Heritage interpretation

{{Short description|Communication of information to visitors of parks, museums and other sites}}

File:Point of rocks CWT sign may 1861.JPG. Note the use of a map, photographs, and text to explain the subject, sited at a relevant location.]]

Heritage interpretation refers to all the ways in which information is communicated to visitors to an educational, natural or recreational site, such as a museum, park or science centre. More specifically it is the communication of information about, or the explanation of, the nature, origin, and purpose of historical, natural, or cultural resources, objects, sites and phenomena using personal or non-personal methods. Some international authorities in museology prefer the term mediation for the same concept, following usage in other European languages.

Heritage interpretation may be performed at dedicated interpretation centres or at museums, historic sites, parks, art galleries, nature centres, zoos, aquaria, botanical gardens, nature reserves and a host of other heritage sites. Its modalities can be extremely varied and may include guided walks, talks, drama, staffed stations, displays, signs, labels, artwork, brochures, interactives, audio-guides and audio-visual media. The process of developing a structured approach to interpreting these stories, messages and information is called interpretive planning. The thematic approach to heritage interpretation advocated by University of Idaho professor Sam Ham, the National Association for Interpretation, the US National Park Service, and others, is considered best practice.{{cite book|last=Brochu|first=Lisa|title=Interpretive planning|year=2003|publisher=InterpPress|location=Fort Collins, CO|isbn=1-879931-12-5}}{{cite book|last=Brochu|first=Lisa|title=Personal Interpretation: Connecting Your Audience to Heritage Resources|year=2002|publisher=InterpPress|location=Fort Collins, CO|isbn=1-879931-06-0|author2=Merriman, Tim}}{{cite book|last=Caputo|first=Paul|title=Interpretation by Design: Graphic Design Basics for Heritage Interpreters|year=2008|publisher=InterpPress|location=Fort Collins, CO|isbn=978-1-879931-25-1|author2=Lewis, Shea |author3=Brochu, Lisa }}{{cite book|last=Ham|first=Sam|title=Environmental Interpretation: A Practical Guide for People with Big Ideas and Small Budgets|year=1992|publisher=Fulcrum Publishing|location=Golden, CO|isbn=1-55591-902-2}}{{cite book|last=Levy|first=Barbara|title=Great Tours! Thematic Tours and Guide Training for Historic Sites.|year=2001|publisher=AltaMira Press|location=Walnut Creek, CA|isbn=0-7591-0099-3|author2=Lloyd, Sandra |author3=Schreiber, Susan }}{{cite book|last=Moscardo|first=Gianna|title=Designing Interpretive Signs: Principles in Practice|year=2007|publisher=Fulcrum Publishing|location=Golden, CO|isbn=978-1-55591-550-6|author2=Ballantyne, Roy |author3=Hughes, Karen }}{{cite book|last=Pastorelli|first=John|title=Enriching the Experience: An Interpretive Approach to Guiding|year=2003|publisher=Hospitality Press|location=French's Forest, Australia|isbn=1-86250-522-5}}{{cite book|last=Regnier|first=Kathleen|title=The Interpreter's Guidebook: Techniques for Programs and Presentations|year=1994|publisher=UW-SP Foundation Press|location=Stevens Point, WI|isbn=0-932310-17-6|edition=3rd|author2=Gross, Michael |author3=Zimmerman, Ron }}{{cite book|last=Ward|first=Carolyn|title=Conducting Meaningful Interpretation: A Field Guide for Success|year=2006|publisher=Fulcrum Publishing|location=Golden, CO|isbn=978-1-55591-530-8|author2=Wilkinson, Alan}}

Those who practice this form of interpretation may include rangers, guides, naturalists, actors (who may wear period dress and do reenactments), museum curators, natural and cultural interpretive specialists, interpretation officers, heritage communicators, docents, educators, visitor services staff, interpreters or a host of other titles. The interpretive process is often assisted by new technologies such as visualizing techniques.Sideris A., 2008. [https://www.academia.edu/481085/Recontextualised_Antiquity_Interpretative_VR_Visualization_of_Ancient_Art_and_Architecture_full_text_available_online_ "Re-contextualized Antiquity: Interpretative VR Visualisation of Ancient Art and Architecture"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180424150116/http://www.academia.edu/481085/Recontextualised_Antiquity_Interpretative_VR_Visualization_of_Ancient_Art_and_Architecture_full_text_available_online_ |date=2018-04-24 }} in Mikropoulos T. A. and Papachristos N. M. (eds.), Proceedings: International Symposium on “Information and Communication Technologies in Cultural Heritage” October 16–18, 2008, University of Ioannina 2008, {{ISBN|978-960-98691-0-2}}, pp. 159-176.

Purpose

File:Biscayne National Park H-ranger kids hermit crab.jpg at Biscayne National Park in Florida, USA, show a hermit crab to children.]]

The goal of interpretation is to improve and enrich the visitor experience by helping site visitors understand the significance of the place they are visiting, and connecting those meanings to visitors' own personal lives.{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/nr/publications/bulletins/interp/int4.htm|title=Telling the Stories, Part 4: National Register of Historic Places Bulletin|first=Jeff|last=Joeckel|date=1 February 2002|website=nps.gov|access-date=24 April 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126185330/https://www.nps.gov/nr/publications/bulletins/interp/int4.htm|archive-date=26 January 2018}} By weaving compelling, thematic stories about environmental phenomena and historical events, interpreters aim to provoke visitors to learn and think about their experiences.

Effective interpretation enables the visitors to make associations between the information given and their previous perceptions.Moscardo, G.(1996) [http://www.depts.ttu.edu/MuseumTTU/CFASWebsite/H7000%20folder/Readings%20Heritage%20Tourism%202010/H%20tourism_mindfule%20visitors_Moscardo.pdf Mindful Visitors: Heritage and Tourism] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117031942/http://www.depts.ttu.edu/MuseumTTU/CFASWebsite/H7000%20folder/Readings%20Heritage%20Tourism%202010/H%20tourism_mindfule%20visitors_Moscardo.pdf |date=2015-11-17 }}, Elsevier{{ cite book|last= Staiff|first= Russel|title=Re-imagining Heritage Interpretation: Enchanting the Past-future|year=2014|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd}} According to Moscardo interpretation can produce 'Mindful Visitors' who are carefully processing information and negotiating the meanings of the observed object or intangible element.

Interpretation is often used by landowning government agencies and NGOs to promote environmental stewardship of the lands they manage.

Definitions of heritage interpretation

{{Blockquote|Heritage interpretation is an educational activity which aims to reveal meanings and relationships through the use of original objects, by firsthand experience, and by illustrative media, rather than simply to communicate factual information.|Freeman Tilden for the US National Park Service{{citation needed|date=November 2014}} }}

{{Blockquote|Any communication process designed to reveal meanings and relationships of cultural and natural heritage to the public, through first-hand involvement with an object, artifact, landscape or site.|Interpretation Canada{{cite web |url=http://www.interpscan.ca/our-work-defined |title=Our Work Defined | InterpScan.ca |access-date=2015-08-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117013624/http://interpscan.ca/our-work-defined |archive-date=2016-01-17 }} }}

{{Blockquote|Interpretation is a mission-based communication process that forges emotional and intellectual connections between the interests of the audience and the meanings inherent in the resource.|The National Association for Interpretation{{citation needed|date=November 2014}} (United States), and adopted by The Definitions Project (a consortium of over two dozen federal and non-profit organizations in the United States)http://www.definitionsproject.com/definitions/def_full_term.cfm{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}}}

{{Blockquote|Interpretation enriches our lives through engaging emotions, enhancing experiences and deepening understanding of people, places, events and objects from past and present.|The Association for Heritage Interpretation (United Kingdom){{citation needed|date=November 2014}} }}

{{Blockquote|Interpretation refers to the full range of potential activities intended to heighten public awareness and enhance understanding of [a] cultural heritage site{{sic}}. These can include print and electronic publications, public lectures, on-site and directly related off-site installations, educational programs, community activities, and ongoing research, training, and evaluation of the interpretation process itself.|International Council on Monuments and Sites' Ename Charter for the Interpretation and Presentation of Cultural Heritage Sites (2008){{cite web |url=http://www.enamecharter.org/ |title=The ICOMOS Ename Charter |access-date=2009-01-28 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090201192527/http://www.enamecharter.org/ |archive-date=2009-02-01 }} }}

{{Blockquote|Mediation is the translation of the French médiation, which has the same general museum meaning as 'interpretation'. Mediation is defined as an action aimed at reconciling parties or bringing them to agreement. In the context of the museum, it is the mediation between the museum public and what the museum gives its public to see.|Key Concepts of Museology (2010), International Committee of Museums' International Committee of ICOM for Museology (ICOFOM){{cite web |url=http://icom.museum/fileadmin/user_upload/pdf/Key_Concepts_of_Museology/Museologie_Anglais_BD.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2015-03-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150616014713/http://icom.museum/fileadmin/user_upload/pdf/Key_Concepts_of_Museology/Museologie_Anglais_BD.pdf |archive-date=2015-06-16 }}}}

"Tilden's principles" of interpretation

In his 1957 book, "Interpreting Our Heritage", Freeman Tilden defined six principles of interpretation:

{{Blockquote|

Any interpretation that does not somehow relate what is being displayed or described to something within the personality or experience of the visitor will be sterile.
Information, as such, is not Interpretation. Interpretation is revelation based upon information. But they are entirely different things. However all interpretation includes information.
Interpretation is an art, which combines many arts, whether the materials presented are scientific, historical or architectural. Any art is in some degree teachable.
The chief aim of Interpretation is not instruction, but provocation.
Interpretation should aim to present a whole rather than a part, and must address itself to the whole man rather than any phase.
Interpretation addressed to children (say up to the age of twelve) should not be a dilution of the presentation to adults, but should follow a fundamentally different approach. To be at its best it will require a separate program.}}

For the past 50 years, Tilden's principles have remained highly relevant to interpreters across the world. In 2002 Larry Beck and Ted Cable published "Interpretation for the 21st Century - Fifteen Guiding Principles for Interpreting Nature and Culture", which elaborated upon Tilden's original principles. In 2011, Beck and Cable released a new version of their principles in "The Gift of Interpretation".Beck, L, Cable, T. (2011) The Gifts of Interpretation: Fifteen guiding principles for interpreting nature and culture. Sagamore Publishing, {{ISBN|978-1-57167-636-8}} {{cite web |url=http://sagamorepub.com/files/lookinside/26/pages-gift-interpretation.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2014-11-11 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111231619/http://sagamorepub.com/files/lookinside/26/pages-gift-interpretation.pdf |archive-date=2014-11-11 }}

Interpretation organizations

File:2013 Orgelkids Doe-orgel toetsen verbinden aan de windlade.jpg]]

Association for Heritage Interpretation, UK ([http://www.ahi.org.uk/ external link])
Association for Living History, Farm and Agricultural Museums, USA ([http://www.alhfam.org external link])
Interpretation Latin América and the Caribbean ([https://www.i-pal.net/ external link])
Interpretation Australia ([http://www.interpretationaustralia.asn.au/ external link])
Interpretation Canada ([https://interpretationcanada.wildapricot.org/ external link])
Interpret Europe ([http://www.interpret-europe.net/ external link])
Interpret Scotland ([http://www.interpretscotland.org.uk/ external link])
Interpretation Network New Zealand ([http://www.innz.net.nz/ external link] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090814230546/http://www.innz.net.nz/ |date=2009-08-14 }})
ICOMOS Charter for the Interpretation and Presentation of Cultural Heritage Sites, International ([http://www.enamecharter.org/ external link])
ICOMOS International Committee on Interpretation and Presentation ([http://icip.icomos.org/ external link])
National Association for Interpretation, USA ([https://web.archive.org/web/20121030082515/http://www.interpnet.org/ external link])
Swedish Centre for Heritage Interpretation ([http://www.slu.se/en/collaborative-centres-and-projects/swedish-centre-for-nature-interpretation/ external link])

Notes

References

Beck, L.; Cable, T. (1998). Interpretation for the 21st Century: Fifteen guiding principles for interpreting nature and culture. Sagamore Publishing, {{ISBN|1-57167-133-1}}
Hadden, Robert Lee. "[http://www.netlibrary.com/summary.asp?id=42010 Reliving the Civil War: A reenactor's handbook]". Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 1999.
Ham, S. (1992). Environmental Interpretation: A Practical Guide for People with Big Ideas and Small Budgets. Fulcrum Publishing, {{ISBN|1-55591-902-2}}
Ham, S. (2009). From Interpretation to protection—Is there a theoretical basis? [http://www.interpnet.com/JIR/pdf/JIR-v14n2.pdf Journal of Interpretation Research, 14(2), 49-57]{{Dead link|date=January 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}.
Salazar, N. (2007). [https://web.archive.org/web/20150402094805/http://www.trrworld.org/article.php?aid=343&year=2007&vol=32&issue=3 Towards a global culture of heritage interpretation? Evidence from Indonesia and Tanzania]. Tourism Recreation Research, 32(3), 23–30.
Salazar, N. (2012). [http://www.berghahnbooks.com/title.php?rowtag=SalazarEnvisioning Envisioning Eden: Mobilizing imaginaries in tourism and beyond]. Oxford: Berghahn, {{ISBN|978-0-85745-903-9}}.
Silberman, N. (2006). "The ICOMOS Ename Charter Initiative: Rethinking the Role of Heritage Interpretation in the 21st Century." George Wright Forum
Tilden, F. (1957). Interpreting our Heritage. University of North Carolina Press, North Carolina {{ISBN|0-8078-4016-5}}

External links

[https://web.archive.org/web/20110827075420/http://www.jamescarter.cc/files/place.PDF A Sense of Place - An interpretive planning handbook. James Carter]
[http://www.interp.de/dokumente/topas_course_manual.pdf Basic Interpretive Skills - A Course Manual. Thorsten Ludwig]
[http://definitionsproject.com/ Definitions Project]
[http://www.doc.govt.nz/Documents/about-doc/role/policies-and-plans/interpretation-handbook-complete.pdf Distilling the Essence - New Zealand Department of Conservation Interpretation Handbook and Standard]
[http://www.heritagedestination.com/resource-centre.aspx Heritage Destination Consulting Interpretive Resource Library]
[http://www.diba.cat/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=63952a92-928c-4eb9-a698-587bea5cf637&groupId=99058 Heritage Interpretation Centres. The hicira handbook]* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090814171128/http://www.museumsgalleriesscotland.org.uk/what-we-do/collections-development/interpreting-collections/ Museums Galleries Scotland Interpretation Guidance]
[https://web.archive.org/web/20151119090639/http://www.snh.org.uk/wwo/Interpretation/default.html Scottish Natural Heritage Interpretation Guidance]
[https://web.archive.org/web/20080719170138/http://www.tourismtasmania.com.au/pdf/tas_ind_interpretation_manual.pdf Tasmanian Thematic Interpretation Planning Manual]
[https://web.archive.org/web/20070724074402/http://www.interpretscotland.org.uk/website/interpretscotland.nsf/byunique/pastissues.html The Interpret Scotland Journal - Back issues]
[https://web.archive.org/web/20130415062909/http://shinenet.net/ ShineNet.net, An on-line professional network for interpretation, environmental education, heritage education and non-formal education.]

Category:Hermeneutics

Category:Cultural heritage

Category:Museology

Category:Communication

Category:Environmental interpretation

Category:Heritage interpretation