Help:IPA/Emilian-Romagnol
{{IPA key|H:IPA-EGL|H:IPA-RGN|H:IPAEML}}
The charts below show how the International Phonetic Alphabet represents Emilian-Romagnol pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA, and {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation#Entering IPA characters}}.
Sounds are listed for the most common occurrences throughout the dialectal continuum. For practical reasons, all examples listed are spelled in Bolognese.
See Emilian language and Romagnol language for more information on the sounds of these languages.
| style="background: none"
| style="vertical-align:top;" | {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em;" ! colspan="3" | ConsonantsConsonant and semivowel lengthening (occurring in certain dialects after stressed short vowels) is represented in IPA by either doubling the consonant or through the {{angbr IPA|ː}} marker (e.g. {{lang|egl|cràdder}} {{IPA|[ˈkradder]}}/{{IPA|[ˈkradːer]}}). | ||
| IPA | Examples | English approximation |
|---|---|---|
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|b}}
| barbutlêr, lâber | bounce | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|d̪|d}}
| dimónndi, quadēren | dance | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|dð̠|dz}}{{IPA|/dz/}}, {{IPA|/z/}}, {{IPA|/ts/}}, {{IPA|/s/}} are most commonly {{IPAblink|dð̠}}, {{IPAblink|ð̠}}~{{IPAblink|ʐ}}, {{IPAblink|tθ̠}}, {{IPAblink|θ̠}}~{{IPAblink|ʂ}}, often with labialization.
| ónngia, gêra, dṡdétta, żôbia, żåuven, żâl, żnêr | dress | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|ð}}
| żôbia, żåuven, żâl, żnêr, żtêr | then | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|f}}
| fidózzia, sfrîṡ | fancy | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|ɡ}}
| ghêṡg, żuglén | gas | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|k}}
| cardänza, alchêr, qualónc | scald | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|l}}
| limalén | less | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|ʎ}}
| viżégglia, al gnôc | trillion | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|m}}
| mumiêr, nómmAs in most Northern Italian languages, Emilian-Romagnol nasals do not generally assimilate their place of articulation to that of the following consonant, differently from what happens in standard Italian. {{IPA|[ŋ]}} is used in all nasal plus consonant clusters, with the only exceptions being {{IPAblink|ɱ}} before {{IPA|/f/}}~{{IPA|/v/}} and (only in a few cases) {{IPAblink|n̪}} before dentals {{IPA|/t/}}~{{IPA|/d/}} (the latter being here transcribed {{angbr IPA|n}} for simplicity). | mess | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|ɱ}}
| cunfêt | circumvent | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|n}}
| nest | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|ŋ}}
| pinån, ganba, cróṅna, dänt, diavlénIn Piacentino, {{IPA|/ŋ/}} is silent in syllable coda after {{IPA|[əi̯]}}. | thing | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|ɲ}}
| Bulåggna, Germâgna | vineyard | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|p}}
| pdôć, grópp | Spencer | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|ʁ}} ~ {{IPA link|ʀ}} ~ {{IPA link|r}}
| rànnder, curtêl | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|θ̠|s}}
| Sasōl, scusêr, pass, zénc, Piaṡänza, zassta, arzàvver | between press and pressure | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|t̪|t}}
| tetôja, mât | stance | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|tθ͇|ts}}
| cucêr, cîṡa, dscårrer, znêr, zassta, arzàvver | stress | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|θ}}
| zénc, Piaṡänza, znêr, zassta, arzàvver | thin | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|v}}
| tvâja, ōv, Mântva, quarcén, ridéccuel{{IPA|/v/}} is realized as {{IPAblink|bv}} or {{IPAblink|pf}} in certain instances in Mirandolese, while post- or pre-consonantal {{IPA|/w/}} may result in {{IPA|[v]}} in Reggiano, Romagnol and some other dialects. | verse | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|ð̠|z}}
| aṡà, scuṡêr, ṡvedaiṡ, żåuven, żâl, żnêr, żtêr | between seize and seizure | ||
| colspan="3" style="border-left: #fff solid 1px; border-right: #fff solid 1px" | | ||
| colspan="3" | Semivowels | ||
| IPA | Examples | English approximation |
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|j}}
| supiêr, fiûr, marâja | yet | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|w}}
| wet | ||
| colspan="3" style="border-left: #fff solid 1px; border-right: #fff solid 1px" | | ||
| colspan="3" | Suprasegmentals | ||
| IPA | Examples | Explanation |
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|ˈ}}
| raṡån {{IPA|[rɐˈzʌŋː]}} | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|ˌ}}
| levapiât {{IPA|[ˌlɛvɐˈpjaːt]}} | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|.}}
| riasónt {{IPA|[ri.ɐˈsoŋːt]}} | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|ː}}
| insónni {{IPA|[iŋˈsonːi]}} |
| style="vertical-align:top;" |
| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em"
! colspan="3" | VowelsVowel length is distinctive in stressed position (with long vowels occurring only in such contexts), however it may not always be the same throughout the dialects (vowels that are long in certain places may be short somewhere else, and vice versa). Sometimes vowels may also result in diphthongs, or (especially {{IPA|/e/}}) be dropped if unstressed. | ||
| IPA | Examples | English approximation |
|---|---|---|
| colspan="3" | Short vowels | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|ä|a}} ~ {{IPA link|ɐ}}{{IPA|[a]}} and {{IPA|[ɐ]}} are in varying distribution according to the dialect; however, the first is often stressed while the latter is predominantly unstressed.
| maravajja, laggn, spass, dialàtt, pêder, påzz, dåǵǵ, curâǵ | bad (Scotland) | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|æ}}Always stressed.Only occurring in Bolognese.
| sänper | bad | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|ʌ}}
| pizån, curåṅna, månd, påzz, dåǵǵ | bud | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|e}}
| pêder, brevàtt, sänper, galéṅna, pêl, lêt, rédder, artéccol | bait (Scotland, short) | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|ɛ}}
| maravajja, laggn, spass, dialàtt, pêl, lêt | bet | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|ə}}Only occurring in Piacentino.
| spass, dialàtt | banana | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|i}}
| mistēri | bit | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|ɔ}}
| riṡôt, pizån, curåṅna, månd | cloth (short) | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|o}}
| månd, påzz, dåǵǵ, upurtón, péccol, zóggn, brótt | story (short) | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|u}}
| péccol, zóggn, brótt, zucarén, butîr, uṡêl, pruvêr | pull | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|y}}
| zóggn, brótt, zucarén, butîr | beauty (short) | ||
| colspan="3" | Long vowels and diphthongs | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|ä|aː}} ~ {{IPA link|ɐ|ɐː}}
| curâǵ | balm | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|ä|a}}{{IPA link|j|i̯}} ~ {{IPA link|ɐ}}{{IPA link|j|i̯}}
| raigla, franzaiṡ, vair, pail | bite | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|æː}}
| burdêl, lumêga | bad | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|ʌ}}{{IPA link|w|u̯}}
| anvåud, såul, såura | bone (RP) | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|eː}}In Romagnol dialects, {{IPA|/eː/}} and {{IPA|/oː/}} are generally {{IPA|[e{{IPA link|ə|ə̯}}]}} and {{IPA|[oə̯]}} (if followed by a nasal or a liquid {{IPA|[e{{IPA link|ɪ|ɪ̯}}]}} and {{IPA|[o{{IPA link|ʊ|ʊ̯}}]}}), while {{IPA|/ɛː/}} and {{IPA|/ɔː/}} tend more to {{IPA|[ɛɐ̯]}} and {{IPA|[ɔɐ̯]}}.
| raigla, franzaiṡ, vair, pail, manîra, sîra, lîber | bait (Scotland, long) | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|ɛː}}
| pêl, lêt, burdêl, lumêga | bear (RP) | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|ɛ}}{{IPA link|j|i̯}}
| sänper, galéṅna, vair, pail | bait | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|ə}}{{IPA link|j|i̯}}
| sänper, galéṅna | bite (Scotland) | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|iː}}
| rédder, artéccol, manîra, sîra, lîber | beet | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|oː}}
| pizån, curåṅna, upurtón, Żōrż, ōr, nōv, sōra, fiōl, anvåud, såul, såura | story | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|ɔː}}
| riṡôt, Żōrż, ōr, nōv, sōra | cloth (long) | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|ɔ}}{{IPA link|w|u̯}}
| pizån, curåṅna, anvåud, såul, såura | bowl | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|øː}}
| nōv, sōra, fiōl | bird (RP) | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|ø}}{{IPA link|j|i̯}}
| upurtón | bite (Scotland) | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|uː}}
| anvåud, såul, såura, angûria, mnûd | cool | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|yː}}
| angûria, mnûd | beauty (long) |
|}
Notes
{{reflist}}
See also
- {{clc|Pages with Emilian IPA|pages}}
- {{clc|Pages with Romagnol IPA|pages}}
External links
- {{cite web|last=Foresti|first=Fabio|title=emiliano-romagnoli, dialetti|url=http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/dialetti-emiliano-romagnoli_%28Enciclopedia-dell%27Italiano%29/|work=Enciclopedia Treccani|trans-title=Emilian-Romagnol dialects|lang=it}}
{{IPA keys}}