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Help:IPA/Sanskrit

{{IPA key|H:IPA-SA}}

{{Contains special characters|Indic}}

The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Vedic and Classical Sanskrit and Pali pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA, and {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation#Entering IPA characters}}.

See shiksha for a more thorough discussion of the sounds of Sanskrit.

Key

style="background: none;"

| style="vertical-align: top;" |

{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em; text-align: center;"

! colspan="4" | Consonants

IPADevanagari consonant letters such as {{lang|sa|क}} have the inherent vowel {{lang|sa|अ}} a. Thus, {{lang|sa|क}} is pronounced ka, even without any vowel sign added. But the IPA and IAST shown here have the consonant k only and do not include the vowel 'a'. NagariIAST Comparison of IAST with ISO 15919 transliteration.English approximation
{{IPA link|b}}

| {{lang|sa|ब}}

bstyle="text-align: left;" | about
{{IPA link|bʱ}}

| {{lang|sa|भ}}

bhstyle="text-align: left;" | clubhouse
{{IPA link|ɕ}}

| {{lang|sa|श}}

śstyle="text-align: left;" | sheep, pronounced more forward, toward the teeth (palatalized)
{{IPA link|d̪|d}}

| {{lang|sa|द}}

dstyle="text-align: left;" | width
{{IPA link|dʱ}}

| {{lang|sa|ध}}

dhstyle="text-align: left;" | redhead (but dental)
{{IPA link|dʑ}}

| {{lang|sa|ज}}

jstyle="text-align: left;" | juice, pronounced more forward, toward the teeth (palatalized)
{{IPA link|dʑʱ}}

| {{lang|sa|झ}}

jhstyle="text-align: left;" | hedgehog
{{IPA link|ɖ}}

| {{lang|sa|ड}}

ḍstyle="text-align: left;" | American bird
{{IPA link|ɖʱ}}

| {{lang|sa|ढ}}

ḍhstyle="text-align: left;" | American birdhouse
{{IPA link|ɡ}}

| {{lang|sa|ग}}

gstyle="text-align: left;" | again
{{IPA link|ɡʱ}}

| {{lang|sa|घ}}

ghstyle="text-align: left;" | loghouse
{{IPA link|ɦ}}

| {{lang|sa|ह}}

hstyle="text-align: left;" | ahead
{{IPA link|j}}

| {{lang|sa|य}}

ystyle="text-align: left;" | yak
{{IPA link|k}}

| {{lang|sa|क}}

kstyle="text-align: left;" | skin
{{IPA link|kʰ}}

| {{lang|sa|ख}}

khstyle="text-align: left;" | kin
{{IPA link|l}}

| {{lang|sa|ल}}

lstyle="text-align: left;" | leaf
{{IPA link|m}}

| {{lang|sa|म}}

mstyle="text-align: left;" | much
{{IPA link|n}}

| {{lang|sa|न}}

nstyle="text-align: left;" | tenth
{{IPA link|ɲ}}

| {{lang|sa|ञ}}

ñstyle="text-align: left;" | canyon
{{IPA link|ɳ}}

| {{lang|sa|ण}}

ṇstyle="text-align: left;" | American burn
{{IPA link|ŋ}}

| {{lang|sa|ङ}}

ṅstyle="text-align: left;" | sting
{{IPA link|p}}

| {{lang|sa|प}}

pstyle="text-align: left;" | span
{{IPA link|pʰ}}

| {{lang|sa|फ}}

phstyle="text-align: left;" | pan
{{IPA link|r}}/r/ may be phonetically realised as [ɽ], [ɾ] or [ɾ̪] in Classical Sanskrit.

| {{lang|sa|र}}

rstyle="text-align: left;" | Indian roti
{{IPA link|s}}

| {{lang|sa|स}}

sstyle="text-align: left;" | soup
{{IPA link|ʂ}}

| {{lang|sa|ष}}

ṣstyle="text-align: left;" | American worship
{{IPA link|t̪|t}}

| {{lang|sa|त}}

tstyle="text-align: left;" | stable
{{IPA link|tʰ}}

| {{lang|sa|थ}}

thstyle="text-align: left;" | table (but dental)
{{IPA link|ʈ}}

| {{lang|sa|ट}}

ṭstyle="text-align: left;" | stable
{{IPA link|ʈʰ}}

| {{lang|sa|ठ}}

ṭhstyle="text-align: left;" | table
{{IPA link|tɕ}}

| {{lang|sa|च}}

cstyle="text-align: left;" | riches, pronounced more forward, toward the teeth (palatalized)
{{IPA link|tɕʰ}}

| {{lang|sa|छ}}

chstyle="text-align: left;" | chew
{{IPA link|ʋ}}

| {{lang|sa|व}}

vstyle="text-align: left;" | between wine and vine

| style="vertical-align: top;" |

class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em 2em; text-align: center;"

! colspan="4" | VowelsVowels may occur nasalised as an allophone of the nasal consonants in certain positions: see anusvara and chandrabindu.Sanskrit distinguishes between long and short vowels. Each monophthong has a long and short phoneme. The diphthongs, historically {{IPA|/əi, aːi, əu, aːu/}}, also have a difference in quality: {{IPA|[e, ei, o, ou]}}. Rarely, vowels may be extra-long.

IPANagariIASTEnglish approximation
{{IPAlink|ɐ}}

| {{lang|sa|अ}}, {{lang|sa|प}}

astyle="text-align: left;" | comma
{{IPA link|aː}}

| {{lang|sa|आ}}, {{lang|sa|पा}}

āstyle="text-align: left;" | bra
{{IPA link|i}}

| {{lang|sa|इ}}, {{lang|sa|पि}}

istyle="text-align: left;" | sit
{{IPA link|iː}}

| {{lang|sa|ई}}, {{lang|sa|पी}}

īstyle="text-align: left;" | feet
{{IPA link|u}}

| {{lang|sa|उ}}, {{lang|sa|पु}}

ustyle="text-align: left;" | full
{{IPA link|uː}}

| {{lang|sa|ऊ}}, {{lang|sa|पू}}

ūstyle="text-align: left;" | fool
{{IPA link|eː}}

|{{lang|sa|ए}}, {{lang|sa|पे}}

estyle="text-align: left;" | Scottish wait
{{IPA|ɐːi̯}}[ai], [ɐi] or [ɛi] in Classical Sanskrit.

|{{lang|sa|ऐ}}, {{lang|sa|पै}}

aistyle="text-align: left;" | hi
{{IPA link|oː}}

|{{lang|sa|ओ}}, {{lang|sa|पो}}

ostyle="text-align: left;" | story
{{IPA|ɐːu̯}}[au], [ɐu] or [ɔu] in Classical Sanskrit.

|{{lang|sa|औ}}, {{lang|sa|पौ}}

austyle="text-align: left;" | how
colspan="4" |Syllabic Consonants
{{IPA link|r̩|r̩}}[ɻĭ] or [ɾɪ] for most modern speakers. [rŭ] for southern speakers.

| {{lang|sa|ऋ}}, {{lang|sa|पृ}}

ṛstyle="text-align: left;" |Possibly like bird
{{IPA link|r̩ː|r̩ː}}[ri] or [ɽiː] for most modern speakers. [ru] for southern speakers.

| {{lang|sa|ॠ}}, {{lang|sa|पॄ}}

ṝstyle="text-align: left;" | longer ṛ
{{IPA link|l̩|l̩}}[lrĭ] for most modern speakers. [lĭ] in Bengali and Maithili regions.

|ऌ, पॢ

|ḷ

| style="text-align: left;" |bottle

colspan="4" |Vowel Diacritics
{{IPA|◌̃}}

| {{lang|sa|ँ}}

◌̃/m̐style="text-align: left;" | nasal vowel {{IPA|[ɐ̃]}}, {{IPA|[ãː]}}, {{IPA|[õː]}}, etc.)
{{IPA link|h}}

|ःVisarga, added after a vowel.

|ḥ

| style="text-align: left;" |head


class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em 2em; text-align: center;"

! colspan="4" | Suprasegmentals

IPANagariIASTEnglish equivalent
{{IPA link|ˈ|ˈ◌}}

|

|

| style="text-align: left;" | stressIn Classical Sanskrit, stress was predictable by syllable weight: counting from the end of a word, the second-last was stressed if heavy (having a long vowel or a coda consonant); if it was light, the third-last was stressed if heavy; otherwise, stress fell on the fourth-last syllable. Vedic Sanskrit, in contrast, possessed an unpredictable pitch accent.
(placed before stressed syllable)

|}

Notes

{{reflist}}

References

  • {{cite web | publisher=Ulrich Stiehl | first1=Maciej | last1=Zieba | first2=Ulrich | last2=Stiehl | title=The Original Pronunciation of Sanskrit | url=http://www.sanskritweb.net/deutsch/ipa_sans.pdf | accessdate=27 September 2011 | date=June 9, 2002}}

See also

  • {{clc|Pages with Sanskrit IPA|pages}}
  • {{clc|Pages with Pali IPA|pages}}

{{IPA keys}}