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Help:IPA/Lombard

{{IPA key|H:IPA-LMO|H:IPALMO}}

The charts below show how the International Phonetic Alphabet represents Lombard language pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA and {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation#Entering IPA characters}}.

Words are listed for the two major varieties of the language: Western and Eastern Lombard. Neither is preferred at Wikipedia unless a local pronunciation is clearly more relevant. See the respective articles to learn more.

There exist several proposed orthographies, none of which is comprehensive enough to represent the whole dialectal span of the language, and a final agreement to select common written standard of Lombard has yet to be reached. Classical Milanese orthography is here used for Western Lombard and Eastern Unified Orthography for Eastern Lombard. When a word is spelled the same in both orthographies, it is given only once.

style="background: none"

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{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em"

! colspan=3 | Consonants

IPAExamplesEnglish approximation
style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|b}}

| ({{abbr|WL|Western Lombard}}) biott, dubbi, ({{abbr|EL|Eastern Lombard}}) biót, döbe

| bud

style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|d̪|d}}

| ({{abbr|WL|Western Lombard}}) lader, drizz, ({{abbr|EL|Eastern Lombard}}) làder, drécc

| day

style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|dz}}

| ({{abbr|WL|Western Lombard}}) mezzaluna, ruzzà, mezz metterLombard, like a number of other languages, has final devoicing of obstruents, as well as final voicing of normally-devoiced consonants (except stops) immediately before other voiced or nasal consonants: Western {{lang|lmo|pesg d'inscì}} {{IPA|[ˌpeːʒ dĩˈʃi]}}, Eastern {{lang|lmo|pès d'isé}} {{IPA|[ˌpɛz diˈse]}}. In such cases, word-final {{IPA|/dz/}}, {{IPA|/dʒ/}}, {{IPA|/tʃ/}} and {{IPA|/ts/}} may reduce to respectively, {{IPAblink|z}}, {{IPAblink|ʒ}}, {{IPAblink|ʃ}}, {{IPAblink|s}} in the West, and in the East, {{IPA|/dʒ/}} and {{IPA|/tʃ/}} are generally realized as {{IPAblink|j}}.{{IPA|/dz/}} and {{IPA|/ts/}} contrast with {{IPA|/z/}} and {{IPA|/s/}} only in some Western dialects.

| cods

style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|dʒ}}

| ({{abbr|WL|Western Lombard}}) veggia, gent, giovin, resgiô, lecc grand, ({{abbr|EL|Eastern Lombard}}) ègia, regiùr{{IPA|/ʒ/}} is phonemically distinctive only in a few areas of Western Lombardy. Everywhere else, it is realized as {{IPAblink|dʒ}} or (certain Eastern dialects) {{IPAblink|z}}. Note that {{IPA|[ʒ]}} may also be an allophonic rendering of preconsonantal {{IPA|/z/}} in dialects such as Comasco.

| juice

style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|f}}

| ({{abbr|WL|Western Lombard}}) boffà, oeuv, ({{abbr|EL|Eastern Lombard}}) bofà, öf

| fit

style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|ɡ}}

| ({{abbr|WL|Western Lombard}}) gatt, bagaj, ({{abbr|EL|Eastern Lombard}}) gat, bagài

| good

style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|h}}

| ({{abbr|EL|Eastern Lombard}}) presidènt, sùra, dés, sich, sènt, pesàda, sigóla, pèsIn some Eastern variants, {{IPA|/s/}} is pronounced {{IPAblink|h}}, which leads the /s(t)j/ cluster to be realized as {{IPA|[htʃ]}} or, after a consonant, {{IPAblink|tʃ}}.

| ham

style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|k}}

| ({{abbr|WL|Western Lombard}}) can, marches, foeugh, ({{abbr|EL|Eastern Lombard}}) cà, marchés, föch

| sky

style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|l}}

| lacc, caròtola, ({{abbr|WL|Western Lombard}}) ballon, vioeula, ({{abbr|EL|Eastern Lombard}}) balù, viöla, pedriölWestern Lombard generally drops word-final {{IPA|/l/}} after a long vowel ({{lang|lmo|pedrioeu}} {{IPA|[pedriˈøː]}}, Eastern {{lang|lmo|pedriöl}} {{IPA|[pedriˈøl]}}). In addition, its northern dialects have rhotacized Latin non-geminate {{IPA|/l/}} in all (semi)vowel-internal instances ({{IPA|la|ˈskʰɔla

} → {{IPA|[ˈskøːra]}}; compare {{IPA|la|ˈbʊlːa|}} → {{IPA|[ˈbula]}}).

| lock

|-

| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|m}}

| ({{abbr|WL|Western Lombard}}) mes'cià, ({{abbr|EL|Eastern Lombard}}) mes-cià, campiùIn dialects that feature syllable-final nasals, assimilation to the following consonant always takes place even in an ending nasal+stop cluster, and the stop is dropped before another one (Eastern {{lang|lmo|guànt biànch}} {{IPA|[ˌɡwam ˈbjaŋk]}}, Western {{lang|lmo|guant bianch}} {{IPA|[ˌɡwãː ˈbjãːk]}}).

| maid

|-

| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|ɱ}}

| ({{abbr|EL|Eastern Lombard}}) banfà, convegnì

| triumph

|-

| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|n}}

| nòcc, ({{abbr|WL|Western Lombard}}) danee, ({{abbr|EL|Eastern Lombard}}) danér, cantù, sentì

| den

|-

| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|ŋ}}

| ({{abbr|EL|Eastern Lombard}}) ànga, mànche

| long

|-

| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|ɲ}}

| ({{abbr|WL|Western Lombard}}) gnucca, legn, ({{abbr|EL|Eastern Lombard}}) gnöca, lègn, àzegn

| opinion

|-

| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|p}}

| ({{abbr|WL|Western Lombard}}) piasè, goeubb, ({{abbr|EL|Eastern Lombard}}) piasér, gòp

| spite

|-

| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|r}}

| ({{abbr|WL|Western Lombard}}) roeuda, porscell, corr, caròtola, vioeula, ({{abbr|EL}}) röda, porsèl, cór

| trilled r

|-

| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|s}}

| ({{abbr|WL|Western Lombard}}) pressident, sora, dis, zuccher, lenzoeu, cazzoeula, mezz, dersett, scova, ({{abbr|EL|Eastern Lombard}}) presidènt, sùra, dés, sich, sènt, pesàda, sigóla, pès, scùa

| same

|-

| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|ʃ}}

| ({{abbr|WL|Western Lombard}}) pesciada, scigolla, pesg, scenna, scova, ({{abbr|EL|Eastern Lombard}}) scénaIn Eastern dialects, {{IPA|/ʃ/}} may occur only in foreign borrowings, along with {{IPA|/ʎ/}}.

| shame

|-

| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|t̪|t}}

| ({{abbr|WL|Western Lombard}}) todesch, giald, ({{abbr|EL|Eastern Lombard}}) todèsch, zalt

| stay

|-

| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|ts}}

| ({{abbr|WL|Western Lombard}}) zuccher, lenzoeu, cazzoeula, mezz, dersett, ({{abbr|EL|Eastern Lombard}}) söcher, lensöl, casöla, mès, dersèt

| pets

|-

| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|tʃ}}

| ({{abbr|WL|Western Lombard}}) mas'c, vegg, ciocca, cinch, cent, tucc trii, ({{abbr|EL|Eastern Lombard}}) mascc, ècc, ciòca, lesiù

| chain

|-

| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|ʋ}}

| ({{abbr|WL|Western Lombard}}) violin, el vent, cavej, on pò de vent, ({{abbr|EL|Eastern Lombard}}) viulì, ol vèntCompare Eastern Lombard postvocalic {{IPA|/v/}}-dropping: {{lang|lmo|caèi}} {{IPA|[kaˈɛj]}}, {{lang|lmo|on pó de ènt}} {{IPA|[om ˈpo de ˈɛnt]}}.

| between wet and vet

|-

| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|z}}

| desmentegà, ({{abbr|WL|Western Lombard}}) basell, s'gionf, mezzaluna, ruzzà, mezz metter, ({{abbr|EL|Eastern Lombard}}) bazèl, sgiónf, mezalüna, rözà, mès méter, zét, zùen, rezùr

| zone

|-

| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|ʒ}}

| ({{abbr|WL|Western Lombard}}) resgiô, desmentegà

| vision

|-

! colspan=3 | Non-native consonants

|-

| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|ʎ}}

| ({{abbr|WL}}) botteglia, ({{abbr|EL}}) butìglia

| million

|-

| colspan=3 style="border-left: #fff solid 1px; border-right: #fff solid 1px" |

|-

! colspan=3 | Semivowels

|-

! IPA !! Examples !! English approximation

|-

| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|j}}

| ({{abbr|WL|Western Lombard}}) piatt, tajà, mej, lezion, ({{abbr|EL|Eastern Lombard}}) piàt, taià, mèi, lècc grant, töcc tré

| yes

|-

| style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|w}}

| ({{abbr|WL|Western Lombard}}) aqua, sguerc, s'ciao, ({{abbr|EL|Eastern Lombard}}) àqua, sguèrs

| way

|}

| style="vertical-align:top;" |

class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em"

! colspan=3 | VowelsOnly in Western dialects, but few minimal pairs actually occur, and vowel length is phonemic, with long vowels appearing only in stressed positions. In Eastern dialects, the same contrast tends to be expressed through vowel quality or other means (Western {{lang|lmo|god}} {{IPA|[ˈɡuːt]}} "he/she enjoys", {{lang|lmo|gott}} {{IPA|[ˈgut]}} "drops", Eastern {{lang|lmo|gót}} {{IPA|[ˈɡot]}}, {{lang|lmo|góte}} {{IPA|[ˈɡotɛ]}}).

IPAExamplesEnglish approximation
colspan=3 | Short vowels
style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|ä|a}}

| abità, ({{abbr|WL|Western Lombard}}) mamma, Bressa, perchè, semper,In some Western dialects of the north, unstressed {{IPA|/e/}} of some words is {{IPA|[a]}}, but in others, it is {{IPA|[i]}}. ({{abbr|EL|Eastern Lombard}}) mama, Brèsa, cantù, pader, lombard, nacc, ach, italiàFinal rounding of unstressed {{IPA|/a/}} to {{IPA|[ɔ]}} is possible in Eastern dialects.

| manner (Scotland)

style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|e}}

| pelà, perchè, ({{abbr|WL|Western Lombard}}) semper, cortellin, elencà, elettrega, vedemm, besògn, ({{abbr|EL|Eastern Lombard}}) envéren, méter, sèmper, elencà, elètrega, edóm, bezògn, öle, vendedùr, dét, prensépe, isé, prém, mel, dré, seré, décc, énteEastern unstressed {{IPA|/e/}} is pronounced either high-mid {{IPA|[e]}} or low-mid {{IPA|[ɛ]}}.

| bay, but shorter

style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|ɛ}}

| ({{abbr|WL|Western Lombard}}) regn, adess, invern, metter, savè, domènega, ({{abbr|EL|Eastern Lombard}}) règn, adès, pelà, perchè, sèmper, elencà, elètrega, edóm, bezògn, öle, vendedùr, prensépe, setèmber

| bed

style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|i}}

| ({{abbr|WL|Western Lombard}}) inscì, primm, Milan, elettrega, vedemm, besògn, ({{abbr|EL|Eastern Lombard}}) curtilì, saì, dümìnica, Milà, simpàtech, finìcc, cunusìcc, mìa, giardì

| beet, but shorter

style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|o}}

| ({{abbr|EL|Eastern Lombard}}) s-ciào, Cóm, cólda, ólter, ólta, póch, conós, óst, modéren, colùr, popolasiù, compàgn, piemontés, ciót, faró, alóra, próa, segónt{{IPAblink|o|oː}} is a north Western rendering of certain occurrences of stressed {{IPA|/ɔ/}} (alterning with {{IPAblink|ø|øː}} in other realizations), {{IPA|/aː/}} (both corresponding to {{IPA|/o/}} in the East), and of {{IPA|/øː/}} (alterning with {{IPAblink|ɔ}} in other realizations and equivalent to Eastern {{IPA|/ø/}}).

| story, but shorter

style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|ɔ}}

| ({{abbr|WL|Western Lombard}}) nòmm, anmò, Còmm, oeuli, vòlta, pocch, cognoss, ({{abbr|EL|Eastern Lombard}}) nòm, amò, mama, Brèsa

| off

style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|ø}}

| ({{abbr|WL|Western Lombard}}) oeugg,Realization varies between {{IPA|[ø]}} and {{IPAblink|œ}}. ({{abbr|EL|Eastern Lombard}}) öcc, öle, töarà, cöcömer, pröa, töcc, piö, löster, cöntà, encö, zöga, löna, scör, cönt, öndes

| bird (RP), but shorter

style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|u}}

| ({{abbr|WL|Western Lombard}}) agost, modern, pocch, cognoss, sô, color, popolazion, comun, tovarà, cocumer, ({{abbr|EL|Eastern Lombard}}) sul, culùr, pupulasiù, piemuntés, cumpuzisiù, alùra, amùr, put, nasiù

| cool, but shorter

style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|y}}

| ({{abbr|WL|Western Lombard}}) tucc, pussee, luster, comunicazion, busecca, ({{abbr|EL|Eastern Lombard}}) lüna, scür, cümü, büzèca

| foot (Scotland)

colspan=3 | Short nasal vowelsOnly the Western varieties feature nasal vowels, as the realization of a vowel followed by a phonemic nasal consonant within a closed syllable (Western {{lang|lmo|temp}} {{IPA|[ˈtẽːp]}}, Eastern {{lang|lmo|tép}} {{IPA|[ˈtep]}}), the only exceptions being word-final vowels followed by a nasal other than {{IPA|/n/}} and word-final stressed short vowels plus {{IPA|/n/}}. Those are nearly the only cases for which Eastern Lombard has the same realization (Western {{lang|lmo|Giovann}} {{IPA|[dʒuˈʋan]}}, Eastern {{lang|lmo|Gioàn}} {{IPA|[dʒoˈan]}}; compare {{lang|lmo|Milan}} {{IPA|[miˈlãː]}} and {{lang|lmo|Milà}} {{IPA|[miˈla]}}). All stressed nasal vowels are long, and Eastern dialects always render them by a vowel alone word-finally and sometimes word-internally.
style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|ä|ã}}

| ({{abbr|WL|Western Lombard}}) banfà, campion, canton

| sang (Scotland)

style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|e|ẽ}}

| ({{abbr|WL|Western Lombard}}) sentì, asen, venditor

| sang (Southern U.S.)

style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|i|ĩ}}

| ({{abbr|WL|Western Lombard}}) prinzipi, simpategh

| ring

style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|u|ũ}}

| ({{abbr|WL|Western Lombard}}) compagn, piemontes, composizion, convegnì

| no English equivalent; nasalized {{IPA|/u/}}

style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|ỹ}}

| ({{abbr|WL|Western Lombard}}) cuntà

| no English equivalent; nasalized {{IPA|/y/}}

colspan=3 | Long vowels
style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|ä|aː}}

| ({{abbr|WL|Western Lombard}}) pader, lombard, andaa, calda, alterRealization varies between {{IPA|[aː]}} and {{IPAblink|ɑ|ɑː}}.

| father

style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|eː}}

| ({{abbr|WL|Western Lombard}}) mel, dree

| bay

style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|iː}}

| ({{abbr|WL|Western Lombard}}) dii, prinzipi, finii

| beet

style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|oː}}

| ({{abbr|WL|Western Lombard}}) calda, alter, oeuli, vòlta

| story

style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|uː}}

| ({{abbr|WL|Western Lombard}}) ciod, faroo, alora, amor

| cool

style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|øː}}

| ({{abbr|WL|Western Lombard}}) proeuva, incoeu, oeuli, vòlta

| bird (RP)

style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|yː}}

| ({{abbr|WL|Western Lombard}}) giuga, luna, scur, cuu, cognossuu

| few (Scotland)

colspan=3 | Long nasal vowels
style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|ä|ãː}}

| ({{abbr|WL|Western Lombard}}) vanga, manchi, anca, italian

| sang (Scotland)

style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|e|ẽː}}

| ({{abbr|WL|Western Lombard}}) settember, seren

| sang (Southern U.S.)

style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|i|ĩː}}

| ({{abbr|WL|Western Lombard}}) dinc, vint, minga, giardin

| no English equivalent; nasalized {{IPA|/iː/}}

style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|u|ũː}}

| ({{abbr|WL|Western Lombard}}) segond, pont, nazion

| no English equivalent; nasalized {{IPA|/uː/}}

style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|y|ỹː}}

| ({{abbr|WL|Western Lombard}}) cunt, vundes, comun

| no English equivalent; nasalized {{IPA|/yː/}}

colspan=3 style="border-left: #fff solid 1px; border-right: #fff solid 1px" |
colspan=3 | Suprasegmentals
IPAExamplesExplanation
style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|ˈ}}

| ({{abbr|WL|Western Lombard}}) insemma {{IPA|[ĩˈsɛma]}}, ({{abbr|EL|Eastern Lombard}}) ensèma {{IPA|[ɛnˈsɛma]}}

| primary stress

style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|ˌ}}

| ({{abbr|WL|Western Lombard}}) tirabuscion {{IPA|[ˌti(ː)rabyˈʃũː]}}, ({{abbr|EL|Eastern Lombard}}) tirabosù {{IPA|[ˌtiraboˈsu]}}

| secondary stress

style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|.}}

| ({{abbr|WL|Western Lombard}}) sciador {{IPA|[ʃi.aˈduːr]}}, ({{abbr|EL|Eastern Lombard}}) sciadùr {{IPA|[ʃi.aˈdur]}}

| syllable break

style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|ː}}

| ({{abbr|WL}}) tròpp dolz {{IPA|[ˌtrɔ‿ˈdːul(t)s]}}, ({{abbr|EL}}) tròp dóls {{IPA|[ˌtrɔ‿ˈdːols]}}Complete regressive assimilation at word boundaries is common in regular speech: it occurs between a final occlusive and the initial consonant of the following word. In such instances, {{IPA|/z/}} becomes {{IPAblink|dz}} and {{IPA|[h]}} turns back to {{IPAblink|s}}.

| geminated consonant

|}

Notes

{{reflist}}

See also

  • {{clc|Pages with Lombard IPA|pages}}

External links

  • {{cite web|last=Bonfadini|first=Giovanni|title=lombardi, dialetti|url=http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/dialetti-lombardi_%28Enciclopedia-dell%27Italiano%29/|work=Enciclopedia Treccani|trans-title=Lombard dialects|lang=it}}

{{IPA keys}}