Henry James, 1st Baron James of Hereford

{{Short description|Anglo-Welsh lawyer and statesman (1828–1911)}}

{{Infobox officeholder

| honorific-prefix = The Right Honourable

| name = The Lord James of Hereford

| honorific-suffix = {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|GCVO|PC|KC}}

| image = BaronJames Bassano1882.jpg

| imagesize = 200px

| caption = Lord James of Hereford, by Bassano, 1882

| order1 = Solicitor-General

| term_start1 = 26 September 1873

| term_end1 = 20 November 1873

| monarch1 = Victoria

| primeminister1 = William Ewart Gladstone

| predecessor1 = Sir George Jessel

| successor1 = Sir William Vernon Harcourt

| order2 = Attorney-General

| term_start2 = 20 November 1873

| term_end2 = 17 February 1874

| monarch2 = Victoria

| primeminister2 = William Ewart Gladstone

| predecessor2 = Sir John Coleridge

| successor2 = Sir John Burgess Karslake

| term_start3 = 3 May 1880

| term_end3 = 9 June 1885

| monarch3 = Victoria

| primeminister3 = William Ewart Gladstone

| predecessor3 = Sir John Holker

| successor3 = Sir Richard Webster

| order4 = Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster

| term_start4 = 4 July 1895

| term_end4 = 11 August 1902

| monarch4 = Victoria
Edward VII

| primeminister4 = The Marquess of Salisbury
Arthur Balfour

| predecessor4 = The Viscount Cross

| successor4 = Sir William Walrond, Bt

| birth_date = {{Birth date|1828|10|30|df=yes}}

| birth_place =

| death_date = {{Death date and age|1911|8|18|1828|10|30|df=yes}}

| death_place =

| nationality = British

| party = {{hlist|Liberal|Liberal Unionist}}

| alma_mater = Cheltenham College

}}

Henry James, 1st Baron James of Hereford, {{postnominals|country=GBR|sep=,|size=100%|GCVO|PC|KC}} (30 October 1828 – 18 August 1911), known as Sir Henry James between 1873 and 1895, was an Anglo-Welsh lawyer and statesman. Initially a Liberal, he served under William Ewart Gladstone as Solicitor General in 1873 and as Attorney-General between 1873 and 1874 and 1880 and 1885. However, he broke with Gladstone over Irish Home Rule and joined the Liberal Unionists. From 1895 to 1902 he was Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster in the Unionist ministries of Lord Salisbury and Arthur Balfour.

Background and education

James was the son of Philip Turner James, a surgeon of Hereford,{{EB1911 |inline=y |wstitle=James of Hereford, Henry James, 1st Baron |volume=15 |pages=144–145}}, Encyclopædia Britannica and Frances Gertrude, daughter of John Bodenham.[http://www.thepeerage.com/p23535.htm thepeerage.com Henry James, 1st and last Baron James of Hereford] His father's family was descended from the Gwynnes of Glanbran, Carmarthenshire, described in the nineteenth century as "one of the oldest in the Empire". His grandfather, Gwynne James, was also a surgeon, while his great-grandfather, another Gwynne James, was an apothecary. He was educated at Cheltenham College.

Legal and political career

File:Lord James of Hereford.JPG, Vanity Fair 7 March 1874]]

James was admitted to the Middle Temple on 12 January 1849 and was called to the bar on 16 January 1852.Williamson, J.B. (1937). The Middle Temple Bench Book. 2nd edition, p.237. He joined the Oxford circuit, where he soon established a notable reputation. In 1867 he was made postman of the Exchequer of pleas, and in 1869 took silk.{{London Gazette |issue=7966 |date=25 June 1869 |page=763 |city=e}} At the 1868 general election he represented parliament for Taunton as a Liberal, unseating Edward William Cox after an election petition heard in March 1869. He held the seat until 1885, when he was returned for Bury. He attracted attention in parliament by his speeches in 1872 in the debates on the Judicature Act.

In September 1873 James was made Solicitor General by William Ewart Gladstone. Already in November 1873, he was promoted to Attorney General by Gladstone, a post he held until the government fell the following year. He received the customary knighthood at the time of his promotion.{{London Gazette |issue=24045 |date=16 December 1873 |page=5936}}{{London Gazette |issue=8434 |date=19 December 1873 |page=849 |city=e}} When Gladstone returned as prime minister in 1880 James resumed this office. He was responsible for introducing the Corrupt Practices Act 1883 and guiding it through parliament. In 1885 he was sworn of the Privy Council.{{London Gazette|issue=25484 |date=26 June 1885 |page=2919 }}

In 1886, he represented Sir Charles Dilke in the Crawford divorce case alongside Sir Charles Russell QC in which Dilke was accused of adultery with his brother's wife's sister. James and Russell, with disastrous consequences, advised Dilke not to go into the witness box saying there was insufficient evidence to convict him. The judge agreed, but decided Mrs Crawford's confession was sufficient to award her husband a divorce, resulting in an apparently contradictory verdict: that she had committed adultery with Dilke, but he had not with her! Their advice has been called "some of the worst professional advice that any man can ever have received".Jenkins, Roy Asquith Collins 1964 p.36 At a second hearing instigated by the Queen's Proctor, Dilke was cross-examined to devastating effect and his career ruined.

On Gladstone's conversion to Irish Home Rule, James distanced himself from him and became one of the most influential of the Liberal Unionists. Gladstone had offered him the Lord Chancellorship in 1886, but he declined it and the knowledge of the sacrifice he had made in refusing to follow his old chief in his new departure lent great weight to his advocacy of the Unionist cause in the country. He was one of the leading counsel for The Times before the Parnell Commission, and from 1892 to 1895 was Attorney General to the Prince of Wales. In 1895 he was raised to the peerage as Baron James of Hereford, in the County of Hereford.{{London Gazette|issue=26650 |date=6 August 1895 |page=4431}} From 1895 to 1902 he was a member of Lord Salisbury's and Arthur Balfour's Unionist ministries as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. In later years he was a prominent opponent of the Tariff Reform movement, adhering to the section of Free Trade Unionists. On 11 August 1902, he was appointed to the Royal Victorian Order as a Knight Grand Cross (GCVO).{{London Gazette |issue=27467 |date=22 August 1902 |page=5461}}{{London Gazette |issue=11438 |date=26 August 1902 |page=861 |city=e}}{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Court Circular|date=12 August 1902 |page=8 |issue=36844}}

Personal life

Lord James of Hereford died unmarried in August 1911, aged 82. By his mistress Alice, whom he refused to marry, daughter of Robert Hardwicke (d.1874) of London, he left a daughter Alice Henland (1868–1936), who married Lt. Col. George Talbot Lake Denniss, Royal Wilts. Regt.Debrett's Peerage, 1968, Baron Manton colls. The barony became extinct on his death. His portrait was painted by John St Helier Lander, collection of Middle Temple; his 1893 photo-portrait by Alexander Bassano is in the National Portrait Gallery. Lord James (Sir Henry James at the time) was also president of Bury Golf Club during the 1890s, during which time a championship trophy was awarded in his honour.{{cite book |editor1-last=Duncan |editor1-first=Scott David |title=The Golfing Annual 1892-1893, Volume VI |date=1893 |publisher=Horace Cox |location=London |page=129}}{{cite book |editor1-last=Duncan |editor1-first=Scott David |title=The Golfing Annual 1892-1893, Volume V |date=1892 |publisher=Horace Cox |location=London |page=138}}{{cite web |title=Bury Golf Club, Manchester. (1890 - WW1) |url=https://www.golfsmissinglinks.co.uk/index.php/england/north-west/cheshire/1239-eng-nw-bury-golf-club |website=Golf's Missing Links}}