's own description of differences]):

The following integral operators that are not supported by the default font of MathJax 2.7 are available

\oiint, \oiiint, \ointctrclockwise, \varointclockwise, \intbar, \intBar

they have poor horizontal spacing, generate cropped SVG images unless used with other tall characters, and appear different from the usual integral symbol \int:

:$\backslash oiint,\; \backslash oiiint,\; \backslash ointctrclockwise,\; \backslash varointclockwise,\; \backslash intbar,\; \backslash intBar,$

cf. phab:T348587. However, they render fine when MathML is used.

Elements which are not yet implemented are \oiint, namely a two-fold integral \iint {{nowrap|($\backslash iint$)}} with a circular curve through the centre of the two integrals, and similarly \oiiint, a circular curve through three integrals. In contrast, \oint {{nowrap|($\backslash oint$)}} exists for the single dimension (integration over a curved line within a plane or any space with higher dimension).

These elements appear in many contexts: \oiint denotes a surface integral over the closed 2d boundary of a 3d region (which occurs in much of 3d vector calculus and physical applications – like Maxwell's equations), likewise \oiiint denotes integration over the closed 3d boundary (surface volume) of a 4d region, and they would be strong candidates for the next TeX version. As such there are a lot of workarounds in the present version.

:

However, since no standardisation exists as yet, any workaround like this (which uses many \! symbols for backspacing) should be avoided, if possible. See below for a possibility using PNG image enforcement.

Note that \iint (the double integral) and \iiint (the triple integral) are still not kerned as they should preferably be, and are currently rendered as if they were successive \int symbols; this is not a major problem for reading the formulas, even if the integral symbols before the last one do not have bounds, so it's best to avoid backspacing "hacks" as they may be inconsistent with a possible future better implementation of integrals symbols (with more precisely computed kerning positions).

These symbols are available as PNG images which are also integrated into two templates, {{tl|oiint}} and {{tl|oiiint}}, which take care of the formatting around the symbols.

The templates have three parameters:

;preintegral: the text or formula immediately before the integral

;intsubscpt: the subscript below the integral

;integrand: the text or formula immediately after the integral

• Stokes' theorem: {{oiint | intsubscpt=$\backslash scriptstyle\; S$ | integrand=$(\; \backslash nabla\; \backslash times\; \backslash mathbf\{F\}\; )\; \backslash cdot\; \{\backslash mathrm\; d\}\backslash mathbf\{S\}\; =\; \backslash oint\_\{\backslash partial\; S\}\; \backslash mathbf\{F\}\; \backslash cdot\; \{\backslash mathrm\; d\}\backslash boldsymbol\{\backslash ell\}$}}

: {{Oiint|intsubscpt=$\backslash scriptstyle\; S$|integrand=$(\; \backslash nabla\; \backslash times\; \backslash mathbf\{F\}\; )\; \backslash cdot\; \{\backslash mathrm\; d\}\backslash mathbf\{S\}\; =\; \backslash oint\_\{\backslash partial\; S\}\; \backslash mathbf\{F\}\; \backslash cdot\; \{\backslash mathrm\; d\}\backslash boldsymbol\{\backslash ell\}$}}

• Ampère's law + correction: {{oiint

| preintegral=$\backslash oint\_C\; \backslash mathbf\{B\}\; \backslash cdot\; \{\backslash mathrm\; d\}\; \backslash boldsymbol\{\backslash ell\}\; =\; \backslash mu\_0$

| intsubscpt = $\{\backslash scriptstyle\; S\}$

| integrand = $\backslash left\; (\; \backslash mathbf\{J\}\; +\; \backslash epsilon\_0\backslash frac\{\backslash partial\; \backslash mathbf\{E\}\}\{\backslash partial\; t\}\; \backslash right\; )\; \backslash cdot\; \{\backslash mathrm\; d\}\backslash mathbf\{S\}$

}}

: {{oiint

| preintegral=$\backslash oint\_\{\backslash partial\; S\}\; \backslash mathbf\{B\}\; \backslash cdot\; \{\backslash mathrm\; d\}\; \backslash boldsymbol\{\backslash ell\}\; =\; \backslash mu\_0$

| intsubscpt = $\{\backslash scriptstyle\; S\}$

| integrand = $\backslash left\; (\; \backslash mathbf\{J\}\; +\; \backslash epsilon\_0\backslash frac\{\backslash partial\; \backslash mathbf\{E\}\}\{\backslash partial\; t\}\; \backslash right\; )\; \backslash cdot\; \{\backslash mathrm\; d\}\backslash mathbf\{S\}$

}}

• Continuity of 4-momentum flux (in general relativity):{{Cite book|title=Gravitation|author1=J. A. Wheeler |author2=C. Misner |author3=K. S. Thorne | year=1973|publisher=W. H. Freeman & Co|edition=2nd|isbn=0-7167-0344-0}} {{oiiint | preintegral=$\backslash mathbf\{P\}\; =$ | intsubscpt=$\backslash scriptstyle\; \backslash partial\; \backslash Omega$ | integrand=$\backslash mathbf\{T\}\; \backslash cdot\; \{\backslash mathrm\; d\}^3\backslash boldsymbol\{\backslash Sigma\}$

$=0$}}

{{Oiiint|preintegral=$\backslash mathbf\{P\}\; =$|intsubscpt=$\backslash scriptstyle\; \backslash partial\; \backslash Omega$|integrand=$\backslash mathbf\{T\}\; \backslash cdot\; \{\backslash mathrm\; d\}^3\backslash boldsymbol\{\backslash Sigma\}$
$=0$}}

Some variants of \oiint and \oiiint have arrows on them to indicate the sense of integration, such as a line integral around a closed curve in the clockwise sense, and higher dimensional analogues. These are not implemented in TeX on Wikipedia either, although the template {{tl|intorient}} is available - see link for details.

\overarc is not yet implemented to display the arc notation. However, there exists a workaround: use \overset{\frown}{AB}, which gives

$\backslash overset\{\backslash frown\}\{AB\}$

For longer arcs, use {{tl|Overarc}}:

3.{{overarc|142857}}

\dddot is not implemented. For a workaround use \overset{...}{x}, which gives

$\backslash overset\{...\}\{x\}$.

The starred version of \operatorname is not currently supported. A workaround for

\operatorname*{median}_{j\,\ne\,i} X_{i,j}

is either

\operatorname{\underset{\mathit{j\,\ne\,i}}{median}} X_{i,j}

or

\mathop{\operatorname{median}}\limits_{j\,\ne\,i} X_{i,j}

Strikethrough like \sout or \st is not implemented, nor is overlapping like \rlap. This means struck characters like ƛ are difficult to type, except the hardcoded \hbar. A workaround suffix for a normal strikethrough is q \!\!\!\frac{}{\ }, and for elevated strikethrough is \lambda \!\!\!^{{}^\underline{\ \ }}, which give

:$q\backslash !\backslash !\backslash !\backslash frac\{\}\{\backslash \; \},\; \backslash quad\; \backslash lambda\backslash !\backslash !\backslash !^\{\{\}^\backslash underline\{\backslash \; \backslash \; \}\}$

Formatting in {{code|\text}} is not supported. In other words, you can't use:

\text{\textsf{textual description of a variable}}

but have to use:

\mathsf{textual\ description\ of\ a\ variable}

More specifically, in Mathoid's MathJax, no processing is done to the contents of {{code|\text}} at all. The texvcjs component blocks the use of macros, but another way this behavior leaks through is in the processing of quotation marks, where the Unicode version must be used instead of {{code|`}}:

\text{`failed ``ascii'' quotes'},\ \text{‘okay “unicode” quotes’}

:$\backslash text\{`failed\; ``ascii\text{'}\text{'}\; quotes\text{'}\},\backslash \; \backslash text\{‘okay\; “unicode”\; quotes’\}$

It is currently impossible to get straight (typewriter) quotes in MathJax.

The current image-based implementation precludes automatic line-breaking of inline formulae after binary operators and "=" as seen in TeX. The only workarounds are to not write long formulae inline, or to split the formula into separate parts at each acceptable break point.

Readers wishing to enable automatic line-breaking can try to have the browser render the MathML itself or to use an alternate in-browser renderer.

{{tracked|T50032}}

Non-ASCII Unicode characters like {{pi}} work in MathML, but not in Mathoid (server-side MathJax in SVG/PNG mode, after validation by texvcjs). They should be avoided for maximum compatibility.

MathJax itself supports Unicode characters in \text{}, but the texvcjs validator insists on blocking them (replicating old texvc behavior). A formal feature request and discussion is required to fix this.

A rare but very frustrating cause of inexplicable syntax errors is invisible Unicode characters copied from some other source. For example, the Windows Calculator includes Unicode Bidirectional text control characters in its output: U+202D (left-to-right override) at the beginning and U+202C (pop directional formatting) at the end. These characters can be invisibly pasted into the Wikipedia editor, but will cause {{error|Failed to parse (syntax error):}} messages from the LaTeX renderer, despite the source appearing to be correct. It can usually be fixed by deleting and manually retyping the beginning and end of the pasted text.

The texvc processor accepted some non-standard control sequences. These are now deprecated for Wikipedia use because the MathJax-based renderers do not support them. This is part of an effort to update the math engine.

See mw:Extension:Math/Roadmap for details. A bot User:Texvc2LaTeXBot will replace this syntax on the English Wikipedia.

{{aligned table|class=wikitable

|cols=3|row1header=y

|col1style=font-family:monospace;|style1.1=

|col2style=font-family:monospace;|style1.2=

|style6.2=font-style:oblique;

| texvc syntax

| Suggested replacement

| Comment

| $ | \$ | redefinition would involve changing the character code

| % | \% | redefinition would involve changing the character code

| \or | \lor | causes the teubner TeX package to fail{{cite web |url=https://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/418490 |title = Redefine \or form within a nested if statement? - TeX - LaTeX Stack Exchange}}

| \and | \land | causes normal align environment to fail

| \pagecolor | (remove) | not needed and not working anymore, done manually

| \part | \partial | acceptable if the document doesn't use sectioning with {{code|\part}}.

| \ang | \angle | this only conflicts with siunitx package.

| \C | \Complex | conflicts with puenc.def e.g. from hyperref package

| \H | \mathbb{H} | conflicts with text command \H{o}, which is ő.

| \bold | \mathbf |

| \Bbb | \mathbb |

}}

{{shortcut|WP:MATHCHEM}}

There are three ways to render chemical sum formulas as used in chemical equations:

• {{xtag|chem|p}} ({{xtag|ce|p}} is a deprecated alias for it)
• {{xtag|math|p|params=chem}}
• {{tlx|chem}} and {{tlx|chem2}}

{{xtag|chem|p|content=X}} is short for $\backslash ce\{X\}$

(where X is a chemical sum formula)

Technically, {{xtag|math|params=chem}} is a math tag with the extension mhchem enabled, according to the [http://docs.mathjax.org/en/latest/input/tex/extensions/mhchem.html MathJax documentation].

Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry advises avoiding the {{xtag|chem}} and {{xtag|math|params=chem}} markup methods when possible.

Note that the commands \cee and \cf are disabled, because they are marked as deprecated in the [http://www.ctan.org/pkg/mhchem mhchem LaTeX package documentation].

If the formula reaches a certain "complexity", spaces might be ignored (A + B might be rendered as if it were A+B with a positive charge). In that case, write A{} + B (and not {A} + {B} as was previously suggested). This will allow auto-cleaning of formulas once the bug is fixed and/or a newer version of mhchem is available.

Please note that there are still [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T140217 major issues] with mhchem support in MediaWiki. Some issues can be solved by enabling the extension using {{xtag|math|params=chem}} and formatting individual items with \ce. For example, {{markup2|m=$\backslash ce\{pIC\_\{50\}\}\; =\; -\backslash log\_\{10\}\; \backslash ce\{(IC\_\{50\})\}$|r=$\backslash ce\{pIC\_\{50\}\}\; =\; -\backslash log\_\{10\}\; \backslash ce\{(IC\_\{50\})\}$}}

Subscripting states is not an IUPAC recommendation.

{{markup|style=vertical-align:middle

|A -> B

|A -> B

|A <- B

|A <- B

|A <-> B

|A <-> B

|A <--> B

|Unsupported{{efn|Expected result is File:Bi-dir reaction arrows.svg (longer {{code|\rightleftarrows}})}}

|A <=> B

|A <=> B

|A <=>> B

|A <=>> B

|A <<=> B

|A <<=> B

|A ->[{}\atop x] B

|A ->[{}\atop x] B

|A ->[\text{text above}][\text{text below}] B

|A ->[\text{text above}][\text{text below}] B

|A ->[{}\atop\ce{+H2O}] B

|A ->[{}\atop\ce{+H2O}] B

}}

{{markup

|$\backslash rightarrow$|$\backslash rightarrow$

|$\backslash rightleftarrows$|$\backslash rightleftarrows$

|$\backslash rightleftharpoons$|$\backslash rightleftharpoons$

|$\backslash leftrightarrow$|$\backslash leftrightarrow$

|$\backslash longrightarrow$

->|$\backslash longrightarrow$
->

|$\backslash rightleftharpoons$

<=>|$\backslash rightleftharpoons$
<=>

|$\backslash longleftrightarrow$

<->|$\backslash longleftrightarrow$
<->

}}

$\backslash begin\{align\}$

\overbrace{\ce{2Fe3O4}}^{\text{magnetite}} + \ce{1/2 O2 ->}\ &{\color{Brown}\overbrace{\ce{3(\lambda{-}Fe2O3)}}^{\text{maghemite}}}\\

\underbrace{\ce{2Fe3O4}}_{\text{magnetite}} + \ce{1/2 O2 ->}\ &{\color{Red}\underbrace{\ce{3(\alpha{-}Fe2O3)}}_{\text{hematite}}}

\end{align}

:$\backslash begin\{align\}$

\overbrace{\ce{2Fe3O4}}^{\text{magnetite}} + \ce{1/2 O2 ->}\ &{\color{Brown}\overbrace{\ce{3(\lambda{-}Fe2O3)}}^{\text{maghemite}}}\\

\underbrace{\ce{2Fe3O4}}_{\text{magnetite}} + \ce{1/2 O2 ->}\ &{\color{BrickRed}\underbrace{\ce{3(\alpha{-}Fe2O3)}}_{\text{hematite}}}

\end{align}

To align the equations or color them, use {{xtag|math chem}} and {{code|\ce}}.

{{-}}

\begin{array}{lcl}

& X & \overset{f}\rightarrow & Z & \\

& g \downarrow && \downarrow g'\\

& Y & \underset{f'}\rightarrow & W & \\

\end{array}

\begin{array}{lcl}

& X & \overset{f}\rightarrow & Z & \\

& g \downarrow && \downarrow g'\\

& Y & \underset{f'}\rightarrow & W & \\

\end{array}

File:First isomorphism theorem (plain).svg

To make a commutative diagram, there are three steps:

1. write the diagram in TeX
2. convert to SVG
3. upload the file to Wikimedia Commons

[http://www.tug.org/applications/Xy-pic/ Xy-pic]{{efn|Use the barr option for commutative diagrams, e.g., \usepackage[cmtip,all,barr]{xy}.}} ([http://tex.loria.fr/graph-pack/doc-xypic/xyguide-html/xyguide-html.html online manual]) is the most powerful and general-purpose diagram package in TeX. Diagrams created using it can be found at Commons: Category:Xy-pic diagrams.

Simpler packages include:

• AMS's [http://www.dante.de/CTAN//help/Catalogue/entries/amscd.html amscd]
• Paul Taylor's [http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/generic/diagrams/taylor/ diagrams]
• François Borceux [http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/help/Catalogue/entries/borceux.html Diagrams]

The following is a template for Xy-pic:

\documentclass[border=10pt]{standalone} % Crop to size, remove page numbers, leave margin

\usepackage[all]{xy} % Loading the XY-Pic package

\begin{document}

\SelectTips{eu}{} % Euler (shorter) arrowheads (tips)

$$

\xymatrix{

%%% Diagram goes here %%%

}

$$

\end{document}

Using postscript drivers may in some cases give smoother curves and will handle fonts differently:

\usepackage[all, ps, dvips]{xy}

Once you have produced your diagram in LaTeX (or TeX), you can convert it to an SVG file using the following sequence of commands:

pdflatex file.tex

pdf2svg file.pdf file.svg

The [http://pdfcrop.sourceforge.net pdfcrop] and [http://www.cityinthesky.co.uk/opensource/pdf2svg pdf2svg] utilities are needed for this procedure. You can alternatively use [http://www.pdftron.com/pdf2svg/ pdf2svg] from PDFTron for the last step.

If you do not have pdfTeX (which is unlikely) you can use the following commands to replace the first step (TeX → PDF):

latex file.tex

dvipdfm file.dvi

In general, you will not be able to get anywhere with diagrams without TeX and Ghostscript, and the inkscape program is a useful tool for creating or modifying your diagrams by hand. There is also a utility pstoedit which supports direct conversion from Postscript files to many vector graphics formats, but it requires a non-free plugin to convert to SVG, and regardless of the format, this editor has not been successful in using it to convert diagrams with diagonal arrows from TeX-created files.

These programs are:

• a working TeX distribution, such as TeX Live
• Ghostscript
• pstoedit
• Inkscape

{{See also|commons:Commons:First steps/Upload form}}

{{See also|Help:Contents/Images and media}}

As the diagram is your own work, upload it to Wikimedia Commons, so that all projects (notably, all languages) can use it without having to copy it to their language's Wiki. (If you've previously uploaded a file to somewhere other than Commons, to Commons.)

; Check size: Before uploading, check that the default size of the image is neither too large nor too small by opening in an SVG application and viewing at default size (100% scaling), otherwise adjust the -y option to dvips.

; Name: Make sure the file has a meaningful name.

; Upload: Login to Wikimedia Commons, then [http://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Upload&uselang=ownwork upload the file]; for the Summary, give a brief description.

Now go to the image page and add a description, including the source code, using this template:

{{Information

|description =

{{en|1= Description topic}}

|source = {{own}}, created as per:

:en:Help:Displaying a formula#Commutative diagrams;

source code below.

|date = The Creation Date, like 1999-12-31

|author = Your Real Name

|permission = {{self|PD-self (or other license)

|author = Your Real Name}}

}}

% TeX source here

Category:Commutative diagrams

Category:Xy-pic diagrams

Category:Images with LaTeX source code

; Source code

:*Include the source code in the image page, in the {{mono|Source}} section of the {{Information}} template, so that the diagram can be edited in future.

:*Include the complete .tex file, not just the fragment, so future editors do not need to reconstruct a compilable file.

:*You may optionally make the source code section collapsible, using the {{cot}} or {{cob}} templates.

:*(Don't include it in the Summary section, which is just supposed to be a summary.)

; License

: The most common license for commutative diagrams is PD-self; some use PD-ineligible, especially for simple diagrams, or other licenses. Please do not use the [http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html GFDL], as it requires the entire text of the GFDL to be attached to any document that uses the diagram.

; Description

: If possible, link to a Wikipedia page relevant to the diagram. (The 1= is necessary if you use nest templates within the description, and harmless otherwise.)

; Category

: Include Category:Commutative diagrams, so that it appears in commons:Category:Commutative diagrams. There are also subcategories, which you may choose to use.

; Include image

: Now include the image on the original page via File:Diagram.svg. Use class=skin-invert to invert colors in dark mode.

A sample conforming diagram is commons:File:PSU-PU.svg.

While links from formulas using LaTeX macros such as \href or \url or are currently not supported, one can link individual math expressions to Wikidata items to explain the meaning of individual terms of mathematical expressions. For example,

{{markupv

|r=$E=mc^2$

|m=$E=mc^2$

}}

links to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:MathWikibase?qid=Q35875 a special page that displays additional information on that formula].

To change the information shown on the special page, navigate to the Wikidata item linked at the bottom of the special page. Use the has part property to link parts of the equation to other Wikidata items with their respective Wikipedia articles. This is not limited to individual identifiers, but can also be used to link more complex terms.

A condensed version of that special page might be shown in the future as a popup: phab:T239357.

{{markupv

|r=$ax^2\; +\; bx\; +\; c\; =\; 0$

|m=$ax^2\; +\; bx\; +\; c\; =\; 0$

}}

{{markupv

|r=$x=\backslash frac\{-b\backslash pm\backslash sqrt\{b^2-4ac\}\}\{2a\}$

|m=$x=\backslash frac\{-b\backslash pm\backslash sqrt\{b^2-4ac\}\}\{2a\}$

}}

{{markupv

|r=$2\; =\; \backslash left(\; \backslash frac\{\backslash left(3-x\backslash right)\; \backslash times\; 2\}\{3-x\}\; \backslash right)$

|m=$2\; =\; \backslash left($

\frac{\left(3-x\right) \times 2}{3-x}

\right)

}}

{{markupv

|r=$S\_\{\backslash text\{new\}\}\; =\; S\_\{\backslash text\{old\}\}\; -\; \backslash frac\{\; \backslash left(\; 5-T\; \backslash right)\; ^2\}\; \{2\}$

|m=

$S\_\{\backslash text\{new\}\}\; =\; S\_\{\backslash text\{old\}\}\; -\; \backslash frac\{\; \backslash left(\; 5-T\; \backslash right)\; ^2\}\; \{2\}$

}}

{{markupv

|r=$\backslash int\_a^x\; \backslash int\_a^s\; f(y)\backslash ,dy\backslash ,ds\; =\; \backslash int\_a^x\; f(y)(x-y)\backslash ,dy$

|m=$\backslash int\_a^x\; \backslash int\_a^s\; f(y)\backslash ,dy\backslash ,ds$

= \int_a^x f(y)(x-y)\,dy

}}

{{markupv

|r=$\backslash int\_e^\{\backslash infty\}\backslash frac\; \{1\}\{t(\backslash ln\; t)^2\}dt\; =\; \backslash left.\; \backslash frac\{-1\}\{\backslash ln\; t\}\; \backslash right\backslash vert\_e^\backslash infty\; =\; 1$

|m=$\backslash int\_e^\{\backslash infty\}\backslash frac\; \{1\}\{t(\backslash ln\; t)^2\}dt\; =\; \backslash left.\; \backslash frac\{-1\}\{\backslash ln\; t\}\; \backslash right\backslash vert\_e^\backslash infty\; =\; 1$

}}

{{markupv

|r=$\backslash det(\backslash mathsf\{A\}-\backslash lambda\backslash mathsf\{I\})\; =\; 0$

|m=$\backslash det(\backslash mathsf\{A\}-\backslash lambda\backslash mathsf\{I\})\; =\; 0$

}}

{{markupv

|r=$\backslash sum\_\{i=0\}^\{n-1\}\; i$

|m=$\backslash sum\_\{i=0\}^\{n-1\}\; i$

}}

{{markupv

|r=$\backslash sum\_\{m=1\}^\backslash infty\backslash sum\_\{n=1\}^\backslash infty\backslash frac\{m^2\; n\}\{3^m\backslash left(m\; 3^n\; +\; n\; 3^m\backslash right)\}$

|m=$\backslash sum\_\{m=1\}^\backslash infty\backslash sum\_\{n=1\}^\backslash infty\backslash frac\{m^2\; n\}\{3^m\backslash left(m\; 3^n\; +\; n\; 3^m\backslash right)\}$

}}

{{markupv

|r=$u\text{'}\text{'}\; +\; p(x)u\text{'}\; +\; q(x)u=f(x),\backslash quad\; x>a$

|m=$u\text{'}\text{'}\; +\; p(x)u\text{'}\; +\; q(x)u=f(x),\backslash quad\; x>a$

}}

{{markupv

|r=$|\backslash bar\{z\}|\; =\; |z|,\; |(\backslash bar\{z\})^n|\; =\; |z|^n,\; \backslash arg(z^n)\; =\; n\; \backslash arg(z)$

|m=$|\backslash bar\{z\}|\; =\; |z|,$

|(\bar{z})^n| = |z|^n,

\arg(z^n) = n \arg(z)

}}

{{markupv

|r=$\backslash lim\_\{z\backslash to\; z\_0\}\; f(z)=f(z\_0)$

|m=$\backslash lim\_\{z\backslash to\; z\_0\}\; f(z)=f(z\_0)$

}}

{{markupv

|r=$\backslash phi\_n(\backslash kappa)\; =$

\frac{1}{4\pi^2\kappa^2} \int_0^\infty

\frac{\sin(\kappa R)}{\kappa R}

\frac{\partial}{\partial R}

\left [ R^2\frac{\partial D_n(R)}{\partial R} \right ] \,dR

|m=$\backslash phi\_n(\backslash kappa)\; =$

\frac{1}{4\pi^2\kappa^2} \int_0^\infty

\frac{\sin(\kappa R)}{\kappa R}

\frac{\partial}{\partial R}

\left [ R^2\frac{\partial D_n(R)}{\partial R} \right ] \,dR

}}

{{markupv

|r=$\backslash phi\_n(\backslash kappa)\; =\; 0.033C\_n^2\backslash kappa^\{-11/3\},\backslash quad\; \backslash frac\{1\}\{L\_0\}\backslash ll\backslash kappa\backslash ll\backslash frac\{1\}\{l\_0\}$

|m=$\backslash phi\_n(\backslash kappa)\; =$

0.033C_n^2\kappa^{-11/3},\quad

\frac{1}{L_0}\ll\kappa\ll\frac{1}{l_0}

}}

{{markupv

|r=

\frac{1}{2} & x = 0 \\ 1 - x^2 & \text{otherwise}\end{cases}

|m=$f(x)\; =$

\begin{cases}

1 & -1 \le x < 0 \\

\frac{1}{2} & x = 0 \\

1 - x^2 & \text{otherwise}

\end{cases}

}}

{{markupv

|r=$\{\}\_pF\_q(a\_1,\backslash dots,a\_p;c\_1,\backslash dots,c\_q;z)\; =\; \backslash sum\_\{n=0\}^\backslash infty\; \backslash frac\{(a\_1)\_n\backslash cdots(a\_p)\_n\}\{(c\_1)\_n\backslash cdots(c\_q)\_n\}\backslash frac\{z^n\}\{n!\}$

|m= $\{\}\_pF\_q(a\_1,\backslash dots,a\_p;c\_1,\backslash dots,c\_q;z)$

= \sum_{n=0}^\infty

\frac{(a_1)_n\cdots(a_p)_n}{(c_1)_n\cdots(c_q)_n}

\frac{z^n}{n!}

}}

{{markupv

|r=$\backslash frac\{a\}\{b\}\backslash \; \backslash tfrac\{a\}\{b\}$

|m=$\backslash frac\{a\}\{b\}\backslash \; \backslash tfrac\{a\}\{b\}$

}}

{{markupv

|r=$S=dD\backslash sin\backslash alpha$

|m=$S=dD\backslash sin\backslash alpha$

}}

{{markupv

|r=$V\; =\; \backslash frac\{1\}\{6\}\; \backslash pi\; h\; \backslash left\; [\; 3\; \backslash left(\; r\_1^2+r\_2^2\; \backslash right)\; +\; h^2\; \backslash right\; ]$

|m=$V\; =\; \backslash frac\{1\}\{6\}\; \backslash pi\; h\; \backslash left\; [\; 3\; \backslash left\; (\; r\_1^2\; +\; r\_2^2\; \backslash right\; )\; +\; h^2\; \backslash right\; ]$

}}

The altered newline code \\[0.6ex] below adds a vertical space between the two lines of length equal to $0.6$ times the height of a single 'x' character.

{{markupv

|r=$\backslash begin\{align\}$

u & = \tfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(x+y) \qquad & x &= \tfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(u+v) \\[0.6ex]

v & = \tfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(x-y) \qquad & y &= \tfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(u-v)

\end{align}

|m=$\backslash begin\{align\}$

u & = \tfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(x+y) \qquad & x &= \tfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(u+v) \\[0.6ex]

v & = \tfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(x-y) \qquad & y &= \tfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(u-v)

\end{align}

}}

• {{tl|Math}}
• MathJax{{snd}}Javascript library that converts LaTeX to MathML
• Typesetting of mathematical formulas
• Help:Score (a tag for tablatures, "sheet music") and Help:Musical symbols
• List of mathematical symbols
• WP:Rendering math
• blahtex: a LaTeX to MathML converter for Wikipedia
• commons:Category:Images which should use TeX
• Handwriting recognition{{snd}}another way to put formulas, in a visual manner

{{Notelist|30em}}

{{Reflist}}

{{Wikibooks|LaTeX}}

• [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T45058 Task:Creating a visual VisualEditor plugin tool to add/edit maths blocks] in Wikimedia Phabricator
• [http://www.maths.tcd.ie/~dwilkins/LaTeXPrimer/ A LaTeX tutorial]
• [http://www.codecogs.com/latex/eqneditor.php LaTex online editor]
• {{Citation

|last= Doob

|first= Michael

|title= A Gentle Introduction to TeX: A Manual for Self-study

|url= http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/info/gentle/gentle.pdf

|doi= |ref=none}}. A paper introducing TeX — see page 39 onwards for a good introduction to the maths side of things.

• {{Citation

|last= Oetiker

|first= Tobias

|last2= Partl

|first2= Hubert

|last3= Hyna

|first3= Irene

|last4= Schlegl

|first4= Elisabeth

|title= The Not So Short Introduction to LaTeX 2_ε

|date= December 13, 2009

|edition= 4.27

|url= http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/info/lshort/english/lshort.pdf

|doi= |ref=none}}. A paper introducing LaTeX — skip to page 49 for the math section. See page 63 for a complete reference list of symbols included in LaTeX and AMS-LaTeX.

• [http://ctan.org/tex-archive/info/symbols/comprehensive/symbols-letter.pdf The Comprehensive LaTeX Symbol List]—symbols not found here may be documented there.
• [http://mirrors.ctan.org/macros/latex/contrib/esint/esint-doc.pdf The esint package for closed double integrals]
• [http://www.ams.org/tex/amslatex.html AMS-LaTeX guide].
• {{cite web | title=Handwriting Recognition |publisher=Mathpix| url=https://mathpix.com/handwriting-recognition}} Optical character recognition of handwritten mathematical formulas into LaTeX and other formats, offering 10 free snips a month (registration required).
• cancel package [http://www.ctan.org/pkg/cancel homepage] and [http://mirrors.ctan.org/macros/latex/contrib/cancel/cancel.pdf PDF documentation]
• [http://us.metamath.org/symbols/symbols.html A set of public domain fixed-size math symbol bitmaps].
• [http://milde.users.sourceforge.net/LUCR/Math/unimathsymbols.html List of mathematical symbols with their Unicode characters and their LaTeX commands]
• MathML: A product of the W3C [http://www.w3.org/Math/ Math working group], is a low-level specification for describing mathematics as a basis for machine-to-machine communication
• [https://www.w3.org/MarkUp/html3/maths.html HTML Math and the $tag],W3C.$

{{Help navigation}}

{{Wikipedia technical help|collapsed}}

{{MathematicalSymbolsNotationLanguage}}

Category:Wikipedia text help