Help:IPA/Malayalam

The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Malayalam pronunciations. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA and {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation#Entering IPA characters}}.

style="background: none"
---- \| style="vertical-align:top;" \| {\| class="wikitable"
colspan="4" \| Consonants
IPA	style="text-align:center;" \| Malayalam	ISO 15919	English approximation
style="text-align:center;" \|{{IPAlink\|k}} \| style="text-align:center;" \| ക \| k \| sky
style="text-align:center;" \|{{IPAlink\|kʰ}} \| style="text-align:center;" \| ഖ \| kh \| key
style="text-align:center;" \|{{IPAlink\|ɡ}} \| style="text-align:center;" \| ഗ \| g \| ago
style="text-align:center;" \|{{IPAlink\|ɡʱ}} \| style="text-align:center;" \| ഘ \| gh \| loghouse
style="text-align:center;" \|{{IPAlink\|ŋ}} \| style="text-align:center;" \| ങ \| ṅ \| sink
style="text-align:center;" \|{{IPAlink\|t͡ʃ}} \| style="text-align:center;" \| ച \| c \| church
style="text-align:center;" \|{{IPAlink\|ʰ\|t͡ʃʰ}} \| style="text-align:center;" \| ഛ \| ch \| church
style="text-align:center;" \|{{IPAlink\|d͡ʒ}} \| style="text-align:center;" \| ജ \|j \| object
style="text-align:center;" \|{{IPAlink\|ʱ\|d͡ʒʱ}} \| style="text-align:center;" \| ഝ \| jh \| hedgehog
style="text-align:center;" \|{{IPAlink\|ɲ}} \| style="text-align:center;" \| ഞ \| ñ \| canyon
style="text-align:center;" \|{{IPAlink\|ʈ}} \| style="text-align:center;" \| ട \| ṭ \| butter (retroflex)
style="text-align:center;" \|{{IPAlink\|ʈʰ}} \| style="text-align:center;" \| ഠ \| ṭh \| pothole (retroflex)
style="text-align:center;" \|{{IPAlink\|ɖ}} \| style="text-align:center;" \| ഡ \| ḍ \| puddle (retroflex)
style="text-align:center;" \|{{IPAlink\|ɖʱ}} \| style="text-align:center;" \| ഢ \| ḍh \| redhead but retroflex
style="text-align:center;" \|{{IPAlink\|ɳ}} \| style="text-align:center;" \| ണ \| ṇ \| pun but retroflex
style="text-align:center;" \|{{IPAlink\|t̪}} \| style="text-align:center;" \| ത \| t \| thank
style="text-align:center;" \|{{IPAlink\|ʰ\|t̪ʰ}} \| style="text-align:center;" \| ഥ \| th \| withhold
style="text-align:center;" \|{{IPAlink\|d̪}} \| style="text-align:center;" \| ദ \| d \| that
style="text-align:center;" \|{{IPAlink\|ʱ\|d̪ʱ}} \| style="text-align:center;" \| ധ \| dh \| withhold but voiced
style="text-align:center;" \|{{IPAlink\|n̪}} \| style="text-align:center;" \| ന \| n \| month
style="text-align:center;" \|{{IPAlink\|n}} \| style="text-align:center;" \| ഩ/ന{{efn\|modern orthography uses ന for both /n̪/ and /n/, and ഩ is no longer used.}} \| ṉ \| spin
style="text-align:center;" \|{{IPAlink\|p}} \| style="text-align:center;" \| പ \| p \| spin
style="text-align:center;" \|{{IPAlink\|pʰ}}{{efn\|name=pha\|ഫ is used to represent both /f/ and /pʰ/.}} \| style="text-align:center;" \| ഫ \| ph \| pin
style="text-align:center;" \|{{IPAlink\|f}}{{efn\|name=pha}} \| style="text-align:center;" \| ഫ \| f \| fin
style="text-align:center;" \|{{IPAlink\|b}} \| style="text-align:center;" \| ബ \| b \| about
style="text-align:center;" \|{{IPAlink\|bʱ}} \| style="text-align:center;" \| ഭ \| bh \| clubhouse
style="text-align:center;" \|{{IPAlink\|m}} \| style="text-align:center;" \| മ \| m \| mall
style="text-align:center;" \|{{IPAlink\|j}} \| style="text-align:center;" \| യ \| y \| yes
style="text-align:center;" \|{{IPAlink\|ɾ}} \| style="text-align:center;" \| ര \| r \| American English atom
style="text-align:center;" \|{{IPAlink\|l}} \| style="text-align:center;" \| ല \| l \| list
style="text-align:center;" \|{{IPAlink\|ʋ}} \| style="text-align:center;" \| വ \| v \| curve
style="text-align:center;" \|{{IPAlink\|ʃ}} \| style="text-align:center;" \| ശ \| ś \| shoe
style="text-align:center;" \|{{IPAlink\|ʂ}} \| style="text-align:center;" \| ഷ \| ṣ \| shoe (retroflex)
style="text-align:center;" \|{{IPAlink\|s̪\|s}} \| style="text-align:center;" \| സ \| s \| so
style="text-align:center;" \|{{IPAlink\|h}} \| style="text-align:center;" \| ഹ \| h \| head
style="text-align:center;" \|{{IPAlink\|ɭ}} \| style="text-align:center;" \| ള \| ḷ \| pull (retroflex)
style="text-align:center;" \|{{IPAlink\|ɻ}} \| style="text-align:center;" \| ഴ \| ɻ \| range
style="text-align:center;" \|{{IPAlink\|r}} \| style="text-align:center;" \| റ \| ṟ \| Scottish English run
style="text-align:center;" \|{{IPAlink\|t}} \| style="text-align:center;" \| റ്റ \| ṯ \| stalk
style="text-align:center;" \|{{IPAlink\|d}}{{efn\|only occurs after /n/}} \| style="text-align:center;" \| *ൻ്റ \| ḏ \| idea

style="background: none"

----

| style="vertical-align:top;" |

{| class="wikitable"

colspan="4" | Consonants

IPA

style="text-align:center;" | Malayalam

ISO 15919

English approximation

style="text-align:center;" |{{IPAlink|k}}

| style="text-align:center;" | ക

| k

| sky

style="text-align:center;" |{{IPAlink|kʰ}}

| style="text-align:center;" | ഖ

| kh

| key

style="text-align:center;" |{{IPAlink|ɡ}}

| style="text-align:center;" | ഗ

| g

| ago

style="text-align:center;" |{{IPAlink|ɡʱ}}

| style="text-align:center;" | ഘ

| gh

| loghouse

style="text-align:center;" |{{IPAlink|ŋ}}

| style="text-align:center;" | ങ

| ṅ

| sink

style="text-align:center;" |{{IPAlink|t͡ʃ}}

| style="text-align:center;" | ച

| c

| church

style="text-align:center;" |{{IPAlink|ʰ|t͡ʃʰ}}

| style="text-align:center;" | ഛ

| ch

| church

style="text-align:center;" |{{IPAlink|d͡ʒ}}

| style="text-align:center;" | ജ

| object

style="text-align:center;" |{{IPAlink|ʱ|d͡ʒʱ}}

| style="text-align:center;" | ഝ

| jh

| hedgehog

style="text-align:center;" |{{IPAlink|ɲ}}

| style="text-align:center;" | ഞ

| ñ

| canyon

style="text-align:center;" |{{IPAlink|ʈ}}

| style="text-align:center;" | ട

| ṭ

| butter (retroflex)

style="text-align:center;" |{{IPAlink|ʈʰ}}

| style="text-align:center;" | ഠ

| ṭh

| pothole (retroflex)

style="text-align:center;" |{{IPAlink|ɖ}}

| style="text-align:center;" | ഡ

| ḍ

| puddle (retroflex)

style="text-align:center;" |{{IPAlink|ɖʱ}}

| style="text-align:center;" | ഢ

| ḍh

| redhead but retroflex

style="text-align:center;" |{{IPAlink|ɳ}}

| style="text-align:center;" | ണ

| ṇ

| pun but retroflex

style="text-align:center;" |{{IPAlink|t̪}}

| style="text-align:center;" | ത

| t

| thank

style="text-align:center;" |{{IPAlink|ʰ|t̪ʰ}}

| style="text-align:center;" | ഥ

| th

| withhold

style="text-align:center;" |{{IPAlink|d̪}}

| style="text-align:center;" | ദ

| d

| that

style="text-align:center;" |{{IPAlink|ʱ|d̪ʱ}}

| style="text-align:center;" | ധ

| dh

| withhold but voiced

style="text-align:center;" |{{IPAlink|n̪}}

| style="text-align:center;" | ന

| n

| month

style="text-align:center;" |{{IPAlink|n}}

| style="text-align:center;" | ഩ/ന{{efn|modern orthography uses ന for both /n̪/ and /n/, and ഩ is no longer used.}}

| ṉ

| spin

style="text-align:center;" |{{IPAlink|p}}

| style="text-align:center;" | പ

| p

| spin

style="text-align:center;" |{{IPAlink|pʰ}}{{efn|name=pha|ഫ is used to represent both /f/ and /pʰ/.}}

| style="text-align:center;" | ഫ

| ph

| pin

style="text-align:center;" |{{IPAlink|f}}{{efn|name=pha}}

| style="text-align:center;" | ഫ

| f

| fin

style="text-align:center;" |{{IPAlink|b}}

| style="text-align:center;" | ബ

| b

| about

style="text-align:center;" |{{IPAlink|bʱ}}

| style="text-align:center;" | ഭ

| bh

| clubhouse

style="text-align:center;" |{{IPAlink|m}}

| style="text-align:center;" | മ

| m

| mall

style="text-align:center;" |{{IPAlink|j}}

| style="text-align:center;" | യ

| y

| yes

style="text-align:center;" |{{IPAlink|ɾ}}

| style="text-align:center;" | ര

| r

| American English atom

style="text-align:center;" |{{IPAlink|l}}

| style="text-align:center;" | ല

| l

| list

style="text-align:center;" |{{IPAlink|ʋ}}

| style="text-align:center;" | വ

| v

| curve

style="text-align:center;" |{{IPAlink|ʃ}}

| style="text-align:center;" | ശ

| ś

| shoe

style="text-align:center;" |{{IPAlink|ʂ}}

| style="text-align:center;" | ഷ

| ṣ

| shoe (retroflex)

style="text-align:center;" |{{IPAlink|s̪|s}}

| style="text-align:center;" | സ

| s

| so

style="text-align:center;" |{{IPAlink|h}}

| style="text-align:center;" | ഹ

| h

| head

style="text-align:center;" |{{IPAlink|ɭ}}

| style="text-align:center;" | ള

| ḷ

| pull (retroflex)

style="text-align:center;" |{{IPAlink|ɻ}}

| style="text-align:center;" | ഴ

| ɻ

| range

style="text-align:center;" |{{IPAlink|r}}

| style="text-align:center;" | റ

| ṟ

| Scottish English run

style="text-align:center;" |{{IPAlink|t}}

| style="text-align:center;" | റ്റ

| ṯ

| stalk

style="text-align:center;" |{{IPAlink|d}}{{efn|only occurs after /n/}}

| style="text-align:center;" | *ൻ്റ

| ḏ

| idea

| style="vertical-align:top;" |

class="wikitable"
colspan="4" \| Vowels
IPA ! Malayalam	ISO 15919	English approximation
style="text-align:center;" \|{{IPAlink\|ɐ}} \| style="text-align:center;" \| അ \| a \| fun (short)
style="text-align:center;" \|{{IPAlink\|ə}}{{efn\|[{{IPAlink\|ə}}] may occur as an allophone of /a/ in some word-medial and final positions.}} \| style="text-align:center;" \| അ \| a \| about
style="text-align:center;" \|{{IPAlink\|ä\|aː}} \| style="text-align:center;" \| ാ, ആ \| ā \| father (long)
style="text-align:center;" \|{{IPAlink\|i}} \| style="text-align:center;" \| ി, ഇ \| i \| sit (short)
style="text-align:center;" \|{{IPAlink\|iː}} \| style="text-align:center;" \| ീ, ഈ \| ī \| seat (long)
style="text-align:center;" \|{{IPAlink\|u}} \| style="text-align:center;" \| ു, ഉ \| u \| full (short)
style="text-align:center;" \|{{IPAlink\|uː}} \| style="text-align:center;" \| ൂ, ഊ \| ū \| fool (long)
style="text-align:center;" \|{{IPAlink\|r̩}} \| style="text-align:center;" \| ൃ, ഋ \| r̥ \| caterer
style="text-align:center;" \|{{IPAlink\|e}} \| style="text-align:center;" \| െ, എ \| e \| bet (short)
style="text-align:center;" \|{{IPAlink\|eː}} \| style="text-align:center;" \| േ, ഏ \| ē \| there (long)
style="text-align:center;" \|{{IPAlink\|o}} \| style="text-align:center;" \| ൊ, ഒ \| o \| got (short)
style="text-align:center;" \|{{IPAlink\|oː}} \| style="text-align:center;" \| ോ, ഓ \| ō \| story (long)
style="text-align:center;" \|{{IPA\|ai}} \| style="text-align:center;" \| ൈ, ഐ \| ai \| mile
style="text-align:center;" \|{{IPA\|au}} \| style="text-align:center;" \| ൗ, ൌ{{efn\|archaic, modern orthography uses ൗ instead}}, ഔ \| au \| foul
style="text-align:center;" \|{{IPAlink\|ə̆}} \| style="text-align:center;" \| ്, ു്{{efn\|only occurs word finally in standard Malayalam and has no distinct letter, ു് representation is rare}} \| ŭ \| potato

class="wikitable"

colspan="4" | Vowels

IPA

! Malayalam

ISO 15919

English approximation

style="text-align:center;" |{{IPAlink|ɐ}}

| style="text-align:center;" | അ

| a

| fun (short)

style="text-align:center;" |{{IPAlink|ə}}{{efn|[{{IPAlink|ə}}] may occur as an allophone of /a/ in some word-medial and final positions.}}

| style="text-align:center;" | അ

| a

| about

style="text-align:center;" |{{IPAlink|ä|aː}}

| style="text-align:center;" | ാ, ആ

| ā

| father (long)

style="text-align:center;" |{{IPAlink|i}}

| style="text-align:center;" | ി, ഇ

| i

| sit (short)

style="text-align:center;" |{{IPAlink|iː}}

| style="text-align:center;" | ീ, ഈ

| ī

| seat (long)

style="text-align:center;" |{{IPAlink|u}}

| style="text-align:center;" | ു, ഉ

| u

| full (short)

style="text-align:center;" |{{IPAlink|uː}}

| style="text-align:center;" | ൂ, ഊ

| ū

| fool (long)

style="text-align:center;" |{{IPAlink|r̩}}

| style="text-align:center;" | ൃ, ഋ

| r̥

| caterer

style="text-align:center;" |{{IPAlink|e}}

| style="text-align:center;" | െ, എ

| e

| bet (short)

style="text-align:center;" |{{IPAlink|eː}}

| style="text-align:center;" | േ, ഏ

| ē

| there (long)

style="text-align:center;" |{{IPAlink|o}}

| style="text-align:center;" | ൊ, ഒ

| o

| got (short)

style="text-align:center;" |{{IPAlink|oː}}

| style="text-align:center;" | ോ, ഓ

| ō

| story (long)

style="text-align:center;" |{{IPA|ai}}

| style="text-align:center;" | ൈ, ഐ

| ai

| mile

style="text-align:center;" |{{IPA|au}}

| style="text-align:center;" | ൗ, ൌ{{efn|archaic, modern orthography uses ൗ instead}}, ഔ

| au

| foul

style="text-align:center;" |{{IPAlink|ə̆}}

| style="text-align:center;" | ്, ു്{{efn|only occurs word finally in standard Malayalam and has no distinct letter, ു് representation is rare}}

| ŭ

| potato

class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em 2em; text-align: center;" ! colspan="3"\| Suprasegmentals
IPA	colspan="2" \|
{{IPA link\|ˈ}} \| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" \| stress (placed before stressed syllable)

class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em 2em; text-align: center;"

! colspan="3"| Suprasegmentals

IPA

colspan="2" |

| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" | stress
(placed before stressed syllable)

Help:IPA/Malayalam

Notes

See also