Help:IPA/Korean
{{IPA key|H:IPA-KO|H:IPAKO}}
The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Korean language pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. It is based on the standard dialect of South Korea and may not represent some of the sounds in the North Korean dialect or in other dialects. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA and {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation#Entering IPA characters}}.
See Korean phonology for a more thorough look at the sounds of Korean.
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| style="background: none;"
| style="vertical-align: top;" | {| class="wikitable" |+ Korean consonants | ||||
| rowspan="2" | IPA
! rowspan="2" | Hangul ! colspan="2" | Example ! rowspan="2" | English approximation | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hangul
! RR | ||||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAlink|b}}The plain stops and affricate {{IPA|/p t tɕ k/}} are voiced to {{IPA|[b d dʑ ɡ]}} respectively between voiced sounds. | ㅂ | 이불 | ibul | ball |
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAlink|β}} | ㅎ | 오후 | ohu | roughly like away |
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAlink|ç}}{{IPA|[ç]}} is the allophone of {{IPA|/h/}} before {{IPA|/i/}} or {{IPA|/j/}}. | ㅎ | 힘, 흉내 | him, hyungnae | human |
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAlink|ɕ}}{{IPA|[ɕ ɕ͈]}} are the allophones of {{IPA|/sʰ s͈/}} before {{IPA|/i/}} and {{IPA|/j/}}. | ㅅ | 시루 | siru | roughly like she |
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA|ɕ͈}} | ㅆ ㅅ | 씨, 국수 | ssi, guksu | roughly like sure, tensed |
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAlink|d}} | ㄷ | 민들레 | mindeulle | doll |
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAlink|dz}}{{IPA|[ts ts͈ tsʰ dz]}} occur in the North Korean dialect. | ㅈ | 나중 | najung | beds |
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAlink|dʑ}} | ㅈ [ㄷ이] | 아버지, 해돋이 | abeoji, haedoji | roughly like jeans |
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAlink|ɸ}}{{IPA|[ɸ]}} is the allophone of {{IPA|/h/}} before {{IPA|/u/}} or {{IPA|/w/}}. | ㅎ [호] [후] | 활, 훗날 | hwal, hunnal | roughly like phew |
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAlink|ɡ}} | ㄱ | 마개 | magae | gall |
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAlink|ɣ}} | ㅎ | 마흔 | maheun | again, but without the tongue touching the roof of the mouth |
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAlink|h}} | ㅎ | 햇잎 | haennip | hall |
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAlink|ɦ}}ㅎ is voiced between voiced sounds. | ㅎ | 더하기 | deohagi | RP behind |
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAlink|j}} | [{{nowrap|ㅛ, ㅠ,ㅑ,ㅕ,}} {{nowrap|ㅖ, ㅒ}}]{{IPA|/j/}} cannot be spelled by itself, but by doubling the short line on the vowel which it phonetically precedes. | 여울 | yeoul | you |
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAlink|ʝ}} | ㅎ | 감히 | gamhi | roughly like you |
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAlink|k}} | ㄱ | 구이 | gui | sky |
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA|k̚}} | ㄱ ㅋㄱ and ㅋ are {{IPA|[k̚]}} and RR k at the end of a syllable. | 바지락 | bajirak | lock |
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA|k͈}} | ㄲ | 꿩, 젓갈 | kkwong, jeotgal | skin, tensed |
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA|kʰ}} | ㅋ [ㄱㅎ] [ㅎㄱ] | 코, 석회, 않기 | ko, seokhoe, angi | cup |
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAlink|ɭ}} | ㄹ [ㄴ]ㄹ is {{IPA|[ɭ]}} at the end of a syllable. ㄹㄴ and ㄴㄹ may be {{IPA|[ɭː]}}. | 알, 신라 | al, Silla | hall |
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAlink|m}} | ㅁ [ㅂ]ㅂ is {{IPA|[m]}} before {{IPA|/n/}} or {{IPA|/m/}}. | 못, 압력 | mot, amnyeok | mall |
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAlink|n}} | ㄴ [{{nowrap|ㄹ, ㄷ, ㅅ, ㅈ}}]ㄹ may be {{IPA|[n]}} at the start of a word. ㄷ, ㅅ, ㅈ are {{IPA|[n]}} before {{IPA|/n/}} or {{IPA|/m/}}. | 누리 | nuri | not |
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAlink|ŋ}} | ㅇ [ㄱ]ㅇ is {{IPA|[ŋ]}} at the end of a syllable. ㄱ is {{IPA|[ŋ]}} before {{IPA|/n/}}, {{IPA|/m/}}, or {{IPA|/ɾ/}}. | 가랑비, 먹물 | garangbi, meongmul | king |
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAlink|p}} | ㅂ | 바다 | bada | spa |
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA|p̚}} | ㅂ ㅍ ㅂ and ㅍ are {{IPA|[p̚]}} and RR p at the end of a syllable. | 부삽, 잎 | busap, ip | clip |
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA|p͈}} | ㅃ ㅂ | 뿔, 먹보 | ppul, meokbo | spit, tensed |
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA|pʰ}} | ㅍ [ㅂㅎ] [ㅎㅂ] | 푸서리, 잡학 | puseori, japhak | paint |
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAlink|ɾ}} | ㄹ [ㄹㅇ] | 여드레, 얼음 | yeodeure, eoreum | Scottish great or American atom |
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA|{{IPAlink|s}}ʰ}} | ㅅ | 수박 | subak | like see, but aspirated (with more breath) |
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA|s͈}} | ㅆ | 쌀, 열쇠 | ssal, yeolsoe | saw, tensed |
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAlink|t}} | ㄷ | 돌 | dol | star |
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA|t̚}} | ㄷ, ㅌ, ㅅ, ㅈ, ㅊㄷ, ㅌ, ㅅ, ㅈ, ㅊ are {{IPA|[t̚]}} and RR t at the end of a syllable. | 곧, 뭍, 옷, 젖, 낯 | got, mut, ot, jeot, nat | let |
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA|t͈}} | ㄸ ㄷ | 떡, 막대 | tteok, makdae | stall, tensed |
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA|tʰ}} | ㅌ [ㄷㅎ] [ㅎㄷ] | 구태여, 맞흥정, 닳다 | gutaeyeo, matheungjeong, dalda | tall |
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAlink|ts}} | ㅈ | 측정 | cheukjeong | cats |
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA|ts͈}} | ㅉ | 짤림 | jjallim | cats, tensed |
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA|tsʰ}} | ㅊ [ㅈㅎ] [ㅎㅈ] | 참새 | chamsae | let's have |
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAlink|tɕ}} | ㅈ | 자투리 | jaturi | roughly like patch |
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA|tɕ͈}} | ㅉ | 돌쩌귀, 꺽지 | doljjeogwi, kkeokji | roughly like patch, tensed |
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA|tɕʰ}} | ㅊ [ㄷ히] [ㅎㅈ] | 눈초리, 맞히다, 닳지 | nunchori, machida, dalji | roughly like cheek |
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAlink|w}} | [ㅙ, ㅞ]{{IPA|/w/}} is spelled ㅜ before {{IPA|/ʌ/}}, {{IPA|/e/}}, {{IPA|/i/}} (the latter combination producing {{IPA|/y/}}~{{IPA|[ɥi]}}) and ㅗ before {{IPA|/ɛ/}}, {{IPA|/a/}}; ㅚ {{IPA|/ø/}} can also be pronounced {{IPA|[we]}}. | 왜가리, 꿰맴질 | waegari, kkwemaemjil | wall |
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAlink|x}}{{IPA|[x]}} is the allophone of {{IPA|/h/}} before {{IPA|/ɯ/}}. | ㅎ | 흙 | heuk | Scottish loch |
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
| class="wikitable"
|+ Korean vowels and diphthongsIn Standard Korean, vowel length is contrastive, but this has mostly been lost in the spoken language. | ||||
| rowspan="2" | IPA
! rowspan="2" | Hangul ! colspan="2" | Example ! rowspan="2" | English approximation | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hangul | ||||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAlink|ɐ|a}} | rowspan="2" | ㅏ | 하루 | haru | GA lost |
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA|aː}} | 밤 | bam | spa | |
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAlink|ʌ}} | rowspan="2" | ㅓ | 거울 | geoul | Conservative up |
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAlink|ə|əː}} | 어른 | eoreun | RP herd | |
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAlink|ɛ}} | rowspan="2" | ㅐ | 개구리 | gaeguri | bet |
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA|ɛː}} | 냇물 | naenmul | GA bed | |
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAlink|e}} | rowspan="2" | ㅔ | 메주 | meju | rate |
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA|eː}} | 게장 | gejang | raid | |
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAlink|i}} | ㅢ | 흰색 | huinsaek | rowspan="2" | peak |
| rowspan="2" | ㅣ | 피 | pi | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA|iː}} | 실타래 | siltarae | bead | |
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAlink|o}} | rowspan="2" | ㅗ | 오늘 | oneul | sort |
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA|oː}} | 모레 | more | sword | |
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAlink|ø}} | rowspan="2" | ㅚ | 쇠뇌 | soenoe | wait |
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA|øː}} | 왼손 | oenson | weighed | |
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAlink|u}} | rowspan="2" | ㅜ | 우물 | umul | root |
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA|uː}} | 둘 | dul | rude | |
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAlink|ɯ}} | rowspan="2" | ㅡ | 버들 | beodeul | like goose for some speakers |
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA|ɯː}} | 그림 | geurim | like cool for some speakers | |
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAlink|ɰ}}{{IPA|i}} | ㅢWhen ㅢ is preceded by anything but ㅇ, {{IPA|/ɰi/}} is interchangeable with, or completely shifted to {{IPA|/i/}}. | 민주주의 | minjujuui | like we but unrounded (with relaxed lips) |
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAlink|y}} | rowspan="2" | ㅟ | 귀엣말 | gwienmal | somewhat like sweet |
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA|yː}} | 쉰 | swin | somewhat like swede |
| class="wikitable"
|+ Korean suprasegmentals | |
| IPA | Description |
|---|---|
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA|ː}} | Geminated consonantResulting from various sequences of consonants (and their relative transcriptions) in regressive assimilation. |
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA|ˈ}} | Primary stress (placed before the stressed syllable) |
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA|ˌ}} | Secondary stress (placed before the stressed syllable) |
| style="text-align: center;" | . | Syllable break |
|}
See also
- Revised Romanization of Korean
- {{clc|Pages with Korean IPA|pages}}
Notes
{{reflist}}
References
- {{cite journal |author=Heo, Yong |date=2013 |title=An analysis and interpretation of Korean vowel systems |journal=Acta Koreana |volume=16 |issue=1 |page=23–43}}
- {{cite book |last=Lee |first=Hyun-bok |date=1999 |chapter=An IPA Illustration of Korean |title=Handbook of the International Phonetic Association |page=120–123}}
- {{cite conference |last=Lee |first=Hyun-bok |year=2002 |url=http://www.itfind.or.kr/Report/200201/IITA/IITA-0114-003/IITA-0114-003.pdf |trans-title=Phonetic Notation in Phonetic Research: IPA and International Korean Phonetic Alphabet |script-title=ko:음성의 연구와 음성의 표기법 |conference=INTERSPEECH-2002}}
- {{cite conference |last=Lee |first=Hyun-bok |year=2004 |url=https://www.isca-speech.org/archive_v0/archive_papers/interspeech_2004/i04_P3.pdf |title=In search of a universal phonetic alphabet – theory and application of an organic visible speech |conference=INTERSPEECH-2004}}
- Shin, J. (2015). Vowels and Consonants. In L. Brown & J. Yeon (Eds.). The Handbook of Korean Linguistics (pp. 36–21). Malden, MA: Wiley Blackwell.
- Shin, J., Kiaer, J., & Cha, J. (2012). The Sounds of Korean. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
- {{cite book |last=Sohn |first=Ho-min |year=2001 |title=The Korean Language |series=Cambridge language surveys |publisher=Cambridge University Press |ISBN=0521369436}}
External links
- [http://pronunciation.cs.pusan.ac.kr/ Hangul–IPA Converter] at [http://borame.cs.pusan.ac.kr/ Artificial Intelligence Laboratory] of Pusan National University
{{IPA keys}}