Help:IPA/Jin Chinese

The following tables list the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) symbols used for Jin Chinese (晉語), one of the Sinitic languages. All vocabulary are based on Jin Chinese in Wubu, Shaanxi Province.

style="background:none"
style="vertical-align:top;" \| {\| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" ! colspan="4" \| Initial consonants{{efn-lr\|name=fn1\|Zero onsets may be pronounced as {{IPAblink\|v}} in some localities of Jin Chinese.}}
IPA ! Pinyin ! Examples{{efn-lr\|name=examples\|Glosses are displayed over the dotted line. (Instructions: for desktop computers, hover your mouse cursor over it; for iOS mobile browsers, request desktop website on your toolbar and then click on the dotted line; for Android mobile browsers, it is unavailable). Vocabulary are drawn from 吴堡方言调查研究 (2014){{cite book\|title=吴堡方言调查研究\|date=2014\|last=邢向东\|last2=王兆富\|publisher=中华书局\|pages=61-291}} and 陕西方言集成:榆林卷 (2020).{{cite book\|title=陕西方言集成:榆林卷\|editor-last=王建领\|last=贺雪梅\|chapter=吴堡县篇\|publisher=商务印书馆\|date=2020\|pages=692-726}}}}
{{IPAlink\|ɕ}} \| x \| {{IPA\|[sã˥˧ ɕjəʔ˧]}} {{tooltip\|散學\|Mandarin gloss: 放學. English gloss: school is out (for the day).}}
{{IPAlink\|f}}{{efn-lr\|name=fn4\|{{IPAblink\|f}} may be pronounced as {{IPA\|[{{IPAplink\|x}}u-]}} in some localities of Jin Chinese.}} \| f \| {{IPA\|[tʰu˦˩˨ ɲjɑo̯˧ fã˨˩˧ ʂəŋ˨˩˧]}} {{tooltip\|土牛翻身\|Mandarin gloss: 地震. English gloss: earthquake.}}
{{IPAlink\|k}} \| g \|{{IPA\|[swɛe̯˦˩˨ kwɤ˥˧ tsəʔ˨˩]}} {{tooltip\|水貫子\|Mandarin gloss: 彩虹. English gloss: rainbow.}}
{{IPAlink\|kʰ}} \| k \| {{IPA\|[kʰwɤ˨˩˧ tʰo˧]}} {{tooltip\|'寬透\|Mandarin gloss: 寬敞. English gloss: spacious (room).}}
{{IPAlink\|l}} \| l \| {{IPA\|[təŋ lɑo̯r]}} {{tooltip\|燈簍兒\|Mandarin gloss: 燈籠. English gloss: bamboo lantern.}}
{{IPAlink\|m}} \| m \| {{IPA\|[məŋ˥˧ məŋ˥˧]}} {{tooltip\|夢夢\|Mandarin gloss: 做夢.English gloss: to dream.}}
{{IPAlink\|n}} \| n \| {{IPA\|[kəʔ˦ nɑe̯˦˩˨]}} {{tooltip\|隔奶\|Mandarin gloss: 斷奶. English gloss: weaning.}}
{{IPAlink\|ɲ}}{{efn-lr\|In sinological phonetic notation, {{IPA\|[ ɲ ]}} is marked as {{angbr IPA\|ȵ}}.}} \| nz \| {{IPA\|[ɲje˧ sɹ̩˨˩]}} {{tooltip\|年時\|Mandarin gloss: 去年. English gloss: last year.}}
{{IPAlink\|ŋ}} \| ng \| {{IPA\|[tswɤu̯˥˧ ŋor˨˩]}} {{tooltip\|裝襖兒\|Mandarin gloss: 棉襖. English gloss: cotton-padded jacket.}}
{{IPAlink\|s}} \| s \| {{IPA\|[sã˨˦ sɛe̯˨˩˧]}} {{tooltip\|山西\|Mandarin gloss: 山西. English gloss: Shanxi province.}}
{{IPAlink\|ʂ}} \| sh \| {{IPA\|[ʂje˦˩˨ sɛe̯˨˩˧]}} {{tooltip\|陝西\|Mandarin gloss: 陝西. English gloss: Shaanxi province.}}
{{IPAlink\|p}} \| b \| {{IPA\|[pəŋ˨˩˧ lɑo̯˧]}} {{tooltip\|奔顱\|Mandarin gloss: 額頭. English gloss: forehead.}}
{{IPAlink\|pʰ}} \| p \| {{IPA\|[pʰo˦˩˨ tu˥˧ tsəʔ˨˩]}} {{tooltip\|跑肚子\|Mandarin gloss: 拉肚子. English gloss: diarrhea.}}
{{IPAlink\|t}} \| d \| {{IPA\|[twəʔ˧ tã˥˧]}} {{tooltip\|㞘蛋\|Mandarin gloss: 屁股. English gloss: buttocks.}}
{{IPAlink\|tʰ}} \| t \| {{IPA\|[tʰwɑe̯˨˩˧ no˧]}} {{tooltip\|推腦\|Mandarin gloss: 理髮. English gloss: haircutting.}}
{{IPAlink\|tɕ}} \| j \| {{IPA\|[so˦˩˨ tɕjəʔ˧ tɛe̯˥˧]}} {{tooltip\|掃腳底\|Mandarin gloss: 掃地. English gloss: sweep the floor.}}
{{IPAlink\|tɕʰ}} \| q \| {{IPA\|[tɕʰje˧ ʂɤu̯r˨˩˧]}} {{tooltip\|前晌兒\|Mandarin gloss: 上午. English gloss: morning.}}
{{IPAlink\|ts}} \| z \| {{IPA\|[xwɑe̯˧ tsəʔ˨˩ pɑe̯˨˩˧]}} {{tooltip\|茴子白\|Mandarin gloss: 包心菜. English gloss: cabbage.}}
{{IPAlink\|tsʰ}} \| c \| {{IPA\|[pɛe̯˥˧ tsʰɑ˨˩˧ ljəʔ˨˩]}} {{tooltip\|病瘥了\|Mandarin gloss: 病好了. English gloss: recover from illnesses.}}
{{IPAlink\|tʂ}} \| zh \| {{IPA\|[lwəŋ˧ tʂã˥˧]}} {{tooltip\|攏帳\|Mandarin gloss: 蚊帳. English gloss: mosquito net.}}
{{IPAlink\|tʂʰ}} \| ch \| {{IPA\|[tʂʰɑo̯˥˧ kwəʔ˧ tsəʔ˨˩]}} {{tooltip\|臭骨子\|Mandarin gloss: 狐臭. English gloss: body odor.}}
{{IPAlink\|x}} \| h \| {{IPA\|[xxəʔ˨˩ tɕjã˨˩˧ fã˥˧]}} {{tooltip\|黑間飯\|Mandarin gloss: 晚飯. English gloss: dinner.}}
{{IPAlink\|ʐ}}{{efn-lr\|name=fn2\|{{IPA\|[ ʐ ]}} may be pronounced as {{IPAblink\|z}} in some localities of Jin Chinese.}} \| r \| {{IPA\|[njã˦˩˨ ʦɛe̯˨˩˧ ʐər˥˧]}} {{tooltip\|眼睛仁兒\|Mandarin gloss: 眼珠. English gloss: eyeball.}}

style="background:none"

style="vertical-align:top;"

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! colspan="4" | Initial consonants{{efn-lr|name=fn1|Zero onsets may be pronounced as {{IPAblink|v}} in some localities of Jin Chinese.}}

IPA

! Pinyin

! Examples{{efn-lr|name=examples|Glosses are displayed over the dotted line. (Instructions: for desktop computers, hover your mouse cursor over it; for iOS mobile browsers, request desktop website on your toolbar and then click on the dotted line; for Android mobile browsers, it is unavailable). Vocabulary are drawn from 吴堡方言调查研究 (2014){{cite book|title=吴堡方言调查研究|date=2014|last=邢向东|last2=王兆富|publisher=中华书局|pages=61-291}} and 陕西方言集成:榆林卷 (2020).{{cite book|title=陕西方言集成:榆林卷|editor-last=王建领|last=贺雪梅|chapter=吴堡县篇|publisher=商务印书馆|date=2020|pages=692-726}}}}

| x

| {{IPA|[sã˥˧ ɕjəʔ˧]}} {{tooltip|散學|Mandarin gloss: 放學. English gloss: school is out (for the day).}}

{{IPAlink|f}}{{efn-lr|name=fn4|{{IPAblink|f}} may be pronounced as {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|x}}u-]}} in some localities of Jin Chinese.}}

| f

| {{IPA|[tʰu˦˩˨ ɲjɑo̯˧ fã˨˩˧ ʂəŋ˨˩˧]}} {{tooltip|土牛翻身|Mandarin gloss: 地震. English gloss: earthquake.}}

| g

|{{IPA|[swɛe̯˦˩˨ kwɤ˥˧ tsəʔ˨˩]}} {{tooltip|水貫子|Mandarin gloss: 彩虹. English gloss: rainbow.}}

| k

| {{IPA|[kʰwɤ˨˩˧ tʰo˧]}} {{tooltip|'寬透|Mandarin gloss: 寬敞. English gloss: spacious (room).}}

| l

| {{IPA|[təŋ lɑo̯r]}} {{tooltip|燈簍兒|Mandarin gloss: 燈籠. English gloss: bamboo lantern.}}

| m

| {{IPA|[məŋ˥˧ məŋ˥˧]}} {{tooltip|夢夢|Mandarin gloss: 做夢.English gloss: to dream.}}

| n

| {{IPA|[kəʔ˦ nɑe̯˦˩˨]}} {{tooltip|隔奶|Mandarin gloss: 斷奶. English gloss: weaning.}}

{{IPAlink|ɲ}}{{efn-lr|In sinological phonetic notation, {{IPA|[ ɲ ]}} is marked as {{angbr IPA|ȵ}}.}}

| nz

| {{IPA|[ɲje˧ sɹ̩˨˩]}} {{tooltip|年時|Mandarin gloss: 去年. English gloss: last year.}}

| ng

| {{IPA|[tswɤu̯˥˧ ŋor˨˩]}} {{tooltip|裝襖兒|Mandarin gloss: 棉襖. English gloss: cotton-padded jacket.}}

| s

| {{IPA|[sã˨˦ sɛe̯˨˩˧]}} {{tooltip|山西|Mandarin gloss: 山西. English gloss: Shanxi province.}}

| sh

| {{IPA|[ʂje˦˩˨ sɛe̯˨˩˧]}} {{tooltip|陝西|Mandarin gloss: 陝西. English gloss: Shaanxi province.}}

| b

| {{IPA|[pəŋ˨˩˧ lɑo̯˧]}} {{tooltip|奔顱|Mandarin gloss: 額頭. English gloss: forehead.}}

| p

| {{IPA|[pʰo˦˩˨ tu˥˧ tsəʔ˨˩]}} {{tooltip|跑肚子|Mandarin gloss: 拉肚子. English gloss: diarrhea.}}

| d

| {{IPA|[twəʔ˧ tã˥˧]}} {{tooltip|㞘蛋|Mandarin gloss: 屁股. English gloss: buttocks.}}

| t

| {{IPA|[tʰwɑe̯˨˩˧ no˧]}} {{tooltip|推腦|Mandarin gloss: 理髮. English gloss: haircutting.}}

| j

| {{IPA|[so˦˩˨ tɕjəʔ˧ tɛe̯˥˧]}} {{tooltip|掃腳底|Mandarin gloss: 掃地. English gloss: sweep the floor.}}

| q

| {{IPA|[tɕʰje˧ ʂɤu̯r˨˩˧]}} {{tooltip|前晌兒|Mandarin gloss: 上午. English gloss: morning.}}

| z

| {{IPA|[xwɑe̯˧ tsəʔ˨˩ pɑe̯˨˩˧]}} {{tooltip|茴子白|Mandarin gloss: 包心菜. English gloss: cabbage.}}

| c

| {{IPA|[pɛe̯˥˧ tsʰɑ˨˩˧ ljəʔ˨˩]}} {{tooltip|病瘥了|Mandarin gloss: 病好了. English gloss: recover from illnesses.}}

| zh

| {{IPA|[lwəŋ˧ tʂã˥˧]}} {{tooltip|攏帳|Mandarin gloss: 蚊帳. English gloss: mosquito net.}}

| ch

| {{IPA|[tʂʰɑo̯˥˧ kwəʔ˧ tsəʔ˨˩]}} {{tooltip|臭骨子|Mandarin gloss: 狐臭. English gloss: body odor.}}

| h

| {{IPA|[xxəʔ˨˩ tɕjã˨˩˧ fã˥˧]}} {{tooltip|黑間飯|Mandarin gloss: 晚飯. English gloss: dinner.}}

{{IPAlink|ʐ}}{{efn-lr|name=fn2|{{IPA|[ ʐ ]}} may be pronounced as {{IPAblink|z}} in some localities of Jin Chinese.}}

| r

| {{IPA|[njã˦˩˨ ʦɛe̯˨˩˧ ʐər˥˧]}} {{tooltip|眼睛仁兒|Mandarin gloss: 眼珠. English gloss: eyeball.}}

class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" ! colspan="4" \| Final consonants
colspan="2" \| IPA ! rowspan="2"\|Pinyin ! rowspan="2"\|Examples{{efn-lr\|name=examples}}
{{tooltip\|FC\|Final consonants}} ! Rhyme
rowspan="4"\|-{{IPAlink\|ŋ}} \| {{IPAlink\|ə}}{{IPAlink\|ŋ}} \| eng \| {{IPA\|[səŋ˧ u˧ tʂʰɤu̯˨˩]}} {{tooltip\|尋無常\|Mandarin gloss: 自殺. English gloss: suicide.}}
{{IPAlink\|j}}{{IPAlink\|ə}}{{IPAlink\|ŋ}}{{efn-lr\|name=j}} \| ieng \| {{IPA\|[ɕjəŋ˥˧ xu˨˩]}} {{tooltip\|杏虎\|Mandarin gloss: 貓頭鷹. English gloss: owl.}}
{{IPAlink\|w}}{{IPAlink\|ə}}{{IPAlink\|ŋ}}{{efn-lr\|name=w}} \| ueng \| {{IPA\|[kwəŋ˨˦ swɛe̯˨˩]}} {{tooltip\|滾水\|Mandarin gloss: 開水. English gloss: boiling water.}}
{{IPAlink\|ɥ}}{{IPAlink\|ə}}{{IPAlink\|ŋ}}{{efn-lr\|name=y}} \| yeng \| {{IPA\|[tɕjəʔ˦ kəʔ˨˩˧ tɕɥəŋ˨˩˧]}} {{tooltip\|腳圪踪\|Mandarin gloss: 腳印. English gloss: footprint.}}
-{{IPAlink\|r}} \| / \| r \| {{IPA\|[sã˨˩ mɤr˥˧]}} {{tooltip\|山蔓兒\|Mandarin gloss: 馬鈴薯. English gloss: potato.}}
rowspan="8"\|-{{IPAlink\|ʔ}} \| {{IPAlink\|ɑ}}{{IPAlink\|ʔ}} \| aq \| {{IPA\|[tʰɑʔ˨˩˧ i˨˩˧ ʂɤu̯˧ təʔ˨˩]}} {{tooltip\|踏衣裳的\|Mandarin gloss: 裁縫. English gloss: tailor.}}
{{IPAlink\|ə}}{{IPAlink\|ʔ}} \| eeq \| {{IPA\|[jã˧ i˨˦ tsəʔ˨˩]}} {{tooltip\|洋胰子\|Mandarin gloss: 肥皂. English gloss: soap bar made of pig pancreas.}}
{{IPAlink\|j}}{{IPAlink\|a}}{{IPAlink\|ʔ}}{{efn-lr\|name=j}} \| iaq \| {{IPA\|[tɕjo˨˦ tsɹ̩˦˩˨ tɕjɑʔ˧]}} {{tooltip\|鉸指甲\|Mandarin gloss: 剪指甲. English gloss: trim nails.}}
{{IPAlink\|j}}{{IPAlink\|ə}}{{IPAlink\|ʔ}}{{efn-lr\|name=j}} \| ieeq \| {{IPA\|[sã˨˩˧ tjəʔ˦ swər˨˩]}} {{tooltip\|三滴水兒\|Mandarin gloss: 三點水. English gloss: the water radical.}}
{{IPAlink\|w}}{{IPAlink\|ɑ}}{{IPAlink\|ʔ}}{{efn-lr\|name=w}} \| uaq \| {{IPA\|[swɑʔ˧ jəʔ˧ tɑʔ˧]}} {{tooltip\|刷一搭\|Mandarin gloss: 打一巴掌. English gloss: a slap in the face.}}
{{IPAlink\|w}}{{IPAlink\|e}}{{IPAlink\|ʔ}}{{efn-lr\|name=w}} \| ueq \| {{IPA\|[ɕɥe˨˩˧ swəʔ˧]}} {{tooltip\|喧說\|Mandarin gloss: 撒謊. English gloss: tell lies.}}
{{IPAlink\|ɥ}}{{IPAlink\|ɑ}}{{IPAlink\|ʔ}}{{efn-lr\|name=y}} \| yaq \| {{IPA\|[sã˨˩ tɕɥɑʔ˦ pɑr˦˩˨]}} {{tooltip\|三角板兒\|Mandarin gloss: 三角板. English gloss: triangle ruler.}}
{{IPAlink\|ɥ}}{{IPAlink\|ə}}{{IPAlink\|ʔ}}{{efn-lr\|name=y}} \| yeeq \| {{IPA\|[ɥəʔ˨˩˧ tɕjəŋ˥˧]}} {{tooltip\|月盡\|Mandarin gloss: 除夕. English gloss: last day of a lunar year.}}

class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! colspan="4" | Final consonants

colspan="2" | IPA

! rowspan="2"|Pinyin

! rowspan="2"|Examples{{efn-lr|name=examples}}

! Rhyme

rowspan="4"|-{{IPAlink|ŋ}}

| {{IPAlink|ə}}{{IPAlink|ŋ}}

| eng

| {{IPA|[səŋ˧ u˧ tʂʰɤu̯˨˩]}} {{tooltip|尋無常|Mandarin gloss: 自殺. English gloss: suicide.}}

| ieng

| {{IPA|[ɕjəŋ˥˧ xu˨˩]}} {{tooltip|杏虎|Mandarin gloss: 貓頭鷹. English gloss: owl.}}

| ueng

| {{IPA|[kwəŋ˨˦ swɛe̯˨˩]}} {{tooltip|滾水|Mandarin gloss: 開水. English gloss: boiling water.}}

| yeng

| {{IPA|[tɕjəʔ˦ kəʔ˨˩˧ tɕɥəŋ˨˩˧]}} {{tooltip|腳圪踪|Mandarin gloss: 腳印. English gloss: footprint.}}

-{{IPAlink|r}}

| /

| r

| {{IPA|[sã˨˩ mɤr˥˧]}} {{tooltip|山蔓兒|Mandarin gloss: 馬鈴薯. English gloss: potato.}}

rowspan="8"|-{{IPAlink|ʔ}}

| {{IPAlink|ɑ}}{{IPAlink|ʔ}}

| aq

| {{IPA|[tʰɑʔ˨˩˧ i˨˩˧ ʂɤu̯˧ təʔ˨˩]}} {{tooltip|踏衣裳的|Mandarin gloss: 裁縫. English gloss: tailor.}}

| eeq

| {{IPA|[jã˧ i˨˦ tsəʔ˨˩]}} {{tooltip|洋胰子|Mandarin gloss: 肥皂. English gloss: soap bar made of pig pancreas.}}

| iaq

| {{IPA|[tɕjo˨˦ tsɹ̩˦˩˨ tɕjɑʔ˧]}} {{tooltip|鉸指甲|Mandarin gloss: 剪指甲. English gloss: trim nails.}}

| ieeq

| {{IPA|[sã˨˩˧ tjəʔ˦ swər˨˩]}} {{tooltip|三滴水兒|Mandarin gloss: 三點水. English gloss: the water radical.}}

| uaq

| {{IPA|[swɑʔ˧ jəʔ˧ tɑʔ˧]}} {{tooltip|刷一搭|Mandarin gloss: 打一巴掌. English gloss: a slap in the face.}}

| ueq

| {{IPA|[ɕɥe˨˩˧ swəʔ˧]}} {{tooltip|喧說|Mandarin gloss: 撒謊. English gloss: tell lies.}}

| yaq

| {{IPA|[sã˨˩ tɕɥɑʔ˦ pɑr˦˩˨]}} {{tooltip|三角板兒|Mandarin gloss: 三角板. English gloss: triangle ruler.}}

| yeeq

| {{IPA|[ɥəʔ˨˩˧ tɕjəŋ˥˧]}} {{tooltip|月盡|Mandarin gloss: 除夕. English gloss: last day of a lunar year.}}

class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" ! colspan="4" \| Vowels
IPA ! Pinyin ! Examples{{efn-lr\|name=examples}}
{{IPAlink\|ɑ}} \| a \|{{IPA\|[tɑ˨˦ po˦˩˨ sɛe̯˨˩˧]}} {{tooltip\|打飽聲\|Mandarin gloss: 打嗝. English gloss: to burp.}}
{{IPAlink\|ɑ}}{{IPAlink\|e̯}} \| ae \|{{IPA\|[tsɑʔ˧ xɑe̯˥˧]}} {{tooltip\|作害\|Mandarin gloss: 誣告(罪名). English gloss: false accuse.}}
{{IPAlink\|ɑ}}{{IPAlink\|o̯}} \| ao \|{{IPA\|[tʰɑo̯˥˧]}} {{tooltip\|透\|Mandarin gloss: 肏 (動詞). English gloss: to fuck.}}
{{IPAlink\|ã}} \| an \|{{IPA\|[nã˦˩˨ tsã˥˧ tɕjəŋ˨˩˧]}} {{tooltip\|囔藏經\|Mandarin gloss: 說廢話. English gloss: talking bullshit.}}
{{IPAlink\|ɛ}}{{IPAlink\|e̯}} \| e \|{{IPA\|[tsʰɛe̯˨˩˧ xɤu̯˥˧]}} {{tooltip\|青貨\|Mandarin gloss: 水果. English gloss: fruits.}}
{{IPAlink\|ə}} \| ee \|{{IPA\|[kəʔ tu]}} {{tooltip\|圪都\|Mandarin gloss: 拳頭. English gloss: fist.}}
{{IPAlink\|i}} \| i \|{{IPA\|[mi˦˩˨ tʰɤu̯˨˩˧]}} {{tooltip\|米湯\|Mandarin gloss: 米湯. English gloss: the soup of a thin porridge.}}
{{IPAlink\|j}}{{IPAlink\|ɑ}}{{efn-lr\|name=j\|The non-syllabic gliding {{IPAblink\|j}} may be less explicitly transcribed with the syllabic {{IPAblink\|i}}, as in {{IPA\|[iɑ, iã, iaʔ, iɑe̯, iɑo̯, ie, iə, iəʔ, io, iɤ, iɤu̯]}}.}} \| ia \|{{IPA\|[xɤu̯˨˩ ȵjɑ˧]}} {{tooltip\|呵牙\|Mandarin gloss: 打哈欠. English gloss: yawn.}}
{{IPAlink\|j}}{{IPAlink\|ã}}{{efn-lr\|name=j}} \| ian \|{{IPA\|[xɑ˥˧ njã˨˩ kʰəʔ˦ tsəʔ˨˩]}} {{tooltip\|下牙殼子\|Mandarin gloss: 下巴. English gloss: chin.}}
{{IPAlink\|j}}{{IPAlink\|ɑ}}{{IPAlink\|e̯}}{{efn-lr\|name=j}} \| iae \|{{IPA\|[tsʰuɤ˥˧ tɕjɑe̯˨˩˧]}} {{tooltip\|串街\|Mandarin gloss: 逛街. English gloss: hang around in streets.}}
{{IPAlink\|j}}{{IPAlink\|ɑ}}{{IPAlink\|o̯}}{{efn-lr\|name=j}} \| iao \|{{IPA\|[ljɑo̯˧ kɑo̯˨˦ tsəʔ˨˩]}} {{tooltip\|溜溝子\|Mandarin gloss: 拍馬屁. English gloss: kiss one's ass.}}
{{IPAlink\|j}}{{IPAlink\|e}}{{efn-lr\|name=j}} \| ie \| {{IPA\|[ɕje˨˦ swɛe̯˨˩]}} {{tooltip\|頷水\|Mandarin gloss: 口水. English gloss: saliva.}}
{{IPAlink\|j}}{{IPAlink\|o}}{{efn-lr\|name=j}} \| io \|{{IPA\|[sã˥˧ tɕjo˨˩˧]}} {{tooltip\|散交\|Mandarin gloss: 關係破裂. English gloss: relationship breakdown.}}
{{IPAlink\|j}}{{IPAlink\|ɤ}}{{efn-lr\|name=j}} \| ioe \|{{IPA\|[ljɤ˧ kʰər˨˩]}} {{tooltip\|撩羹兒\|Mandarin gloss: 羹匙. English gloss: soup spoon.}}
{{IPAlink\|j}}{{IPAlink\|ɤ}}{{IPAlink\|u̯}}{{efn-lr\|name=j}} \| ioeu \|{{IPA\|[tɕjəʔ˧ ljɤu̯˧ mje˥˧]}} {{tooltip\|腳梁面\|Mandarin gloss: 腳背. English gloss: instep.}}
{{IPAlink\|o}} \| o \|{{IPA\|[xəʔ˧ lo˦˩˨ fəŋ˨˩˧]}} {{tooltip\|黑老風\|Mandarin gloss: 台風. English gloss: typhoon.}}
{{IPAlink\|ɹ̩}}{{efn-lr\|In sinological phonetic notation, {{IPA\|[ɹ̩]}} is marked as {{angbr IPA\|ɿ}}.}} \| ii \|{{IPA\|[swa˦˩˨ sɹ̩˨˦ tsəʔ˨˩]}} {{tooltip\|耍獅子\|Mandarin gloss: 舞獅子. English gloss: perform a lion dance.}}
{{IPAlink\|u}} \| u \|{{IPA\|[jɤ˨˩˧ pu˥˧]}} {{tooltip\|腰布\|Mandarin gloss: 圍裙. English gloss: apron.}}
{{IPAlink\|w}}{{IPAlink\|ɑ}}{{efn-lr\|name=w\|The non-syllabic gliding {{IPAblink\|w}} may be less explicitly transcribed with the syllabic {{IPAblink\|u}}, as in {{IPA\|[uã, uɑ, uɑʔ,uɑe̯, ueʔ, uɛe̯, uəŋ, uɤ, uɤu̯]}}.}} \| ua \|{{IPA\|[swɑ˦˩˨ mɤ˧ swəʔ˧]}} {{tooltip\|耍魔術\|Mandarin gloss: 變魔術. English gloss: perform magic tricks.}}
{{IPAlink\|w}}{{IPAlink\|ã}}{{efn-lr\|name=w}} \| uan \|{{IPA\|[ʂwã˨˩ tʂɛe̯˥˧]}} {{tooltip\|拴正\|Mandarin gloss: (人)品性好. English gloss: (adj.) (a person) has good character.}}
{{IPAlink\|w}}{{IPAlink\|ɑ}}{{IPAlink\|e̯}}{{efn-lr\|name=w}} \| uae \|{{IPA\|[wɑe̯˥˧ xɑo̯r˨˩]}} {{tooltip\|外後兒\|Mandarin gloss: 大後天. English gloss: day after tomorrow.}}
{{IPAlink\|w}}{{IPAlink\|ɛ}}{{IPAlink\|e̯}}{{efn-lr\|name=w}} \| ue \|{{IPA\|[səʔ˧ wɛe̯˥˧]}} {{tooltip\|失未\|Mandarin gloss: 說不定. 例: 失未能中獎. English gloss: there is a chance... might happen.}}
{{IPAlink\|w}}{{IPAlink\|ɤ}}{{efn-lr\|name=w}} \| uoe \|{{IPA\|[pəʔ˧ nje˧ tsʰwɤ˨˩]}} {{tooltip\|不言喘\|Mandarin gloss: 不做聲. English gloss: did not say a word.}}
{{IPAlink\|w}}{{IPAlink\|ɤ}}{{IPAlink\|u̯}}{{efn-lr\|name=w}} \| uoeu \|{{IPA\|[lɑʔ˨˩˧ swɤu̯˨˩˧]}} {{tooltip\|落霜\|Mandarin gloss: 下霜.English gloss: frost formed.}}
{{IPAlink\|ɤ}} \| oe \|{{IPA\|[jəʔ˧ pʰɤ˧ ʂɑ˧]}} {{tooltip\|一盤蛇\|Mandarin gloss: 一條蛇. English gloss: a snake.}}
{{IPAlink\|ɤ}}{{IPAlink\|u̯}} \| oeu \|{{IPA\|[tã˧ pɤu̯˥˧]}} {{tooltip\|糖棒\|Mandarin gloss: 甘蔗. English gloss: sugarcane.}}
{{IPAlink\|y}}{{efn-lr\|name=fn11\|{{IPAblink\|y}} may be pronounced as {{IPAblink\|ʉ}} in some localities of Jin Chinese.}} \| y \|{{IPA\|[tsʰwəʔ˦ ny˦˩˨]}} {{tooltip\|出女\|Mandarin gloss: 嫁閨女. English gloss: marrying off a daughter.}}
{{IPAlink\|ɥ}}{{IPAlink\|ɑ}}{{efn-lr\|name=y\|The non-syllabic gliding {{IPAblink\|ɥ}} may be less explicitly transcribed with the syllabic {{IPAblink\|y}}, as in {{IPA\|[yɑ, yɑʔ, ye, yə, ɥəŋ, yəʔ]}}.}} \| ya \|{{IPA\|[tɕʰɥɑ˧ tsəʔ˨˩]}} {{tooltip\|瘸子\|Mandarin gloss: 瘸子. English gloss: a cripple.}}
{{IPAlink\|ɥ}}{{IPAlink\|e}}{{efn-lr\|name=y}} \| ye \|{{IPA\|[nɑe̯˧ tɕɥe˦˩˨]}} {{tooltip\|挨啳\|Mandarin gloss: 挨罵. English gloss: being scolded.}}

class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! colspan="4" | Vowels

IPA

! Pinyin

! Examples{{efn-lr|name=examples}}

| a

|{{IPA|[tɑ˨˦ po˦˩˨ sɛe̯˨˩˧]}} {{tooltip|打飽聲|Mandarin gloss: 打嗝. English gloss: to burp.}}

| ae

|{{IPA|[tsɑʔ˧ xɑe̯˥˧]}} {{tooltip|作害|Mandarin gloss: 誣告(罪名). English gloss: false accuse.}}

| ao

|{{IPA|[tʰɑo̯˥˧]}} {{tooltip|透|Mandarin gloss: 肏 (動詞). English gloss: to fuck.}}

| an

|{{IPA|[nã˦˩˨ tsã˥˧ tɕjəŋ˨˩˧]}} {{tooltip|囔藏經|Mandarin gloss: 說廢話. English gloss: talking bullshit.}}

| e

|{{IPA|[tsʰɛe̯˨˩˧ xɤu̯˥˧]}} {{tooltip|青貨|Mandarin gloss: 水果. English gloss: fruits.}}

| ee

|{{IPA|[kəʔ tu]}} {{tooltip|圪都|Mandarin gloss: 拳頭. English gloss: fist.}}

| i

|{{IPA|[mi˦˩˨ tʰɤu̯˨˩˧]}} {{tooltip|米湯|Mandarin gloss: 米湯. English gloss: the soup of a thin porridge.}}

{{IPAlink|j}}{{IPAlink|ɑ}}{{efn-lr|name=j|The non-syllabic gliding {{IPAblink|j}} may be less explicitly transcribed with the syllabic {{IPAblink|i}}, as in {{IPA|[iɑ, iã, iaʔ, iɑe̯, iɑo̯, ie, iə, iəʔ, io, iɤ, iɤu̯]}}.}}

| ia

|{{IPA|[xɤu̯˨˩ ȵjɑ˧]}} {{tooltip|呵牙|Mandarin gloss: 打哈欠. English gloss: yawn.}}

| ian

|{{IPA|[xɑ˥˧ njã˨˩ kʰəʔ˦ tsəʔ˨˩]}} {{tooltip|下牙殼子|Mandarin gloss: 下巴. English gloss: chin.}}

| iae

|{{IPA|[tsʰuɤ˥˧ tɕjɑe̯˨˩˧]}} {{tooltip|串街|Mandarin gloss: 逛街. English gloss: hang around in streets.}}

| iao

|{{IPA|[ljɑo̯˧ kɑo̯˨˦ tsəʔ˨˩]}} {{tooltip|溜溝子|Mandarin gloss: 拍馬屁. English gloss: kiss one's ass.}}

| ie

| {{IPA|[ɕje˨˦ swɛe̯˨˩]}} {{tooltip|頷水|Mandarin gloss: 口水. English gloss: saliva.}}

| io

|{{IPA|[sã˥˧ tɕjo˨˩˧]}} {{tooltip|散交|Mandarin gloss: 關係破裂. English gloss: relationship breakdown.}}

| ioe

|{{IPA|[ljɤ˧ kʰər˨˩]}} {{tooltip|撩羹兒|Mandarin gloss: 羹匙. English gloss: soup spoon.}}

| ioeu

|{{IPA|[tɕjəʔ˧ ljɤu̯˧ mje˥˧]}} {{tooltip|腳梁面|Mandarin gloss: 腳背. English gloss: instep.}}

| o

|{{IPA|[xəʔ˧ lo˦˩˨ fəŋ˨˩˧]}} {{tooltip|黑老風|Mandarin gloss: 台風. English gloss: typhoon.}}

{{IPAlink|ɹ̩}}{{efn-lr|In sinological phonetic notation, {{IPA|[ɹ̩]}} is marked as {{angbr IPA|ɿ}}.}}

| ii

|{{IPA|[swa˦˩˨ sɹ̩˨˦ tsəʔ˨˩]}} {{tooltip|耍獅子|Mandarin gloss: 舞獅子. English gloss: perform a lion dance.}}

| u

|{{IPA|[jɤ˨˩˧ pu˥˧]}} {{tooltip|腰布|Mandarin gloss: 圍裙. English gloss: apron.}}

{{IPAlink|w}}{{IPAlink|ɑ}}{{efn-lr|name=w|The non-syllabic gliding {{IPAblink|w}} may be less explicitly transcribed with the syllabic {{IPAblink|u}}, as in {{IPA|[uã, uɑ, uɑʔ,uɑe̯, ueʔ, uɛe̯, uəŋ, uɤ, uɤu̯]}}.}}

| ua

|{{IPA|[swɑ˦˩˨ mɤ˧ swəʔ˧]}} {{tooltip|耍魔術|Mandarin gloss: 變魔術. English gloss: perform magic tricks.}}

| uan

|{{IPA|[ʂwã˨˩ tʂɛe̯˥˧]}} {{tooltip|拴正|Mandarin gloss: (人)品性好. English gloss: (adj.) (a person) has good character.}}

| uae

|{{IPA|[wɑe̯˥˧ xɑo̯r˨˩]}} {{tooltip|外後兒|Mandarin gloss: 大後天. English gloss: day after tomorrow.}}

| ue

|{{IPA|[səʔ˧ wɛe̯˥˧]}} {{tooltip|失未|Mandarin gloss: 說不定. 例: 失未能中獎. English gloss: there is a chance... might happen.}}

| uoe

|{{IPA|[pəʔ˧ nje˧ tsʰwɤ˨˩]}} {{tooltip|不言喘|Mandarin gloss: 不做聲. English gloss: did not say a word.}}

| uoeu

|{{IPA|[lɑʔ˨˩˧ swɤu̯˨˩˧]}} {{tooltip|落霜|Mandarin gloss: 下霜.English gloss: frost formed.}}

| oe

|{{IPA|[jəʔ˧ pʰɤ˧ ʂɑ˧]}} {{tooltip|一盤蛇|Mandarin gloss: 一條蛇. English gloss: a snake.}}

| oeu

|{{IPA|[tã˧ pɤu̯˥˧]}} {{tooltip|糖棒|Mandarin gloss: 甘蔗. English gloss: sugarcane.}}

{{IPAlink|y}}{{efn-lr|name=fn11|{{IPAblink|y}} may be pronounced as {{IPAblink|ʉ}} in some localities of Jin Chinese.}}

| y

|{{IPA|[tsʰwəʔ˦ ny˦˩˨]}} {{tooltip|出女|Mandarin gloss: 嫁閨女. English gloss: marrying off a daughter.}}

{{IPAlink|ɥ}}{{IPAlink|ɑ}}{{efn-lr|name=y|The non-syllabic gliding {{IPAblink|ɥ}} may be less explicitly transcribed with the syllabic {{IPAblink|y}}, as in {{IPA|[yɑ, yɑʔ, ye, yə, ɥəŋ, yəʔ]}}.}}

| ya

|{{IPA|[tɕʰɥɑ˧ tsəʔ˨˩]}} {{tooltip|瘸子|Mandarin gloss: 瘸子. English gloss: a cripple.}}

| ye

|{{IPA|[nɑe̯˧ tɕɥe˦˩˨]}} {{tooltip|挨啳|Mandarin gloss: 挨罵. English gloss: being scolded.}}

class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" ! colspan="4" \| Tones
IPA ! Numeric contours ! Tonal categories (sequence) ! Examples{{efn-lr\|name=examples}}
colspan=4 \| Stand-alone tones
{{IPA\|˨˩˧}}{{efn-lr\|name=fn10\|Unter certain scenarios, {{IPA\|˨˩˧}} (213) is abbreviated to {{IPA\|˨˩}} (21) in the beginning of a word. This is not to be confused with the unstressed tone {{IPA\|˨˩}} (21) at the end of a word. An unstressed tone takes half the time to pronounce.}} \| ◌²¹³{{efn-lr\|name=fn10}} \| 陰平 (◌¹) \| {{IPA\|[zo˨˩˧ ɲjo˦˩˨ ɲjo˨˩˧]}} {{tooltip\|搔咬咬\|Mandarin gloss: 撓癢癢. English gloss: to tickle.}}
{{IPA\|˧}} \| ◌³³ \| 陽平 (◌²) \| {{IPA\|[lo˦˩˨ i˧ xɤu̯˧]}} {{tooltip\|老爺河\|Mandarin gloss: 黃河. English gloss: the Yellow River.}}
{{IPA\|˦˩˨}} \| ◌⁴¹² \| 上 (◌³) \| {{IPA\|[lo˦˩˨ pʰɤ˧ tsʰwɛe̯˦˩˨]}} {{tooltip\|老婆嘴\|Mandarin gloss: 不生鬚的成人. English gloss: beardless adult.}}
{{IPA\|˥˧}} \| ◌⁵³ \| 去 (◌⁴) \| {{IPA\|[ʂəŋ˥˧ xwər˥˧]}} {{tooltip\|甚會兒\|Mandarin gloss: 什麼時候. English gloss: when?.}}
ʔ{{IPA\|˧}} \| ◌ʔ³ \| 陰入 (◌⁵) \| {{IPA\|[xɑo̯˧ tʂɑʔ˧ tʰɑo̯r˥˧]}} {{tooltip\|猴指頭兒\|Mandarin gloss: 小拇指. English gloss: little finger.}}
ʔ{{IPA\|˨˩˧}} \| ◌ʔ²¹³ \| 陽入 (◌⁶) \| {{IPA\|[sɑʔ˦ pɑʔ˨˩˧ ʂɑo̯˨˩˧]}} {{tooltip\|殺剝手\|Mandarin gloss: 屠戶. English gloss: butcher.}}
colspan=4 \|Supplementary tonal changes
{{IPA\|˨˩}}{{efn-lr\|name=fn7\|{{IPA\|˨˩}} (21) is an unstressed tone (neutral tone). Its contour is mistakenly marked as "0" (no contour) in older literature. Under certain scenarios, any tone at the end of a word could turn into an unstressed tone. This is not to be confused with the tone category 陰平 {{IPA\|˨˩˧}} (213), which under certain scenarios is abbreviated to {{IPA\|˨˩}} (21) in the beginning of a word. An unstressed tone takes half the time to pronounce. }} \| ◌²¹{{efn-lr\|name=fn7}} \| 輕 (◌⁰) \| {{IPA\|[lɛe̯˨˦ wə˨˩]}} {{tooltip\|裏物\|Mandarin gloss: 五臟. English gloss: the five major organs.}}
{{IPA\|˨˦}} \| ◌²⁴ \| 陰平 (◌¹) or上 (◌³) \| {{IPA\|[tsʰu˨˦ tɕjã˨˩]}} {{tooltip\|初間\|Mandarin gloss: 月初. English gloss: begining days of the month.}}
ʔ{{IPA\|˦}} \| ◌ʔ⁴ \| 陰入 (◌⁵) or 陽入 (◌⁶) \| {{IPA\|[sɑʔ˦ pɑʔ˨˩˧ ʂɑo̯˨˩˧]}} {{tooltip\|殺剝手\|Mandarin gloss: 屠戶. English gloss: butcher.}}

class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! colspan="4" | Tones

IPA

! Numeric
contours

! Tonal
categories
(sequence)

! Examples{{efn-lr|name=examples}}

colspan=4 | Stand-alone tones

{{IPA|˨˩˧}}{{efn-lr|name=fn10|Unter certain scenarios, {{IPA|˨˩˧}} (213) is abbreviated to {{IPA|˨˩}} (21) in the beginning of a word. This is not to be confused with the unstressed tone {{IPA|˨˩}} (21) at the end of a word. An unstressed tone takes half the time to pronounce.}}

| ◌²¹³{{efn-lr|name=fn10}}

| 陰平 (◌¹)

| {{IPA|[zo˨˩˧ ɲjo˦˩˨ ɲjo˨˩˧]}} {{tooltip|搔咬咬|Mandarin gloss: 撓癢癢. English gloss: to tickle.}}

| ◌³³

| 陽平 (◌²)

| {{IPA|[lo˦˩˨ i˧ xɤu̯˧]}} {{tooltip|老爺河|Mandarin gloss: 黃河. English gloss: the Yellow River.}}

| ◌⁴¹²

| 上 (◌³)

| {{IPA|[lo˦˩˨ pʰɤ˧ tsʰwɛe̯˦˩˨]}} {{tooltip|老婆嘴|Mandarin gloss: 不生鬚的成人. English gloss: beardless adult.}}

| ◌⁵³

| 去 (◌⁴)

| {{IPA|[ʂəŋ˥˧ xwər˥˧]}} {{tooltip|甚會兒|Mandarin gloss: 什麼時候. English gloss: when?.}}

ʔ{{IPA|˧}}

| ◌ʔ³

| 陰入 (◌⁵)

| {{IPA|[xɑo̯˧ tʂɑʔ˧ tʰɑo̯r˥˧]}} {{tooltip|猴指頭兒|Mandarin gloss: 小拇指. English gloss: little finger.}}

ʔ{{IPA|˨˩˧}}

| ◌ʔ²¹³

| 陽入 (◌⁶)

| {{IPA|[sɑʔ˦ pɑʔ˨˩˧ ʂɑo̯˨˩˧]}} {{tooltip|殺剝手|Mandarin gloss: 屠戶. English gloss: butcher.}}

colspan=4 |Supplementary tonal changes

{{IPA|˨˩}}{{efn-lr|name=fn7|{{IPA|˨˩}} (21) is an unstressed tone (neutral tone). Its contour is mistakenly marked as "0" (no contour) in older literature. Under certain scenarios, any tone at the end of a word could turn into an unstressed tone. This is not to be confused with the tone category 陰平 {{IPA|˨˩˧}} (213), which under certain scenarios is abbreviated to {{IPA|˨˩}} (21) in the beginning of a word. An unstressed tone takes half the time to pronounce.

}}

| ◌²¹{{efn-lr|name=fn7}}

| 輕 (◌⁰)

| {{IPA|[lɛe̯˨˦ wə˨˩]}} {{tooltip|裏物|Mandarin gloss: 五臟. English gloss: the five major organs.}}

| ◌²⁴

| 陰平 (◌¹)
or上 (◌³)

| {{IPA|[tsʰu˨˦ tɕjã˨˩]}} {{tooltip|初間|Mandarin gloss: 月初. English gloss: begining days of the month.}}

ʔ{{IPA|˦}}

| ◌ʔ⁴

| 陰入 (◌⁵)
or 陽入 (◌⁶)

| {{IPA|[sɑʔ˦ pɑʔ˨˩˧ ʂɑo̯˨˩˧]}} {{tooltip|殺剝手|Mandarin gloss: 屠戶. English gloss: butcher.}}

Help:IPA/Jin Chinese

Notes

References

See also