Help:IPA/Russian

The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Russian pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA and {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation#Entering IPA characters}}.

Russian distinguishes hard (unpalatalized or plain) and soft (palatalized) consonants (both phonetically and orthographically). Soft consonants, most of which are denoted by a superscript {{angbr IPA|ʲ}}, are pronounced with the body of the tongue raised toward the hard palate, like the articulation of the y sound in yes. In native words, {{IPA|/j, ɕː, tɕ/}} are always soft, whereas {{IPA|/ʐ, ʂ, ts/}} are always hard.

See Russian phonology and Russian alphabet for a more thorough look at the sounds of Russian.

class="wikitable"
style="vertical-align: top;" ! colspan="6" \| Consonants
colspan="3" \| Hard ! colspan="3" \| Soft
IPA ! Examples ! English approximation ! IPA ! Examples ! English approximation
style="text-align: center;" \| {{IPA link\|b}} \| {{audio-lang\|Ru-бок.ogg\|ru\|бок\|help=no}}; {{lang\|ru\|апде́йт}} \| boot \| style="text-align: center;" \| {{IPA link\|bʲ}} \| {{audio-lang\|Ru-белый.ogg\|ru\|бе́лый\|help=no}}, {{audio-lang\|Ru-бью.ogg\|ru\|бью\|help=no}} \| beautiful
style="text-align: center;" \| {{IPA link\|d̪\|d}} \| {{audio-lang\|Ru-дать.ogg\|ru\|дать\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-футбол.ogg\|ru\|футбо́л\|help=no}} \| do \| style="text-align: center;" \| {{IPA link\|dʲ}} \| {{audio-lang\|Ru-дело.ogg\|ru\|де́ло\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-ходьба.ogg\|ru\|ходьба́\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-женитьба.ogg\|ru\|жени́тьба\|help=no}} \| media
style="text-align: center;" \| {{IPA link\|dʐ}} \| {{audio-lang\|Ru-джип.ogg\|ru\|джип\|help=no}} \| jug \| style="text-align: center;" \| {{IPA link\|dʑ}} \| {{lang\|ru\|начди́в}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-дочь бы.ogg\|ru\|дочь бы\|help=no}} \| jig
style="text-align: center;" \| {{IPA link\|dz}} \| {{audio-lang\|Ru-плацдарм.ogg\|ru\|плацда́рм\|help=no}} \| lads \| style="text-align: center;" \| {{IPA link\|dzʲ}} \| {{lang\|ru\|дзюдо́}}Even though {{IPA\|/ts/}} and its voicing {{IPA\|[dz]}} are considered to be exclusively hard consonants, they may be palatalized in certain words of foreign origin. \| lad's young
style="text-align: center;" \| {{IPA link\|f}} \| {{audio-lang\|Ru-форма.ogg\|ru\|фо́рма\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-выставка.ogg\|ru\|вы́ставка\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-боров.ogg\|ru\|бо́ров\|help=no}} \| fool \| style="text-align: center;" \| {{IPA link\|fʲ}} \| {{audio-lang\|Ru-финал.ogg\|ru\|фина́л\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-верфь.ogg\|ru\|верфь\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-кровь.ogg\|ru\|кровь\|help=no}} \| few
style="text-align: center;" \| {{IPA link\|ɡ}} \| {{audio-lang\|Ru-год.ogg\|ru\|год\|help=no}};{{angbr\|{{lang\|ru\|г}}}} is usually pronounced {{IPAblink\|ɣ}} or (word-finally) {{IPAblink\|x}} in some religious words and colloquial derivatives from them, such as {{lang\|ru\|Госпо́дь}} {{IPA\|[ɣɐsˈpotʲ]}} and {{audio-lang\|Ru-бог.ogg\|ru\|Бог\|help=no}} {{IPA\|[box]}}, and in the interjections {{audio-lang\|Ru-ага.ogg\|ru\|ага́\|help=no}}, {{audio-lang\|Ru-ого.ogg\|ru\|ого́\|help=no}}, {{audio-lang\|Ru-господи (ɣ).ogg\|ru\|Го́споди\|help=no}}, {{audio-lang\|Ru-ей-богу_(ɣ).ogg\|ru\|ей-бо́гу\|help=no}}, and also in {{audio-lang\|LL-Q7737 (rus)-Cinemantique-бухгалтер.wav\|ru\|бухга́лтер\|help=no}} {{IPA\|[bʊˈɣaltʲɪr]}} {{Harvcol\|Timberlake\|2004\|p=23}}. {{IPA\|/ɡ/}} devoices and lenites to {{IPA\|[x]}} before voiceless obstruents (dissimilation) in the word roots {{lang\|ru
мягк-}} or {{lang\|ru
мягч-}}, {{lang\|ru
легк-}} or {{lang\|ru
легч-}}, {{lang\|ru
тягч-}}, and also in the old-fashioned pronunciation of {{lang\|ru
ногт-}}, {{lang\|ru
когт-}}, {{lang\|ru\|кто}}. Speakers of the Southern Russian dialects may pronounce {{angbr\|{{lang\|ru\|г}}}} as {{IPAblink\|ɣ}} (soft {{IPAblink\|ɣ̟\|ɣʲ}}, devoiced {{IPAblink\|x}} and {{IPAblink\|x̟\|xʲ}}) throughout. {{audio-lang\|Ru-анекдот.ogg\|ru\|анекдо́т\|help=no}} \| good \| style="text-align: center;" \| {{IPA link\|ɡ˖\|ɡʲ}} \| {{audio-lang\|Ru-герой.ogg\|ru\|геро́й\|help=no}} \| argue
style="text-align: center;" \| {{IPA link\|ɣ}} \| {{audio-lang\|Ru-господи (ɣ).ogg\|ru\|Го́споди\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-ага.ogg\|ru\|ага́\|help=no}}; {{lang\|ru\|Бог даст}}; {{lang\|ru\|дух бодр}} \| loch (Scottish) but voiced \| style="text-align: center;" \| {{IPA link\|ɣ̟\|ɣʲ}} \| {{lang\|ru\|двухдверный}} \| Loch Ewe (Scottish) but voiced
colspan="3" {{n/a}} \| style="text-align: center;" \| {{IPA link\|j}} \| {{audio-lang\|Ru-есть.ogg\|ru\|есть\|help=no}} {{IPA\|[je-]}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-ёж.ogg\|ru\|ёж\|help=no}} {{IPA\|[jɵ-]}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-юг.ogg\|ru\|юг\|help=no}} {{IPA\|[ju-]}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-я.ogg\|ru\|я\|help=no}} {{IPA\|[ja]}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-майор.ogg\|ru\|майо́р\|help=no}}The soft vowel letters {{angbr\|{{lang\|ru\|е, ё, ю, я}}}} represent iotated vowels {{IPA\|/je, jo, ju, ja/}}, except when following a consonant. When these vowels are unstressed (save for {{angbr\|{{lang\|ru\|ё}}}}, which is always stressed) and follow another vowel letter, the {{IPA\|/j/}} may not be present. The letter {{angbr\|{{lang\|ru\|и}}}} produces iotated sound {{IPA\|/ji/}} only after {{lang\|ru\|ь}}. \| yes
style="text-align: center;" \| {{IPA link\|k}} \| {{audio-lang\|Ru-кость.ogg\|ru\|кость\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-бегство.ogg\|ru\|бе́гство\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-флаг.ogg\|ru\|флаг\|help=no}} \| scar \| style="text-align: center;" \| {{IPA link\|k̟\|kʲ}} \| {{audio-lang\|Ru-кино.ogg\|ru\|кино́\|help=no}}; {{lang\|ru\|секью́рити}} \| skew
style="text-align: center;" \| {{IPA link\|l}} \| {{audio-lang\|Ru-луна.ogg\|ru\|луна́\|help=no}}{{IPA\|/l/}} is often strongly pharyngealized {{IPAblink\|ɫ}}, but that feature is not distinctive {{Harvcol\|Ladefoged\|Maddieson\|1996\|p=187-188}}. \| pill \| style="text-align: center;" \| {{IPA link\|lʲ}} \| {{audio-lang\|Ru-лес.ogg\|ru\|лес\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-боль.ogg\|ru\|боль\|help=no}} \| failure
style="text-align: center;" \| {{IPA link\|m}} \| {{audio-lang\|Ru-мыло.ogg\|ru\|мы́ло\|help=no}} \| moot \| style="text-align: center;" \| {{IPA link\|mʲ}} \| {{audio-lang\|Ru-мясо.ogg\|ru\|мя́со\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-семь.ogg\|ru\|семь\|help=no}} \| mute
style="text-align: center;" \| {{IPA link\|n̪\|n}} \| {{audio-lang\|Ru-нос.ogg\|ru\|нос\|help=no}} \| noon \| style="text-align: center;" \| {{IPA link\|nʲ}} \| {{audio-lang\|Ru-нёс.ogg\|ru\|нёс\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-день.ogg\|ru\|день\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-кончик.ogg\|ru\|ко́нчик\|help=no}}Alveolo-palatal consonants are subjected to regressive assimilative palatalization; i.e. they tend to become palatalized in front of other phones with the same place of articulation. \| vinyard
style="text-align: center;" \| {{IPA link\|p}} \| {{audio-lang\|Ru-под.ogg\|ru\|под\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-рыбка.ogg\|ru\|ры́бка\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-зуб.ogg\|ru\|зуб\|help=no}}The voiced obstruents {{IPA\|/b, bʲ, d, dʲ, ɡ, v, vʲ, z, zʲ, ʐ/}} are devoiced word-finally unless the next word begins with a voiced obstruent {{Harvcol\|Halle\|1959\|p=22}}. \| span \| style="text-align: center;" \| {{IPA link\|pʲ}} \| {{audio-lang\|Ru-пепел.ogg\|ru\|пе́пел\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-цепь.ogg\|ru\|цепь\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-зыбь.ogg\|ru\|зыбь\|help=no}} \| spew
style="text-align: center;" \| {{IPA link\|r}} \| {{audio-lang\|Ru-раз.ogg\|ru\|раз\|help=no}} \| American atom \| style="text-align: center;" \| {{IPA link\|rʲ}} \| {{audio-lang\|Ru-ряд.ogg\|ru\|ряд\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-зверь.ogg\|ru\|зверь\|help=no}} \| American catty
style="text-align: center;" \| {{IPA link\|s̪\|s}} \| {{audio-lang\|Ru-собака.ogg\|ru\|соба́ка\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-сказка.ogg\|ru\|ска́зка\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-глаз.ogg\|ru\|глаз\|help=no}} \| soup \| style="text-align: center;" \| {{IPA link\|sʲ}} \| {{audio-lang\|Ru-синий.ogg\|ru\|си́ний\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-здесь.ogg\|ru\|здесь\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-есть.ogg\|ru\|есть\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-грызть.ogg\|ru\|грызть\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-резь.ogg\|ru\|резь\|help=no}} \| assume (RP)
style="text-align: center;" \| {{IPA link\|ʂ}} \| {{audio-lang\|Ru-широкий.ogg\|ru\|широ́кий\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-книжка.ogg\|ru\|кни́жка\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-муж.ogg\|ru\|муж\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-что (што).ogg\|ru\|что\|help=no}}Most speakers pronounce {{angbr\|{{lang\|ru\|ч}}}} in the pronoun {{lang\|ru\|что}} and its derivatives as {{IPA\|[ʂ]}}. All other occurrences of {{lang\|ru\|чт}} cluster stay as affricate and stop. \| rush \| style="text-align: center;" \| {{IPA link\|ɕ\|ɕː}} \| {{audio-lang\|Ru-щека.ogg\|ru\|щека́\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-считать.ogg\|ru\|счита́ть\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-мужчина.ogg\|ru\|мужчи́на\|help=no}}{{angbr\|{{lang\|ru\|щ}}}} is sometimes pronounced as {{IPA\|[ɕː]}} or {{IPA\|[ɕɕ]}} and sometimes as {{IPA\|[ɕtɕ]}}, but no speakers contrast the two pronunciations. This generally includes the other spellings of the sound, but the word {{lang\|ru\|счи́тывать}} sometimes has {{IPA\|[ɕtɕ]}} because of the morpheme boundary between the prefix {{angbr\|{{lang\|ru\|с-}}}} and the root {{angbr\|{{lang\|ru
чит-}}}}. \| wish sheep
style="text-align: center;" \| {{IPA link\|t̪\|t}} \| {{audio-lang\|Ru-то.ogg\|ru\|то\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-водка.ogg\|ru\|во́дка\|help=no}};Consonants in consonant clusters are assimilated in voicing if the final consonant in the sequence is an obstruent (except {{IPA\|[v, vʲ]}}). All consonants become voiceless if the final consonant is voiceless or voiced if the final consonant is voiced {{Harvcol\|Halle\|1959\|p=31}}. {{audio-lang\|Ru-лёд.ogg\|ru\|лёд\|help=no}} \| stand \| style="text-align: center;" \| {{IPA link\|tʲ}} \| {{audio-lang\|Ru-тень.ogg\|ru\|тень\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-дитя.ogg\|ru\|дитя́\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-путь.ogg\|ru\|путь\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-грудь.ogg\|ru\|грудь\|help=no}} \| stew (RP)
style="text-align: center;" \| {{IPA link\|ts}}The affricates {{IPA\|[ts]}}, {{IPA\|[tɕ]}}, and {{IPA\|[tʂ]}} (and their voiced counterparts {{IPA\|[dz]}}, {{IPA\|[dʑ]}}, and {{IPA\|[dʐ]}}) are sometimes written with ligature ties: {{IPA\|[t͡s]}}, {{IPA\|[t͡ɕ]}}, and {{IPA\|[t͡ʂ]}} ({{IPA\|[d͡z]}}, {{IPA\|[d͡ʑ]}}, and {{IPA\|[d͡ʐ]}}). Ties are not used in transcriptions on Wikipedia (except in phonology articles) because they may not display correctly in all browsers. \| {{audio-lang\|Ru-цена.ogg\|ru\|цена́\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-нравиться.ogg\|ru\|нра́виться\|help=no}} \| cats \| style="text-align: center;" \| {{IPA link\|tsʲ}} \| {{lang\|ru\|Цю́рих}} \| cat's young
style="text-align: center;" \| {{IPA link\|tʂ}} \| {{audio-lang\|Ru-колледж.ogg\|ru\|ко́лледж\|help=no}} \| chop \| style="text-align: center;" \| {{IPA link\|tɕ}} \| {{audio-lang\|Ru-чай.ogg\|ru\|чай\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-течь.ogg\|ru\|течь\|help=no}} \| chip
style="text-align: center;" \| {{IPA link\|v}} \| {{audio-lang\|Ru-вы.ogg\|ru\|вы\|help=no}}; {{lang\|ru\|его́}};Intervocalic {{angbr\|{{lang\|ru\|г}}}} represents {{IPA\|/v/}} in certain words ({{audio-lang\|Ru-сегодня.ogg\|ru\|сего́дня\|help=no}}, {{audio-lang\|Ru-сегодняшний.ogg\|ru\|сего́дняшний\|help=no}}, {{lang\|ru\|итого́}} ), and in the genitive suffix {{lang\|ru
ого/-его}} {{Harvcol\|Timberlake\|2004\|p=23}}. {{lang\|ru\|афга́н}} \| voodoo \| style="text-align: center;" \| {{IPA link\|vʲ}} \| {{audio-lang\|Ru-весь.ogg\|ru\|весь\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-вьюга.ogg\|ru\|вью́га\|help=no}} \| view
style="text-align: center;" \| {{IPA link\|x}} \| {{audio-lang\|Ru-ход.ogg\|ru\|ход\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-бог.ogg\|ru\|Бог\|help=no}} \| loch (Scottish); ugh \| style="text-align: center;" \| {{IPA link\|x̟\|xʲ}} \| {{audio-lang\|Ru-хитрый.ogg\|ru\|хи́трый\|help=no}}; {{lang\|ru\|Хью́стон}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-лёгкий.ogg\|ru\|лёгкий\|help=no}} \| huge (for some dialects)
style="text-align: center;" \| {{IPA link\|z̪\|z}} \| {{audio-lang\|Ru-зуб.ogg\|ru\|зуб\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-сбор.ogg\|ru\|сбор\|help=no}} \| zoo \| style="text-align: center;" \| {{IPA link\|zʲ}} \| {{audio-lang\|Ru-зима.ogg\|ru\|зима́\|help=no}}; {{lang\|ru\|резьба́}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-жизнь.ogg\|ru\|жизнь\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-просьба.ogg\|ru\|про́сьба\|help=no}} \| presume (RP)
style="text-align: center;" \| {{IPA link\|ʐ}} \| {{audio-lang\|Ru-жест.ogg\|ru\|жест\|help=no}}; {{lang\|ru\|кешбэ́к}} \| pleasure \| style="text-align: center;" \| {{IPA link\|ʑ\|ʑː}} \| {{audio-lang\|Ru-позже.ogg\|ru\|по́зже\|help=no}};Geminated {{IPAblink\|ʐ\|ʐː}} is pronounced as soft {{IPAblink\|ʑ\|ʑː}}, the voiced counterpart to {{IPAblink\|ɕ\|ɕː}}, in a few lexical items (such as {{lang\|ru\|дро́жжи}} or {{lang\|ru\|заезжа́ть}}) by conservative Moscow speakers; such realization is now somewhat obsolete ({{Harvcoltxt\|Yanushevskaya\|Bunčić\|2015\|p=224}}). {{lang\|ru\|вещдо́к}} \| prestige genre
colspan="6" \| Stressed vowels
colspan="3" \| {{abbr\|[-soft]\|Not surrounded by soft consonants}} ! colspan="3" \| {{abbr\|[+soft]\|After and/or before soft consonants}}
IPA ! Examples ! English approximation ! IPA ! Examples ! English approximation
style="text-align: center;" \| {{IPA link\|ä\|a}} \| {{audio-lang\|Ru-трава.ogg\|ru\|трава́\|help=no}} \| father (Australian English) \| style="text-align: center;" \| {{IPA link\|æ}} \| {{audio-lang\|Ru-пять.ogg\|ru\|пять\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-часть.ogg\|ru\|ча́сть\|help=no}}Vowels are fronted and/or raised in the context of palatalized consonants: {{IPA\|/a/}} and {{IPA\|/u/}} become {{IPA\|[æ]}} and {{IPA\|[ʉ]}}, respectively between palatalized consonants, {{IPA\|/e/}} is realized as {{IPA\|[e]}} before and between palatalized consonants and {{IPA\|/o/}} becomes {{IPA\|[ɵ]}} after and between palatalized consonants. \| pat
style="text-align: center;" \| {{IPA link\|ɛ}} \| {{audio-lang\|Ru-жест.ogg\|ru\|жест\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-этот.ogg\|ru\|э́тот\|help=no}} \| met \| style="text-align: center;" \| {{IPA link\|e}} \| {{audio-lang\|Ru-пень.ogg\|ru\|пень\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-этика.ogg\|ru\|э́тика\|help=no}} \| mace
style="text-align: center;" \| {{IPA link\|ɨ}} \| {{audio-lang\|Ru-ты.ogg\|ru\|ты\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-шишка.ogg\|ru\|ши́шка\|help=no}}; {{lang\|ru\|с{{nbsp}}и́грами}} \| roses (for some dialects) \| style="text-align: center;" \| {{IPA link\|i}} \| {{audio-lang\|Ru-линия.ogg\|ru\|ли́ния\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-или.ogg\|ru\|и́ли\|help=no}} \| meet
style="text-align: center;" \| {{IPA link\|o̞\|o}} \| {{audio-lang\|Ru-облако.ogg\|ru\|о́блако\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-шёпот.ogg\|ru\|шёпот\|help=no}} \| chore \| style="text-align: center;" \| {{IPA link\|ɵ}} \| {{audio-lang\|Ru-тётя.ogg\|ru\|тётя\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-плечо.ogg\|ru\|плечо́\|help=no}} \| foot
style="text-align: center;" \| {{IPA link\|u}} \| {{audio-lang\|Ru-пуля.ogg\|ru\|пу́ля\|help=no}} \| cool \| style="text-align: center;" \| {{IPA link\|ʉ}} \| {{audio-lang\|Ru-чуть.ogg\|ru\|чуть\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-люди.ogg\|ru\|лю́ди\|help=no}} \| choose
colspan="6" \| Unstressed vowels
colspan="3" \| {{abbr\|[-soft]\|Not surrounded by soft consonants}} ! colspan="3" \| {{abbr\|[+soft]\|After and/or before soft consonants}}
IPA ! Examples ! English approximation ! IPA ! Examples ! English approximation
style="text-align: center;" \| {{IPA link\|ə}} \| {{audio-lang\|Ru-кожа.ogg\|ru\|ко́жа\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-облако.ogg\|ru\|о́блако\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-сердце.ogg\|ru\|се́рдце\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-собирать.ogg\|ru\|собира́ть\|help=no}}Unstressed {{IPA\|/a/}} and {{IPA\|/o/}} regularly lose their contrast, being pronounced {{IPA\|[ɐ]}} in word-initial position, as well as when in a sequence, and {{IPA\|[ə]}} in posttonic position (i.e. after the stress); in non-initial pretonic position (i.e. before the stress) they are reduced to {{IPA\|[ɐ]}} only immediately before the stress, being realized {{IPA\|[ə]}} otherwise. \| about \| style="text-align: center;" \| {{IPA link\|ə}} \| {{audio-lang\|Ru-воля.ogg\|ru\|во́ля\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-сегодня.ogg\|ru\|сего́дня\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-куча.ogg\|ru\|ку́ча\|help=no}}Only in certain word-final morphemes {{Harvcol\|Timberlake\|2004\|p=48-51}}. \| lasagna
style="text-align: center;" \| {{IPA link\|ɐ}} \| {{audio-lang\|Ru-облака.ogg\|ru\|облака́\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-какой.ogg\|ru\|како́й\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-соображать.ogg\|ru\|сообража́ть\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-тропа.ogg\|ru\|тропа́\|help=no}} \| bud \| rowspan="3" style="text-align: center;" \| {{IPA link\|ɪ}} \| rowspan="3" \| {{audio-lang\|Ru-лиса.ogg\|ru\|лиса́\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-четыре.ogg\|ru\|четы́ре\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-тяжёлый.ogg\|ru\|тяжёлый\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-девять.ogg\|ru\|де́вять\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-часы.ogg\|ru\|часы́\|help=no}}Unstressed {{IPA\|/a/}} is pronounced as {{IPA\|[ɪ]}} after {{angbr\|{{lang\|ru\|ч}}}} and {{angbr\|{{lang\|ru\|щ}}}} except when word-final.{{Citation needed\|reason=Apart from the missing source: there are «йа» and «йя» cases like «Ма́йя»; then word final ones like «ку́ча, гу́ща». None have [ɪ]. OTOH, there is «чистота́/частота́» homophones pair.\|date=July 2018}} \| rowspan="3" \| bit
style="text-align: center;" \| {{IPA link\|ɛ}} \| {{lang\|ru\|фо́рте; поэте́сса}}In the careful style of pronunciation unstressed {{IPA\|/e/}} and {{IPA\|/o/}} in words of foreign origin may be pronounced with little or no reduction. \| met
style="text-align: center;" \| {{IPA link\|ɨ̞\|ɨ}} \| {{audio-lang\|Ru-дышать.ogg\|ru\|дыша́ть\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-жена.ogg\|ru\|жена́\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-воды.ogg\|ru\|во́ды\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-этап.ogg\|ru\|эта́п\|help=no}}; {{lang\|ru\|к{{nbsp}}Ива́ну}} \| roses (for some dialects)
style="text-align: center;" \| {{IPA link\|o̞\|o}} \| {{audio-lang\|Ru-радио.ogg\|ru\|ра́дио\|help=no}}; {{lang\|ru\|поэте́сса}} \| chore \| style="text-align: center;" \| {{IPA link\|ɵ}} \| {{lang\|ru\|ма́чо}}; {{lang\|ru\|сёрфинги́ст}}Unstressed {{IPA\|[ɵ]}} only occurs in words of foreign origin. \| foot
style="text-align: center;" \| {{IPA link\|ʊ}} \| {{audio-lang\|Ru-мужчина.ogg\|ru\|мужчи́на\|help=no}} \| pull \| style="text-align: center;" \| {{IPA link\|ʉ̞\|ʉ}} \| {{audio-lang\|Ru-чудесный.ogg\|ru\|чуде́сный\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-любить.ogg\|ru\|люби́ть\|help=no}} \| youth
colspan="6" \| Suprasegmental
IPA ! colspan="2" \| Example ! colspan="4" \| Explanation
style="text-align: center;" \| {{IPA link\|ˈ}} \| colspan="2" \| {{audio-lang\|Ru-четыре.ogg\|ru\|четы́ре\|help=no}} {{IPA\|[tɕɪˈtɨrʲɪ]}} \| colspan="4" \| stress mark, placed before the stressed syllable
style="text-align: center;" \| {{IPA link\|ː}} \| colspan="2" \| {{audio-lang\|Ru-сзади.ogg\|ru\|сза́ди\|help=no}} {{IPA\|[ˈzːadʲɪ]}} \| colspan="4" \| consonant length mark, placed after the geminated consonant

class="wikitable"

style="vertical-align: top;"

! colspan="6" | Consonants

colspan="3" | Hard

! colspan="3" | Soft

IPA

! Examples

! English approximation

! IPA

! Examples

! English approximation

style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|b}}

| {{audio-lang|Ru-бок.ogg|ru|бок|help=no}}; {{lang|ru|апде́йт}}

| boot

| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|bʲ}}

| {{audio-lang|Ru-белый.ogg|ru|бе́лый|help=no}}, {{audio-lang|Ru-бью.ogg|ru|бью|help=no}}

| beautiful

style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|d̪|d}}

| {{audio-lang|Ru-дать.ogg|ru|дать|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-футбол.ogg|ru|футбо́л|help=no}}

| do

| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|dʲ}}

| {{audio-lang|Ru-дело.ogg|ru|де́ло|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-ходьба.ogg|ru|ходьба́|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-женитьба.ogg|ru|жени́тьба|help=no}}

| media

style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|dʐ}}

| {{audio-lang|Ru-джип.ogg|ru|джип|help=no}}

| jug

| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|dʑ}}

| {{lang|ru|начди́в}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-дочь бы.ogg|ru|дочь бы|help=no}}

| jig

style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|dz}}

| {{audio-lang|Ru-плацдарм.ogg|ru|плацда́рм|help=no}}

| lads

| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|dzʲ}}

| {{lang|ru|дзюдо́}}Even though {{IPA|/ts/}} and its voicing {{IPA|[dz]}} are considered to be exclusively hard consonants, they may be palatalized in certain words of foreign origin.

| lad's young

style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|f}}

| {{audio-lang|Ru-форма.ogg|ru|фо́рма|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-выставка.ogg|ru|вы́ставка|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-боров.ogg|ru|бо́ров|help=no}}

| fool

| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|fʲ}}

| {{audio-lang|Ru-финал.ogg|ru|фина́л|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-верфь.ogg|ru|верфь|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-кровь.ogg|ru|кровь|help=no}}

| few

style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|ɡ}}

| {{audio-lang|Ru-год.ogg|ru|год|help=no}};{{angbr|{{lang|ru|г}}}} is usually pronounced {{IPAblink|ɣ}} or (word-finally) {{IPAblink|x}} in some religious words and colloquial derivatives from them, such as {{lang|ru|Госпо́дь}} {{IPA|[ɣɐsˈpotʲ]}} and {{audio-lang|Ru-бог.ogg|ru|Бог|help=no}} {{IPA|[box]}}, and in the interjections {{audio-lang|Ru-ага.ogg|ru|ага́|help=no}}, {{audio-lang|Ru-ого.ogg|ru|ого́|help=no}}, {{audio-lang|Ru-господи (ɣ).ogg|ru|Го́споди|help=no}}, {{audio-lang|Ru-ей-богу_(ɣ).ogg|ru|ей-бо́гу|help=no}}, and also in {{audio-lang|LL-Q7737 (rus)-Cinemantique-бухгалтер.wav|ru|бухга́лтер|help=no}} {{IPA|[bʊˈɣaltʲɪr]}} {{Harvcol|Timberlake|2004|p=23}}. {{IPA|/ɡ/}} devoices and lenites to {{IPA|[x]}} before voiceless obstruents (dissimilation) in the word roots {{lang|ru

мягк-}} or {{lang|ru

мягч-}}, {{lang|ru

легк-}} or {{lang|ru

легч-}}, {{lang|ru

тягч-}}, and also in the old-fashioned pronunciation of {{lang|ru

ногт-}}, {{lang|ru

когт-}}, {{lang|ru|кто}}. Speakers of the Southern Russian dialects may pronounce {{angbr|{{lang|ru|г}}}} as {{IPAblink|ɣ}} (soft {{IPAblink|ɣ̟|ɣʲ}}, devoiced {{IPAblink|x}} and {{IPAblink|x̟|xʲ}}) throughout. {{audio-lang|Ru-анекдот.ogg|ru|анекдо́т|help=no}}

| good

| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|ɡ˖|ɡʲ}}

| {{audio-lang|Ru-герой.ogg|ru|геро́й|help=no}}

| argue

style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|ɣ}}

| {{audio-lang|Ru-господи (ɣ).ogg|ru|Го́споди|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-ага.ogg|ru|ага́|help=no}}; {{lang|ru|Бог даст}}; {{lang|ru|дух бодр}}

| loch (Scottish) but voiced

| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|ɣ̟|ɣʲ}}

| {{lang|ru|двухдверный}}

| Loch Ewe (Scottish) but voiced

colspan="3" {{n/a}}

| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|j}}

| {{audio-lang|Ru-есть.ogg|ru|есть|help=no}} {{IPA|[je-]}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-ёж.ogg|ru|ёж|help=no}} {{IPA|[jɵ-]}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-юг.ogg|ru|юг|help=no}} {{IPA|[ju-]}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-я.ogg|ru|я|help=no}} {{IPA|[ja]}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-майор.ogg|ru|майо́р|help=no}}The soft vowel letters {{angbr|{{lang|ru|е, ё, ю, я}}}} represent iotated vowels {{IPA|/je, jo, ju, ja/}}, except when following a consonant. When these vowels are unstressed (save for {{angbr|{{lang|ru|ё}}}}, which is always stressed) and follow another vowel letter, the {{IPA|/j/}} may not be present. The letter {{angbr|{{lang|ru|и}}}} produces iotated sound {{IPA|/ji/}} only after {{lang|ru|ь}}.

| yes

style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|k}}

| {{audio-lang|Ru-кость.ogg|ru|кость|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-бегство.ogg|ru|бе́гство|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-флаг.ogg|ru|флаг|help=no}}

| scar

| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|k̟|kʲ}}

| {{audio-lang|Ru-кино.ogg|ru|кино́|help=no}}; {{lang|ru|секью́рити}}

| skew

style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|l}}

| {{audio-lang|Ru-луна.ogg|ru|луна́|help=no}}{{IPA|/l/}} is often strongly pharyngealized {{IPAblink|ɫ}}, but that feature is not distinctive {{Harvcol|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=187-188}}.

| pill

| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|lʲ}}

| {{audio-lang|Ru-лес.ogg|ru|лес|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-боль.ogg|ru|боль|help=no}}

| failure

style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|m}}

| {{audio-lang|Ru-мыло.ogg|ru|мы́ло|help=no}}

| moot

| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|mʲ}}

| {{audio-lang|Ru-мясо.ogg|ru|мя́со|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-семь.ogg|ru|семь|help=no}}

| mute

style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|n̪|n}}

| {{audio-lang|Ru-нос.ogg|ru|нос|help=no}}

| noon

| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|nʲ}}

| {{audio-lang|Ru-нёс.ogg|ru|нёс|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-день.ogg|ru|день|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-кончик.ogg|ru|ко́нчик|help=no}}Alveolo-palatal consonants are subjected to regressive assimilative palatalization; i.e. they tend to become palatalized in front of other phones with the same place of articulation.

| vinyard

style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|p}}

| {{audio-lang|Ru-под.ogg|ru|под|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-рыбка.ogg|ru|ры́бка|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-зуб.ogg|ru|зуб|help=no}}The voiced obstruents {{IPA|/b, bʲ, d, dʲ, ɡ, v, vʲ, z, zʲ, ʐ/}} are devoiced word-finally unless the next word begins with a voiced obstruent {{Harvcol|Halle|1959|p=22}}.

| span

| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|pʲ}}

| {{audio-lang|Ru-пепел.ogg|ru|пе́пел|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-цепь.ogg|ru|цепь|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-зыбь.ogg|ru|зыбь|help=no}}

| spew

style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|r}}

| {{audio-lang|Ru-раз.ogg|ru|раз|help=no}}

| American atom

| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|rʲ}}

| {{audio-lang|Ru-ряд.ogg|ru|ряд|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-зверь.ogg|ru|зверь|help=no}}

| American catty

style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|s̪|s}}

| {{audio-lang|Ru-собака.ogg|ru|соба́ка|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-сказка.ogg|ru|ска́зка|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-глаз.ogg|ru|глаз|help=no}}

| soup

| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|sʲ}}

| {{audio-lang|Ru-синий.ogg|ru|си́ний|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-здесь.ogg|ru|здесь|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-есть.ogg|ru|есть|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-грызть.ogg|ru|грызть|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-резь.ogg|ru|резь|help=no}}

| assume (RP)

style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|ʂ}}

| {{audio-lang|Ru-широкий.ogg|ru|широ́кий|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-книжка.ogg|ru|кни́жка|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-муж.ogg|ru|муж|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-что (што).ogg|ru|что|help=no}}Most speakers pronounce {{angbr|{{lang|ru|ч}}}} in the pronoun {{lang|ru|что}} and its derivatives as {{IPA|[ʂ]}}. All other occurrences of {{lang|ru|чт}} cluster stay as affricate and stop.

| rush

| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|ɕ|ɕː}}

| {{audio-lang|Ru-щека.ogg|ru|щека́|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-считать.ogg|ru|счита́ть|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-мужчина.ogg|ru|мужчи́на|help=no}}{{angbr|{{lang|ru|щ}}}} is sometimes pronounced as {{IPA|[ɕː]}} or {{IPA|[ɕɕ]}} and sometimes as {{IPA|[ɕtɕ]}}, but no speakers contrast the two pronunciations. This generally includes the other spellings of the sound, but the word {{lang|ru|счи́тывать}} sometimes has {{IPA|[ɕtɕ]}} because of the morpheme boundary between the prefix {{angbr|{{lang|ru|с-}}}} and the root {{angbr|{{lang|ru

чит-}}}}.

| wish sheep

style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|t̪|t}}

| {{audio-lang|Ru-то.ogg|ru|то|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-водка.ogg|ru|во́дка|help=no}};Consonants in consonant clusters are assimilated in voicing if the final consonant in the sequence is an obstruent (except {{IPA|[v, vʲ]}}). All consonants become voiceless if the final consonant is voiceless or voiced if the final consonant is voiced {{Harvcol|Halle|1959|p=31}}. {{audio-lang|Ru-лёд.ogg|ru|лёд|help=no}}

| stand

| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|tʲ}}

| {{audio-lang|Ru-тень.ogg|ru|тень|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-дитя.ogg|ru|дитя́|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-путь.ogg|ru|путь|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-грудь.ogg|ru|грудь|help=no}}

| stew (RP)

style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|ts}}The affricates {{IPA|[ts]}}, {{IPA|[tɕ]}}, and {{IPA|[tʂ]}} (and their voiced counterparts {{IPA|[dz]}}, {{IPA|[dʑ]}}, and {{IPA|[dʐ]}}) are sometimes written with ligature ties: {{IPA|[t͡s]}}, {{IPA|[t͡ɕ]}}, and {{IPA|[t͡ʂ]}} ({{IPA|[d͡z]}}, {{IPA|[d͡ʑ]}}, and {{IPA|[d͡ʐ]}}). Ties are not used in transcriptions on Wikipedia (except in phonology articles) because they may not display correctly in all browsers.

| {{audio-lang|Ru-цена.ogg|ru|цена́|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-нравиться.ogg|ru|нра́виться|help=no}}

| cats

| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|tsʲ}}

| {{lang|ru|Цю́рих}}

| cat's young

style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|tʂ}}

| {{audio-lang|Ru-колледж.ogg|ru|ко́лледж|help=no}}

| chop

| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|tɕ}}

| {{audio-lang|Ru-чай.ogg|ru|чай|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-течь.ogg|ru|течь|help=no}}

| chip

style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|v}}

| {{audio-lang|Ru-вы.ogg|ru|вы|help=no}}; {{lang|ru|его́}};Intervocalic {{angbr|{{lang|ru|г}}}} represents {{IPA|/v/}} in certain words ({{audio-lang|Ru-сегодня.ogg|ru|сего́дня|help=no}}, {{audio-lang|Ru-сегодняшний.ogg|ru|сего́дняшний|help=no}}, {{lang|ru|итого́}} ), and in the genitive suffix {{lang|ru

ого/-его}} {{Harvcol|Timberlake|2004|p=23}}. {{lang|ru|афга́н}}

| voodoo

| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|vʲ}}

| {{audio-lang|Ru-весь.ogg|ru|весь|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-вьюга.ogg|ru|вью́га|help=no}}

| view

style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|x}}

| {{audio-lang|Ru-ход.ogg|ru|ход|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-бог.ogg|ru|Бог|help=no}}

| loch (Scottish); ugh

| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|x̟|xʲ}}

| {{audio-lang|Ru-хитрый.ogg|ru|хи́трый|help=no}}; {{lang|ru|Хью́стон}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-лёгкий.ogg|ru|лёгкий|help=no}}

| huge (for some dialects)

style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|z̪|z}}

| {{audio-lang|Ru-зуб.ogg|ru|зуб|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-сбор.ogg|ru|сбор|help=no}}

| zoo

| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|zʲ}}

| {{audio-lang|Ru-зима.ogg|ru|зима́|help=no}}; {{lang|ru|резьба́}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-жизнь.ogg|ru|жизнь|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-просьба.ogg|ru|про́сьба|help=no}}

| presume (RP)

style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|ʐ}}

| {{audio-lang|Ru-жест.ogg|ru|жест|help=no}}; {{lang|ru|кешбэ́к}}

| pleasure

| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|ʑ|ʑː}}

| {{audio-lang|Ru-позже.ogg|ru|по́зже|help=no}};Geminated {{IPAblink|ʐ|ʐː}} is pronounced as soft {{IPAblink|ʑ|ʑː}}, the voiced counterpart to {{IPAblink|ɕ|ɕː}}, in a few lexical items (such as {{lang|ru|дро́жжи}} or {{lang|ru|заезжа́ть}}) by conservative Moscow speakers; such realization is now somewhat obsolete ({{Harvcoltxt|Yanushevskaya|Bunčić|2015|p=224}}). {{lang|ru|вещдо́к}}

| prestige genre

colspan="6" | Stressed vowels

colspan="3" | {{abbr|[-soft]|Not surrounded by soft consonants}}

! colspan="3" | {{abbr|[+soft]|After and/or before soft consonants}}

IPA

! Examples

! English approximation

! IPA

! Examples

! English approximation

style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|ä|a}}

| {{audio-lang|Ru-трава.ogg|ru|трава́|help=no}}

| father (Australian English)

| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|æ}}

| {{audio-lang|Ru-пять.ogg|ru|пять|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-часть.ogg|ru|ча́сть|help=no}}Vowels are fronted and/or raised in the context of palatalized consonants: {{IPA|/a/}} and {{IPA|/u/}} become {{IPA|[æ]}} and {{IPA|[ʉ]}}, respectively between palatalized consonants, {{IPA|/e/}} is realized as {{IPA|[e]}} before and between palatalized consonants and {{IPA|/o/}} becomes {{IPA|[ɵ]}} after and between palatalized consonants.

| pat

style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|ɛ}}

| {{audio-lang|Ru-жест.ogg|ru|жест|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-этот.ogg|ru|э́тот|help=no}}

| met

| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|e}}

| {{audio-lang|Ru-пень.ogg|ru|пень|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-этика.ogg|ru|э́тика|help=no}}

| mace

style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|ɨ}}

| {{audio-lang|Ru-ты.ogg|ru|ты|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-шишка.ogg|ru|ши́шка|help=no}}; {{lang|ru|с{{nbsp}}и́грами}}

| roses (for some dialects)

| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|i}}

| {{audio-lang|Ru-линия.ogg|ru|ли́ния|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-или.ogg|ru|и́ли|help=no}}

| meet

style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|o̞|o}}

| {{audio-lang|Ru-облако.ogg|ru|о́блако|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-шёпот.ogg|ru|шёпот|help=no}}

| chore

| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|ɵ}}

| {{audio-lang|Ru-тётя.ogg|ru|тётя|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-плечо.ogg|ru|плечо́|help=no}}

| foot

style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|u}}

| {{audio-lang|Ru-пуля.ogg|ru|пу́ля|help=no}}

| cool

| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|ʉ}}

| {{audio-lang|Ru-чуть.ogg|ru|чуть|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-люди.ogg|ru|лю́ди|help=no}}

| choose

colspan="6" | Unstressed vowels

colspan="3" | {{abbr|[-soft]|Not surrounded by soft consonants}}

! colspan="3" | {{abbr|[+soft]|After and/or before soft consonants}}

IPA

! Examples

! English approximation

! IPA

! Examples

! English approximation

style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|ə}}

| {{audio-lang|Ru-кожа.ogg|ru|ко́жа|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-облако.ogg|ru|о́блако|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-сердце.ogg|ru|се́рдце|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-собирать.ogg|ru|собира́ть|help=no}}Unstressed {{IPA|/a/}} and {{IPA|/o/}} regularly lose their contrast, being pronounced {{IPA|[ɐ]}} in word-initial position, as well as when in a sequence, and {{IPA|[ə]}} in posttonic position (i.e. after the stress); in non-initial pretonic position (i.e. before the stress) they are reduced to {{IPA|[ɐ]}} only immediately before the stress, being realized {{IPA|[ə]}} otherwise.

| about

| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|ə}}

| {{audio-lang|Ru-воля.ogg|ru|во́ля|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-сегодня.ogg|ru|сего́дня|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-куча.ogg|ru|ку́ча|help=no}}Only in certain word-final morphemes {{Harvcol|Timberlake|2004|p=48-51}}.

| lasagna

style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|ɐ}}

| {{audio-lang|Ru-облака.ogg|ru|облака́|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-какой.ogg|ru|како́й|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-соображать.ogg|ru|сообража́ть|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-тропа.ogg|ru|тропа́|help=no}}

| bud

| rowspan="3" style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|ɪ}}

| rowspan="3" | {{audio-lang|Ru-лиса.ogg|ru|лиса́|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-четыре.ogg|ru|четы́ре|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-тяжёлый.ogg|ru|тяжёлый|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-девять.ogg|ru|де́вять|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-часы.ogg|ru|часы́|help=no}}Unstressed {{IPA|/a/}} is pronounced as {{IPA|[ɪ]}} after {{angbr|{{lang|ru|ч}}}} and {{angbr|{{lang|ru|щ}}}} except when word-final.{{Citation needed|reason=Apart from the missing source: there are «йа» and «йя» cases like «Ма́йя»; then word final ones like «ку́ча, гу́ща». None have [ɪ]. OTOH, there is «чистота́/частота́» homophones pair.|date=July 2018}}

| rowspan="3" | bit

style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|ɛ}}

| {{lang|ru|фо́рте; поэте́сса}}In the careful style of pronunciation unstressed {{IPA|/e/}} and {{IPA|/o/}} in words of foreign origin may be pronounced with little or no reduction.

| met

style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|ɨ̞|ɨ}}

| {{audio-lang|Ru-дышать.ogg|ru|дыша́ть|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-жена.ogg|ru|жена́|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-воды.ogg|ru|во́ды|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-этап.ogg|ru|эта́п|help=no}}; {{lang|ru|к{{nbsp}}Ива́ну}}

| roses (for some dialects)

style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|o̞|o}}

| {{audio-lang|Ru-радио.ogg|ru|ра́дио|help=no}}; {{lang|ru|поэте́сса}}

| chore

| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|ɵ}}

| {{lang|ru|ма́чо}}; {{lang|ru|сёрфинги́ст}}Unstressed {{IPA|[ɵ]}} only occurs in words of foreign origin.

| foot

style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|ʊ}}

| {{audio-lang|Ru-мужчина.ogg|ru|мужчи́на|help=no}}

| pull

| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|ʉ̞|ʉ}}

| {{audio-lang|Ru-чудесный.ogg|ru|чуде́сный|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-любить.ogg|ru|люби́ть|help=no}}

| youth

colspan="6" | Suprasegmental

IPA

! colspan="2" | Example

! colspan="4" | Explanation

style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|ˈ}}

| colspan="2" | {{audio-lang|Ru-четыре.ogg|ru|четы́ре|help=no}} {{IPA|[tɕɪˈtɨrʲɪ]}}

| colspan="4" | stress mark, placed before the stressed syllable

style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|ː}}

| colspan="2" | {{audio-lang|Ru-сзади.ogg|ru|сза́ди|help=no}} {{IPA|[ˈzːadʲɪ]}}

| colspan="4" | consonant length mark, placed after the geminated consonant

Notes

References

{{Citation

|last=Cubberley

|first=Paul

|year=2002

|title=Russian: A Linguistic Introduction

|chapter=The phonology of Modern Russian

|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yOGzAyN3V88C&pg=PA59

|publisher=Cambridge University Press

}}

{{Citation

|last=Halle

|first=Morris

|authorlink=Morris Halle

|year=1959

|title=Sound Pattern of Russian

|publisher=MIT Press

}}

{{Citation

|last=Jones

|first=Daniel

|authorlink=Daniel Jones (phonetician)

|last2=Ward

|first2=Dennis

|year=1969

|title=The Phonetics of Russian

|publisher=Cambridge University Press

|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A9rrVMQ-PxsC

}}

{{SOWL}}
{{Citation

|last=Timberlake

|first=Alan

|year=2004

|title=A Reference Grammar of Russian

|chapter=Sounds

|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-VFNWqXxRoMC&pg=PA28

|publisher=Cambridge University Press

}}

{{Citation

|last1=Yanushevskaya

|first1=Irena

|last2=Bunčić

|first2=Daniel

|year=2015

|title=Russian

|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association

|volume=45

|issue=2

|pages=221–228

|doi=10.1017/S0025100314000395

|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/55589EC639ADEF1764B5ECD0B76970FA/S0025100314000395a.pdf/russian.pdf

}}

Help:IPA/Russian

Notes

References

See also