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Help:IPA/Hindi and Urdu

{{IPA key|H:IPA-HNS|H:IPA-HI|H:IPA-UR}}

{{Contains special characters|Indic}}

The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Hindustani (Hindi and Urdu) pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA and {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation#Entering IPA characters}}.

See Hindustani phonology, Devanagari, and Urdu alphabet for a more thorough discussion of the sounds of Hindi-Urdu.

Key

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|

{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em; text-align: center;"

! colspan="5" | Consonants

rowspan="2" | IPA

! colspan="3" | Examples

! rowspan="2" | English approximation

Hindi

! Urdu

! ISO 15919

{{IPA link|b}}

| {{lang|hi|बीस}}

| {{lang|ur|{{nq|بیس}}}}

| {{Transliteration|inc|ISO|bīs}}

| style="text-align:left;" | cabbie

{{IPA link|bʱ}}

| {{lang|hi|भालू}}

| {{lang|ur|{{nq|بھالو}}}}

| {{Transliteration|inc|ISO|bhālū}}

| style="text-align:left;" | clubhouse

{{IPA link|d̪|d}}Hindi and Urdu contrast dental {{IPAblink|t̪|t}} and {{IPAblink|d̪|d}} with apical postalveolar {{IPAblink|ʈ}} and {{IPAblink|ɖ}} (as well as aspirated variants). Both sets sound like {{IPAc-en|t}} and {{IPAc-en|d}} to most English speakers although the dental [t] and [d] are used in place of the English {{IPAc-en|θ}} and {{IPAc-en|ð}} for some speakers with th-stopping.

| {{lang|hi|दाल}}

| {{lang|ur|{{nq|دال}}}}

| {{Transliteration|inc|ISO|dāl}}

| style="text-align:left;" | width, Spanish andar

{{IPA link|d̪ʱ|dʱ}}

| {{lang|hi|धूप}}

| {{lang|ur|{{nq|دھوپ}}}}

| {{Transliteration|inc|ISO|dhūp}}

| style="text-align:left;" | adhere (but dental)

{{IPA link|dʒ}}

| {{lang|hi|जान}}

| {{lang|ur|{{nq|جان}}}}

| {{Transliteration|inc|ISO|jān}}

| style="text-align:left;" | budging

{{IPA link|dʒʱ}}

| {{lang|hi|झड़ना}}

| {{lang|ur|{{nq|جھڑنا}}}}

| {{Transliteration|inc|ISO|jhaṛnā}}

| style="text-align:left;" | hedgehog

{{IPA link|ɖ}}

| {{lang|hi|डालना}}

| {{lang|ur|{{nq|ڈالنا}}}}

| {{Transliteration|inc|ISO|ḍālnā}}

| style="text-align:left;" | American bird

{{IPA link|ɖʱ}}

| {{lang|hi|ढक्कन}}

| {{lang|ur|{{nq|ڈھکّن}}}}

| {{Transliteration|inc|ISO|ḍhakkan}}

| style="text-align:left;" | American birdhouse

{{IPA link|f}}

| {{lang|hi|ख़िलाफ़}}

| {{lang|ur|{{nq|خلاف}}}}

| {{Transliteration|inc|ISO|k͟hilāf}}

| style="text-align:left;" | fuss

{{IPA link|ɡ}}

| {{lang|hi|गोल}}

| {{lang|ur|{{nq|گول}}}}

| {{Transliteration|inc|ISO|gol}}

| style="text-align:left;" | ago

{{IPA link|ɡʱ}}

| {{lang|hi|घर}}

| {{lang|ur|{{nq|گھر}}}}

| {{Transliteration|inc|ISO|ghar}}

| style="text-align:left;" | loghouse

{{Big|{{IPAlink|ʔ}}}}In a number of words, the {{Nq|ع}} and/or {{Big|{{nq|ء}}}} is sometimes pronounced as {{IPAlink|ʔ}} in Urdu, which is typically not represented or pronounced in Hindi, except when the Urdu variant is transliterated into Hindi.

|{{Lang|hi|एतबार}}

|{{Lang|ur|{{nq|اعتبار}}}}

|{{Transliteration|inc|ISO|iʻtibār}}{{Efn|Urdu transliteration. The Hindi variant is usually written as एतबार ({{Transliteration|inc|ISO|etbār}}). Rekhta Dictionary transliterates this term as ए'तिबार ({{Transliteration|inc|ISO|e'tibār}}) in Devanagari/Hindi.{{Cite web |title=Meaning of etibar in English |url=https://www.rekhtadictionary.com/meaning-of-etibaar |access-date=2023-03-18 |website=Rekhta Dictionary |language=en}}}}

|style="text-align:left;" |The pause in "uh-oh!", butter (glottal stop)

{{IPA link|ɣ}}Mainly phonemes of Urdu. Hindi speakers may replace [x], [z], [ʒ], [ɣ] and [q] with [kʰ], [dʒ], [dʒʱ], [g] and [k] respectively.

| {{lang|hi|बाग़}}

| {{lang|ur|{{nq|باغ}}}}

| {{Transliteration|inc|ISO|bāġ}}

| style="text-align:left;" |Similar to the French R

rowspan="2" | {{IPA link|ɦ}}

| {{lang|hi|हम}}

| {{lang|ur|{{nq|ہم}}}}

| {{Transliteration|inc|ISO|ham}}

| rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;" | ahead

{{lang|hi|हुक्म}}

| {{lang|ur|{{nq|حکم}}}}

| {{Transliteration|inc|ISO|h̤ukm}}

{{IPA link|j}}

| {{lang|hi|याद}}

| {{lang|ur|{{nq|یاد}}}}

| {{Transliteration|inc|ISO|yād}}

| style="text-align:left;" | yuck

{{IPA link|k}}

| {{lang|hi|कमज़ोर}}

| {{lang|ur|{{nq|کمزور}}}}

| {{Transliteration|inc|ISO|kamzor}}

| style="text-align:left;" | scab

{{IPA link|kʰ}}

| {{lang|hi|खाल}}

| {{lang|ur|{{nq|کھال}}}}

| {{Transliteration|inc|ISO|khāl}}

| style="text-align:left;" | cab

{{IPA link|l}}

| {{lang|hi|लब}}

| {{lang|ur|{{nq|لب}}}}

| {{Transliteration|inc|ISO|lab}}

| style="text-align:left;" | leaf

{{IPA link|m}}

| {{lang|hi|मगर}}

| {{lang|ur|{{nq|مگر}}}}

| {{Transliteration|inc|ISO|magar}}

| style="text-align:left;" | much

{{IPA link|n̪|n}}

| {{lang|hi|नहीं}}

| {{lang|ur|{{nq|نہیں}}}}

| {{Transliteration|inc|ISO|nahī̃}}

| style="text-align:left;" | panther

{{IPA link|ɳ}}Mainly phonemes of Hindi. Urdu speakers usually replace [ɳ] and [ʂ] with [n] and [ʃ] respectively.

| {{lang|hi|किरण}}

| {{lang|ur|{{nq|کرن}}}}

| {{Transliteration|inc|ISO|kiraṇ}}

| style="text-align:left;" | American burn

{{IPA link|ŋ}}

| {{lang|hi|रंग}}

| {{lang|ur|{{nq|رن٘گ}}}}

| {{Transliteration|inc|ISO|raṅg}}

| style="text-align:left;" | bang

{{IPA link|p}}

| {{lang|hi|पल}}

| {{lang|ur|{{nq|پل}}}}

| {{Transliteration|inc|ISO|pal}}

| style="text-align:left;" | spot

{{IPA link|pʰ}}

| {{lang|hi|फल}}

| {{lang|ur|{{nq|پھل}}}}

| {{Transliteration|inc|ISO|phal}}

| style="text-align:left;" | pot

{{IPA link|q}}

| {{lang|hi|क़रीब}}

| {{lang|ur|{{nq|قریب}}}}

| {{Transliteration|inc|ISO|qarīb}}

| style="text-align:left;" | somewhat like caught

rowspan="2" | {{IPA link|r}}{{IPA|/ɾ/}} can surface as a trill {{IPA|[r]}} in word-initial and syllable-final positions. Geminate {{IPA|/ɾː/}} is always a trill.

| {{lang|hi|रस}}

| {{lang|ur|{{nq|رس}}}}

| {{Transliteration|inc|ISO|ras}}

| rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;" | Trilled ring

{{lang|hi|ज़र्रा}}

| {{lang|ur|{{nq|ذرّہ}}}}

| {{Transliteration|inc|ISO|zarra}}

{{IPA link|ɾ}}

| {{lang|hi|ज़रा}}

| {{lang|ur|{{nq|ذرا}}}}

| {{Transliteration|inc|ISO|zarā}}

| style="text-align:left;" | American atom

{{IPA link|ɽ}}

| {{lang|hi|लड़ना}}

| {{lang|ur|{{nq|لڑنا}}}}

| {{Transliteration|inc|ISO|laṛnā}}

| style="text-align:left;" | American garter

{{IPA link|ɽʱ}}

| {{lang|hi|पढ़ाई}}

| {{lang|ur|{{nq|پڑھائی}}}}

| {{Transliteration|inc|ISO|paṛhāī}}

| style="text-align:left;" | no English equivalent

{{IPA link|s}}

| {{lang|hi|सब}}

| {{lang|ur|{{nq|سب}}}}

| {{Transliteration|inc|ISO|sab}}

| style="text-align:left;" | sun

{{IPA link|ʂ}}

| {{lang|hi|नष्ट}}

| {{lang|ur|{{nq|نشٹ}}}}

| {{Transliteration|inc|ISO|naṣṭ}}

| style="text-align:left;" | shoe but retroflex

{{IPA link|ʃ}}

| {{lang|hi|काश}}

| {{lang|ur|{{nq|کاش}}}}

| {{Transliteration|inc|ISO|kāś}}

| style="text-align:left;" | shoe

rowspan="2" | {{IPA link|t̪|t}}

| {{lang|hi|तालाब}}

| {{lang|ur|{{nq|تالاب}}}}

| {{Transliteration|inc|ISO|tālāb}}

| rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;" | similar to outthink, Spanish tomar

लतीफ़ा

|{{Nq|لطیفہ}}

|lat̤īfa

{{IPA link|t̪ʰ|tʰ}}

| {{lang|hi|थैला}}

| {{lang|ur|{{nq|تھیلا}}}}

| {{Transliteration|inc|ISO|thailā}}

| style="text-align:left;" | tub (but dental)

{{IPA link|t͡ʃ}}

| {{lang|hi|चोर}}

| {{lang|ur|{{nq|چور}}}}

| {{Transliteration|inc|ISO|cor}}

| style="text-align:left;" | catch

{{IPA link|t͡ʃʰ}}

| {{lang|hi|छोड़ना}}

| {{lang|ur|{{nq|چھوڑنا}}}}

| {{Transliteration|inc|ISO|choṛnā}}

| style="text-align:left;" | beachhead

{{IPA link|ʈ}}

| {{lang|hi|टमाटर}}

| {{lang|ur|{{nq|ٹماٹر}}}}

| {{Transliteration|inc|ISO|ṭamāṭar}}

| style="text-align:left;" | stub (but retroflex)

{{IPA link|ʈʰ}}

| {{lang|hi|ठंड}}

| {{lang|ur|{{nq|ٹھنڈ}}}}

| {{Transliteration|inc|ISO|ṭhanḍ}}

| style="text-align:left;" | tub (but retroflex)

{{IPA link|ʋ}}

| {{lang|hi|वर्ज़िश}}

| {{lang|ur|{{nq|ورزش}}}}

| {{Transliteration|inc|ISO|varziś}}

| style="text-align:left;" | vat

{{IPA link|w}}{{IPA|[w]}} occurs as an allophone of {{IPA|[ʋ]}} when /{{lang|hi|व}} {{lang|ur|{{nastaliq|و}}}}/ is in an onglide position between an onset consonant and a following vowel while {{IPA|[ʋ]}}, which may phonetically be {{IPAblink|v}}, occurs otherwise.

| {{lang|hi|पकवान}}

| {{lang|ur|{{nq|پكوان}}}}

| {{Transliteration|inc|ISO|pakvān}}

| style="text-align:left;" | well

{{IPA link|x}}

| {{lang|hi|ख़राब}}

| {{lang|ur|{{nq|خراب}}}}

| {{Transliteration|inc|ISO|k͟harāb}}

| style="text-align:left;" | Scottish loch

{{IPA link|z}}

| {{lang|hi|काग़ज़}}

| {{lang|ur|{{nq|کاغذ}}}}

| {{Transliteration|inc|ISO|kāġaz}}

| style="text-align:left;" | zoo

{{IPA link|ʒ}}

| {{lang|hi|अझ़दहा}}

| {{lang|ur|{{nq|اژدہا}}}}

| {{Transliteration|inc|ISO|aždahā}}

| style="text-align:left;" | pleasure

|

class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em 2em; text-align: center;"

! colspan="5" | Vowels

rowspan="2"| IPA

! colspan="3" | Examples

! rowspan="2" | English approximation

Hindi

! Urdu

! ISO 15919

{{IPA link|äː|aː}}

| {{lang|hi|काम}}

| {{lang|ur|{{nq|کام}}}}

| {{Transliteration|inc|ISO|kām}}

| style="text-align: left;" | father

{{IPA link|eː}}

| {{lang|hi|जेब}}

| {{lang|ur|{{nq|جیب}}}}

| {{Transliteration|inc|ISO|jeb}}

| style="text-align: left;" | Scottish say

{{IPA link|ɛ}}{{IPA|[ɛ]}} occurs as an allophone of {{IPA|/ə/}} near an {{IPA|/ɦ/}} that is surrounded on both sides by schwas. Usually, the second schwa becomes silent, which results in an {{IPA|[ɛ]}} preceding an {{IPA|/ɦ/}}.

| {{lang|hi|रहना}}

| {{lang|ur|{{nq|رہنا}}}}

| {{Transliteration|inc|ISO|rêhnā}}

| style="text-align: left;" | pen

{{IPA link|ɛː}}

| {{lang|hi|कैसा}}

| {{lang|ur|{{nq|کیسا}}}}

| {{Transliteration|inc|ISO|kaisā}}

| style="text-align: left;"| fairy

{{IPA link|ə}}

| {{lang|hi|कल}}

| {{lang|ur|{{nq|کَل}}}}

| {{Transliteration|inc|ISO|kal}}

| style="text-align: left;" | about

{{IPA link|ɪ}}

| {{lang|hi|जितना}}

| {{lang|ur|{{nq|جِتنا}}}}

| {{Transliteration|inc|ISO|jitnā}}

| style="text-align: left;" | sit

{{IPA link|iː}}

| {{lang|hi|जीतना}}

| {{lang|ur|{{nq|جیتنا}}}}

| {{Transliteration|inc|ISO|jītnā}}

| style="text-align: left;" | seat

{{IPA link|oː}}

| {{lang|hi|बोलो}}

| {{lang|ur|{{nq|بولو}}}}

| {{Transliteration|inc|ISO|bolo}}

| style="text-align: left;" | story

{{IPA link|ɔː}}

| {{lang|hi|कौन}}

| {{lang|ur|{{nq|کَون}}}}

| {{Transliteration|inc|ISO|kaun}}

| style="text-align: left;" | off, but long

{{IPA link|ʊ}}

| {{lang|hi|उन}}

| {{lang|ur|{{nq|اُن}}}}

| {{Transliteration|inc|ISO|un}}

| style="text-align: left;" | foot

{{IPA link|uː}}

| {{lang|hi|ऊन}}

| {{lang|ur|{{nq|اُون}}}}

| {{Transliteration|inc|ISO|ūn}}

| style="text-align: left;" | cool

{{IPA link|◌̃}}

| {{lang|hi|मैं}}

| {{lang|ur|{{nq|مَیں}}}}

| {{Transliteration|inc|ISO|maiṁ}}

|nasal vowel faun
({{IPA|[ãː, õː]}}, etc.)

class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em 2em; text-align: center;"

! colspan="4" | Suprasegmentals

IPA

! Example

! Notes

{{IPA link|ˈ|ˈ◌}}

| {{IPA|[ˈbaːɦər]}}

| style="text-align: left;" | stress
(placed before stressed syllable)

{{IPA link|ː|◌ː}}

| {{IPA|[ˈʊtːəɾ pɾəˈdeːʃ]}}

| style="text-align: left;" | doubled consonant
(placed after doubled consonant)

|}

Notes

{{reflist}}{{notelist}}

See also

  • {{clc|Pages with Hindustani IPA|pages}}
  • {{clc|Pages with Hindi IPA|pages}}
  • {{clc|Pages with Urdu IPA|pages}}

{{IPA keys}}