Henry Halcro Johnston

{{Short description|Scotland international rugby union player, botanist & physician}}

{{Infobox rugby biography

| name = Henry Halcro Johnston

| image = Henry Halcro Johnston.jpg

| image_size = 230px

| birth_name = Henry Halcro Johnston

| birth_date = 13 September 1856

| birth_place = Orphir House, Orphir, Orkney, Scotland

| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1939|10|18|1856|9|13}}

| death_place = Orphir, Orkney, Scotland

| height =

| weight =

| position = Fullback[http://www.espnscrum.com/statsguru/rugby/player/429.html Henry Halcro Johnston]. scrum.com

| repteam1 = {{nrut|Scotland}}

| repcaps1 = 2

| reppoints1 =

| ru_ntupdate =

| repyears1 = 1876–77

| years1 =

| ru_clubupdate =

| amatyears1 =

| amatteam1 = Edinburgh Collegiate

| amatteam2 = Edinburgh University

| ru_amupdate =

| provinceyears1 = 1876

| province1 = East of Scotland District

| provinceapps1 =

| provincepoints1 =

| school = Dollar Academy
Edinburgh Collegiate School

| university = Edinburgh University

}}

Colonel Henry Halcro Johnston CB CBE DL FRSE FLS (13 September 1856 – 18 October 1939) was a Scottish botanist, physician, rugby union international and Deputy Lieutenant for Orkney. As a member of Edinburgh University RFC he represented Scotland in 1877 and went on to make a significant contribution to botany and horticulture through his meticulous collection and recording of plant species during and after his distinguished military career.

Life

Henry Halcro Johnston was born at Orphir House, Orkney, Scotland, on 13 September 1856, the fifth son of James Johnston J.P., 11th Laird of Coubister, Orkney - a descendant of the brother of James Johnston (1724–1800). He was educated at Dollar Academy, followed by the Collegiate School of Edinburgh, and finally at the University of Edinburgh, where he graduated M.B., C.M. in 1880.

Having qualified as a doctor, Johnston entered the army as a surgeon on 30 July 1881. His war service included Sudan, in 1885, at Suakin, for which he received the Egypt Medal (with the Suakin 1885 clasp) and Khedive's Star.

He was awarded his doctorate (MD) in 1893{{Cite book|last=Johnston|first=Henry Halcro|date=1893|title=Report on the relation between malarial fever among Her Majesty's white troops at Port Louis, Mauritius, and the meteorological elements of temperature, rainfall, and relative humidity for the year 1889, with a preliminary sketch of the medical topography of the island and the epidemic of malarial fever in 1866-67|language=en|hdl=1842/28308|publisher=University of Edinburgh|postscript=; dissertation for M.D.}} and in the same year took the B.Sc., proceeding D.Sc. (Public Health) in 1894.{{cite journal|url=http://www.bmj.com/content/2/4118/local/admin.pdf |journal=British Medical Journal|page=1168 |date=9 December 1939|title=Death in the services}}{{Cite book |last=Johnston |first=Henry Halcro |date=1894 |title=Relative efficiency of certain filters for removing micro-organisms from water, with special reference to the nordtmeyer-berkefeld and pasteur-chamberland filters |url=https://era.ed.ac.uk/handle/1842/20593 |language=en|publisher=University of Edinburgh|postscript=; dissertation for D.Sc.}}

In 1895 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh for his contributions to botany. His proposers were Andrew Douglas Maclagan, Thomas Richard Fraser, Sir Isaac Bayley Balfour, and Charles Hunter Stewart.{{cite book|title=Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002|date=July 2006|publisher=The Royal Society of Edinburgh|isbn=0-902-198-84-X|url=https://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp1.pdf|access-date=25 January 2017|archive-date=24 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124115814/http://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp1.pdf|url-status=dead}}

He went on to serve on the North-West Frontier of India, from 1897 to 1898, where he was in charge of British No. I Field Hospital, and was active in operations in the Malakand, in Bajaur, in the Mahmund country, and in Buner, including the action at Laudakai and the attack and capture of the Tanga Pass.

He was mentioned in dispatches on 22 April 1898, and received the India Medal with the Punjab Frontier 1897–98 clasp. He then served in the Second Boer War in South Africa, from 1899 to 1902, and was active in operations in Natal. He was mentioned in dispatches, on 2 February 1901 and on 29 July 1902. He received the Queen's South Africa Medal with clasp (which may have been the Natal state clasp or a battle specific clasp) and also the King's South Africa Medal with both the South Africa 1901 clasp and the South Africa 1902 clasp. For his services he was made a Companion of the Order of the Bath (abbreviated in postnominal letters to CB) in the October 1902 South African Honours list.{{London Gazette| issue = 27490 |page=6907 | date = 31 October 1902 }}

He attained the rank of Colonel on 16 February 1911, and retired on 13 September 1913. However, after his retirement he rejoined for service in the First World War, when he served as assistant director of Medical Services at Glasgow and at York, and as deputy director of Medical Services at Gibraltar. He received the C.B.E. for his services.

Rugby union career

=Amateur career=

Johnston was a noted rugby footballer.

He was first recorded as playing for his school and then being an Edinburgh Collegiate player. After joining Edinburgh University he did not again receive an international cap, but for three years he played as a forward in the Edinburgh University fifteen.

=Provincial career=

He was selected to play for East of Scotland District in 1876.

=International career=

He was selected to play as full-back for Scotland against both Ireland and England in 1877.

Contribution to science

He was the author of numerous contributions to scientific journals. His work was based around the plants he had collected in Afghanistan, Mauritius, Canaries, Madeira, Egypt, Gambia, Natal, India, and Sierra Leone. He then collected in the Orkney Islands from 1919.{{cite book|author=Desmond, Ray|title=Dictionary of British and Irish Botanists and Horticulturists: Including Plant Collectors, Flower Painters and Garden Designers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=thmPzIltAV8C&pg=PA387|page=387|year=1994|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=0-85066-843-3}} He contributions were particularly focussed on the flora of Mauritius and the islands of Orkney and Shetland and published in the Transactions of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh.