Help:IPA/Punjabi

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{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em; text-align: center;"

! colspan="5" | Consonants

|ਬੂਹਾ

----ਸਭ

|{{nq|بوہا}}

----{{nq|سَبھ}}

|būhā

----sabh

|style="text-align:left;" | butter

|ਦਿੱਤਾ

|{{nq|دِتّا}}

|dittā

| style="text-align:left;" | duckPunjabi contrast dental {{IPAblink|t̪|t}} and {{IPAblink|d̪|d}} with apical postalveolar {{IPAblink|ʈ}} and {{IPAblink|ɖ}} (as well as aspirated variants). Both sets sound like {{IPAc-en|t}} and {{IPAc-en|d}} to most English speakers although the dental [t] and [d] are used in place of the English {{IPAc-en|θ}} and {{IPAc-en|ð}} for some speakers with th-stopping.

then

|ਜਦੋਂ

----ਮਾਝ

|{{nq|جدوں}}

----{{nq|ماجھ}}

|jadōṁ

----mājh

| style="text-align:left;" | jug

|ਡੰਗਰ

----ਕੱਢ

|{{nq|ڈَنگر}}

----{{nq|کڈھ}}

|ḍaṅgar

----kaḍḍh

| style="text-align:left;" | guard

{{Small|(Rhotic dialects)}}

|ਗੱਡੀ

|{{nq|گڈّی}}

|gaḍḍī

| style="text-align:left;" | gut

|ਹਾਏ

|{{nq|ہائے}}

|hāē

| style="text-align:left;" |ahead

|ਯਾਰੀ

|{{nq|یاری}}

|yārī

| style="text-align:left;" | yuck

|ਕਿੱਥੇ

----ਘਰ

|{{Nq|کِتّھے}}

----{{nq|گھر}}

|kitthē

----ghar

| style="text-align:left;" | scab

|ਖੰਡ

|{{nq|کھنڈ}}

|khaṇḍ

| style="text-align:left;" | cab

|ਉਲਾਂਭਾ

|{{nq|الانبھا}}

|ulāṉbhā

| style="text-align:left;" | leaf

|ਰੌਲ਼ਾ

|{{Nq|رَولؕا}}

|rauḷā

| style="text-align:left;" | garlic

{{Small|(Rhotic dialects)}}

|ਮਸੀਤ

|{{nq|مسِیت}}

|masīt

| style="text-align:left;" | much

|ਨੂੰਹ

|{{nq|نُونہہ}}

|nūh

| style="text-align:left;" | panther

|ਸੋਹਣਾ

|{{Nq|سوہݨا}}

|sōhṇā

| style="text-align:left;" | burn

|ਉਂਜ

|{{Nq|اُنج}}

|uñj

|style="text-align:left;" | canyon

|ਕੰਗਣ

|{{nq|کنگݨ}}

|kaṅgaṇ

| style="text-align:left;" | bang

|ਪਰ

----ਭਰਿਆ

|{{Nq|پَر}}

----{{nq|بھریا}}

|par

----bhariyā

| style="text-align:left;" | spot

|ਫੁੱਲ

|{{nq|پُھلّ‎}}

|phull

| style="text-align:left;" | pot

|ਵਾਰੀ

|{{nq|واری}}

|wārī

| style="text-align:left;" | American atom{{IPA|/ɾ/}} can surface as a trill {{IPA|[r]}} in word-initial and syllable-final positions. Geminate {{IPA|/ɾː/}} is always a trill ({{IPA|/rː/}}).

|ਕੂੜ

|{{Nq|کُوڑ}}

|kūṛ

| style="text-align:left;" | garter {{Small|(Rhotic dialects)}}

|ਸਾਡਾ

|{{nq|ساڈا}}

|sāḍā

| style="text-align:left;" |sun

|ਤਿੱਲੜ

----ਧੀ

|{{nq|تِلّڑ}}

----{{nq|دھی}}

|tillaṛ

----dhī

| style="text-align:left;" | stub but dental

think

|ਓਥੇ

|{{nq|اوتھے}}

|ōthē

| style="text-align:left;" | tub but dental

|ਚੜ੍ਹਦਾ

----ਝੂਠ

|{{Nq|چڑھدا}}

----{{Nq|جُھوٹھ}}

|caṛhdā

----jhūṭh

|catch

|ਛੱਡ

|{{nq|چھڈّ‎}}

|chaḍḍ

| style="text-align:left;" | choose

|ਸੱਟ

----{{lang|pa|ਢੀਠ}}

|{{Nq|سٹّ}}

----{{nq|ڈِھیٹھ}}

|saṭṭa

----ḍhīṭh

|carts

|ਕਾਠ

|{{nq|کاٹھ}}

|kāṭh

| style="text-align:left;" | trip

|ਵਹੁਟੀ

|{{nq|وَوہٹی}}

|vauhṭī

| style="text-align:left;" | vat{{IPA|[w]}} occurs as an allophone of {{IPA|[ʋ]}} when /{{lang|hi|व}} {{lang|ur|{{nastaliq|و}}}}/ is in an onglide position between an onset consonant and a following vowel while {{IPA|[ʋ]}}, which may phonetically be {{IPAblink|v}}, occurs otherwise.

In rural dialects, /{{IPAlink|ɣ}}/ is sometimes substituted with /{{IPAlink|ɡ}}/; /{{IPAlink|f}}/ with /{{IPAlink|pʰ}}/; /{{IPAlink|q}}/ with /{{IPAlink|k}}/; /{{IPAlink|ʃ}}/ with /{{IPAlink|s}}/; /{{IPAlink|x}}/ with /{{IPAlink|kʰ}}/; and /{{IPAlink|z}}, {{IPAlink|ʒ}}/ with /{{IPAlink|d͡ʒ}}/.

In some cases, words may shift to develop these non-native phonemes, e.g. phir > ਫ਼ੇਰ / {{nq|فیر}} fer, supnā > ਸੁਫ਼ਨਾ / {{nq|سُفنا}} sufnā, rākśas > ਰਾਖ਼ਸ਼ / {{nq|راخش}} rāk͟haś. |name=borrowed}}{{Efn|In some dialects, the voiceless aspirates /{{IPA link|pʰ}}/, /{{IPA link|t͡ʃʰ}}/ and /{{IPA link|kʰ}}/ shift into fricatives /{{IPA link|f}}/, /{{IPA link|ɕ}}/ and /{{IPA link|x}}/ respectively.|name=aspirate_shift}}

|ਫ਼ੇਰ

|{{nq|فیر}}

|fēr

|fuss

|ਕਾਗ਼ਜ਼

|{{nq|کاغَذ}}

|kāġaz

|similar to a French r

|ਕ਼ਲਮ

|{{nq|قلَم}}

|qalam

|somewhat like caught

|ਮੁਕ਼ੱਰਰ

|{{nq|مُقرّر}}

|muqarrar

|trilled r, like in Castillian Spanish

|ਹੋਸ਼

|{{nq|ہوش}}

|hōś

|shoe

|ਖ਼ਾਲਿਸ

|{{Nq|خالِص}}

|k͟hālis

|Scottish Loch

|ਹਜ਼ਾਰ

|{{nq|ہزار}}

|hazār

|zoo

|ਅਝ਼ਦਹਾ

|{{nq|اژدہا}}

|aždahā

|fusion

! colspan="5" | Vowels

|ਕਮ

|{{nq|کم}}

|kam

| style="text-align: left;" |about

|ਨਾਲ

|{{Script/Nastaliq|نال}}

| nāḷ

| style="text-align: left;" | father

|ਵਾਹਿਗੁਰੂ

|{{Script/Nastaliq|واہِگرو}}

|wāhiguru

| style="text-align: left;" | say (shortened ē)

|ਜੇਬ

|{{nq|جیب}}

| jēb

| style="text-align: left;" | say

|ਰਹਿੰਦਾ

|{{nq|رہندا}}

|rahandā

|style="text-align: left;" |penLong vowels are shortened in closed syllables.

|ਪੈਂਦਾ

|{{nq|پَیندا}}

| painda

|style="text-align: left;"| fairy

|ਇਮਲੀ

|{{nq|اِملی}}

|imlī

| style="text-align: left;" | sit

|ਈਖ

|{{nq|اِیکھ}}

|īkh

| style="text-align: left;" | seat

|ਕੀਤੀ

|{{Nq|کیتی}}

|kītī

| style="text-align: left;" | happy{{IPA|/iː/}} and {{IPA|/uː/}} are neutralised to [{{IPA link|i}}, {{IPA link|u}}] at the end of a word.

|ਉਹਨਾਂ

|{{nq|اوہناں}}

|uhnā̃

| style="text-align: left;" | story (short)In Gurmukhi, ih and uh are usually read as /éː/ (ē with rising tone) and /óː/ (ō with rising tone) respectively.

|ਕਰੋੜ

|{{nq|کروڑ}}

|karōṛ

| style="text-align: left;" | story (long)

|ਔਖਾ

|{{nq|اَوکھا}}

|aukhā

| style="text-align: left;" | off (short)

|ਕੌਣ

|{{nq|کَوݨ}}

|kauṇ

| style="text-align: left;" | off (long) (General American)

|ਤੁਕ

|{{nq|تُک}}

|tuk

| style="text-align: left;" | foot

|ਸੂਤ

|{{Nq|سُوت}}

|sūt

| style="text-align: left;" | cool (short)

|ਦੂਜਾ

|{{Nq|دُوجا}}

|dūjā

| style="text-align: left;" | cool (short)

|ਬਾਂਸ

|{{nq|بان٘س}}

|bām̐s

| rowspan="2" style="text-align: left;" | nasal vowel faun
({{IPA|[ãː, õː]}}, etc.)

|{{nq|میں}}

|maiṁ

! colspan="4" | Suprasegmentals

| {{IPA|/pənˈdʒaːb/}}

| style="text-align: left;" | stress
(placed before stressed syllable)

|{{IPA|/ˈkəʈːaː/}}

| style="text-align: left;" | doubled consonant
(placed after doubled consonant)

| {{lang|pa|ਕੋੜ੍ਹਾ}} {{lang|pnb|{{Nastaliq|کوڑھا}}}} koṛhā {{gloss|leper}}

| rising or high tone

|{{lang|pa|ਘੋੜਾ}} {{lang|pnb|{{Nastaliq|گھوڑا}}}} ghoṛā {{gloss|horse}}

| falling or low tone