Herodotus

Current scholars generally turn to Herodotus's own writing for reliable information about his life,{{rp|p=7}} supplemented with archaic yet much later sources, such as the Byzantine Suda, a 10th-century encyclopedia which possibly took its information from traditional accounts. Still, the challenge is great:

{{Blockquote|The data are so few – they rest upon such late and slight authority; they are so improbable or so contradictory, that to compile them into a biography is like building a house of cards, which the first breath of criticism will blow to the ground. Still, certain points may be approximately fixed [...]|G. Rawlinson{{rp|page=1}} |source= }}

Herodotus was, according to his own statement, at the beginning of his work, a native of Halicarnassus in Anatolia,{{Cite web |date=1873 |editor-last=Smith |editor-first=William |title=A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology, Hero'dotus |url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0104:entry=herodotus-bio-1 |access-date=5 August 2023 |website=www.perseus.tufts.edu |publisher=John Murray |place=London}} and it is generally accepted that he was born there around 485 BC. The Suda says his family was influential, that he was the son of Lyxes and Dryo and the brother of Theodorus, and that he was also related to Panyassis – an epic poet of the time.{{rp|at=Introduction}}{{rp|at=Introduction}} Halicarnassus was then within the Persian Empire, making Herodotus a Persian subject,{{cite book |last1=Dandamaev |first1=M.A. |author-link1=Muhammad Dandamayev |title=A Political History of the Achaemenid Empire |year=1989 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-09172-6 |page=153 |quote=The 'Father of History', Herodotus, was born at Halicarnassus, and before his emigration to mainland Greece was a subject of the Persian empire.}}{{cite book |last1=Kia |first1=Mehrdad |title=The Persian Empire: A historical encyclopedia |year=2016 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-61069-391-2 |page=161 |quote=At the time of Herodotus' birth southwestern Asia Minor, including Halicarnassus, was under Persian Achaemenid rule.}}

File:herodotusstatue.JPG, modern Bodrum, Turkey]]

Herodotus wrote his Histories in the Ionian dialect, in spite of being born in a Dorian settlement. According to the Suda, Herodotus learned the Ionian dialect as a boy living on the island of Samos, to which he had fled with his family from the oppressions of Lygdamis, tyrant of Halicarnassus and grandson of Artemisia. Panyassis, the epic poet related to Herodotus, is reported to have taken part in a failed uprising.{{Cite web |title=Histories of Herodotus |url=https://ia804708.us.archive.org/30/items/historiesofherod00herorich/historiesofherod00herorich_djvu.txt}}

The Suda also states that Herodotus later returned home to lead the revolt that eventually overthrew the despot. Due to recent discoveries of inscriptions at Halicarnassus dated to about Herodotus's time, it is now known that Ionic Greek was used in Halicarnassus in some official documents, so there is no need to assume (like the Suda) that he must have learned the dialect elsewhere.{{rp|page=11}} The Suda is the only source placing Herodotus as the heroic liberator of his birthplace, casting doubt upon the veracity of that romantic account.{{rp|page=11}}

As Herodotus himself reveals, Halicarnassus, though a Dorian city, had ended its close relations with its Dorian neighbors after an unseemly quarrel (I,144), and it had helped pioneer Greek trade with Egypt (II, 178). It was, therefore, an outward-looking, international-minded port within the Persian Empire, and the historian's family could well have had contacts in other countries under Persian rule, facilitating his travels and his researches.

Herodotus's eyewitness accounts indicate that he traveled in Egypt in association with Athenians, probably sometime after 454 BC or possibly earlier, after an Athenian fleet had assisted the uprising against Persian rule in 460–454 BC. He probably traveled to Tyre next and then down the Euphrates to Babylon. For some reason, possibly associated with local politics, he subsequently found himself unpopular in Halicarnassus, and sometime around 447 BC, migrated to Periclean Athens – a city whose people and democratic institutions he openly admired (V, 78). Athens was also the place where he came to know the local topography (VI, 137; VIII, 52–55), and leading citizens such as the Alcmaeonids, a clan whose history is featured frequently in his writing.

According to Plutarch,{{refn|Plutarch De Malign. Herod. II p. 862 A, cited by.{{rp|at=Introduction}}}} Herodotus was granted a financial reward by the Athenian assembly in recognition of his work. Plutarch, using Diyllus as a source, says this was 10 talents.{{Cite web|title=Plutarch on the Malice of Herodotus|url=http://www.bostonleadershipbuilders.com/plutarch/moralia/malice_of_herodotus.htm#26|access-date=26 January 2022|website=www.bostonleadershipbuilders.com}}

In 443 BC or shortly afterwards, he migrated to Thurii, in modern Calabria, as part of an Athenian-sponsored colony. Aristotle refers to a version of the Histories written by "Herodotus of Thurium", and some passages in the Histories have been interpreted as proof that he wrote about Magna Graecia from personal experience there (IV, 15,99; VI, 127). According to Ptolemaeus Chennus, a late source summarized in the Library of Photius, Plesirrhous the Thessalian, the hymnographer, was the eromenos of Herodotus and his heir. This account has also led some historians to assume Herodotus died childless. Intimate knowledge of some events in the first years of the Peloponnesian War (VI, 91; VII, 133, 233; IX, 73) suggests that he returned to Athens, in which case it is possible that he died there during an outbreak of the plague. It is also possible he died in Macedonia instead, after obtaining the patronage of the court there; or else he died back in Thurii. There is nothing in the Histories that can be dated to later than 430 BC with any certainty, and it is generally assumed that he died not long afterwards, possibly before his sixtieth year.

Herodotus would have made his researches known to the larger world through oral recitations to a public crowd. John Marincola writes in his introduction to the Penguin edition of the Histories that there are certain identifiable pieces in the early books of Herodotus's work which could be labeled as "performance pieces". These portions of the research seem independent and "almost detachable", so that they might have been set aside by the author for the purposes of an oral performance. The intellectual matrix of the 5th century, Marincola suggests, comprised many oral performances in which philosophers would dramatically recite such detachable pieces of their work. The idea was to criticize previous arguments on a topic and emphatically and enthusiastically insert their own in order to win over the audience.{{Cite book|author=Herodotus |title = The Histories|publisher = Penguin Books|year = 2003|page = xii|others = Introduction and notes by John Marincola |translator-first=Aubrey |translator-last=de Selincourt}}

It was conventional in Herodotus's day for authors to "publish" their works by reciting them at popular festivals. According to Lucian, Herodotus took his finished work straight from Anatolia to the Olympic Games and read the entire Histories to the assembled spectators in one sitting, receiving rapturous applause at the end of it.{{rp|page=14}} According to a very different account by an ancient grammarian,{{refn|Montfaucon's Bibliothec. Coisl. Cod. clxxvii p. 609, cited by.{{rp|page=14}}}} Herodotus refused to begin reading his work at the festival of Olympia until some clouds offered him a bit of shade – by which time the assembly had dispersed. (Hence the proverbial expression "Herodotus and his shade" to describe someone who misses an opportunity through delay.) Herodotus's recitation at Olympia was a favourite theme among ancient writers, and there is another interesting variation on the story to be found in the Suda: that of Photius{{refn|

Photius Bibliothec. Cod. lx p. 59, cited by Ralinson{{rp|page=15}}

}} and Tzetzes,{{refn|

Tzetzes Chil. 1.19, cited by.{{rp|page=15}}

}} in which a young Thucydides happened to be in the assembly with his father, and burst into tears during the recital. Herodotus observed prophetically to the boy's father: "Your son's soul yearns for knowledge."

Eventually, Thucydides and Herodotus became close enough for both to be interred in Thucydides's tomb in Athens. Such at least was the opinion of Marcellinus in his Life of Thucydides.{{refn|Marcellinus, in Vita. Thucyd. p. ix, cited by.{{rp|page=25}}}} According to the Suda, he was buried in Macedonian Pella and in the agora in Thurii.{{rp|page=25}}

File:HERODOTUS(1897) p2.387 THE WORLD ACCORDING TO HERDOTUS.jpg

Herodotus announced the purpose and scope of his work at the beginning of his Histories:

{{quote|Here are presented the results of the inquiry carried out by Herodotus of Halicarnassus. The purpose is to prevent the traces of human events from being erased by time, and to preserve the fame of the important and remarkable achievements produced by both Greeks and non-Greeks; among the matters covered is, in particular, the cause of the hostilities between Greeks and non-Greeks.|Herodotus, The Histories (tr. R. Waterfield, 2008)}}

His record of the achievements of others was an achievement in itself, though the extent of it has been debated. Herodotus's place in history and his significance may be understood according to the traditions within which he worked. His work is the earliest Greek prose to have survived intact. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, a literary critic of Augustan Rome, listed seven predecessors of Herodotus, describing their works as simple unadorned accounts of their own and other cities and people, Greek or foreign, including popular legends, sometimes melodramatic and naïve, often charming – all traits that can be found in the work of Herodotus himself.{{refn|,{{rp|page=23}} citing Dionysius On Thucydides}}

Modern historians regard the chronology as uncertain, but according to the ancient account, these predecessors included Dionysius of Miletus, Charon of Lampsacus, Hellanicus of Lesbos, Xanthus of Lydia and, the best attested of them all, Hecataeus of Miletus. Of these, only fragments of Hecataeus's works survived, and the authenticity of these is debatable,{{rp|page=27}} but they provide a glimpse into the kind of tradition within which Herodotus wrote his own Histories.

{{missing|section|substantive details of modern criticism|date=June 2024}}

It is on account of the many strange stories and the folk-tales he reported that his critics have branded him "The Father of Lies".{{rp|page=10}}{{cite web |url=http://www.loyno.edu/~history/journal/1998-9/Pipes.htm |title=Herodotus: Father of History, Father of Lies |access-date=16 November 2009 |first=David |last=Pipes |archive-date=27 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080127105636/http://www.loyno.edu/history/journal/1998-9/Pipes.htm |url-status=live }} Even his own contemporaries found reason to scoff at his achievement. In fact, one modern scholar has wondered whether Herodotus left his home in Greek Anatolia, migrating westwards to Athens and beyond, because his own countrymen had ridiculed his work, a circumstance possibly hinted at in an epitaph said to have been dedicated to Herodotus at one of his three supposed resting places, Thuria:

{{poemquote|Herodotus the son of Sphynx

lies; in Ionic history without peer;

a Dorian born, who fled from slander's brand

and made in Thuria his new native land.{{rp|page=13}}|sign=|source=}}

Yet it was in Athens where his most formidable contemporary critics could be found. In 425 BC, which is about the time that Herodotus is thought by many scholars to have died, the Athenian comic dramatist Aristophanes created The Acharnians, in which he blames the Peloponnesian War on the abduction of some prostitutes – a mocking reference to Herodotus, who reported the Persians' account of their wars with Greece, beginning with the rapes of the mythical heroines Io, Europa, Medea, and Helen.{{cite book |first=Lawrence A. |last=Tritle. |year=2004 |title=The Peloponnesian War |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |pages=147–148}}{{cite book |first=John |last=Hart |year=1982 |title=Herodotus and Greek History |publisher=Taylor and Francis |page=174}}

Similarly, the Athenian historian Thucydides dismissed Herodotus as a story-teller.{{rp|page=191}} Thucydides, who had been trained in rhetoric, became the model for subsequent prose-writers as an author who seeks to appear firmly in control of his material, whereas with his frequent digressions Herodotus appeared to minimize (or possibly disguise) his authorial control.{{cite book |translator-last1=Waterfield |translator-first1=Robin |editor-last1=Dewald |editor-first1=Carolyn |year=1998 |title=The Histories by Herodotus |publisher=Oxford University Press |place=Oxford, UK |at="Introduction", p. xviii|isbn=9780199535668}} Moreover, Thucydides developed a historical topic more in keeping with the Greek world-view: focused on the context of the polis or city-state. The interplay of civilizations was more relevant to Greeks living in Anatolia, such as Herodotus himself, for whom life within a foreign civilization was a recent memory.{{rp|page=191}}

{{quotation|Before the Persian crisis, history had been represented among the Greeks only by local or family traditions. The "Wars of Liberation" had given to Herodotus the first genuinely historical inspiration felt by a Greek. These wars showed him that there was a corporate life, higher than that of the city, of which the story might be told; and they offered to him as a subject the drama of the collision between East and West. With him, the spirit of history was born into Greece; and his work, called after the nine Muses, was indeed the first utterance of Clio.|R. C. Jebb|source={{cite book |first=Richard C. |last=Jebb |author-link=Richard Claverhouse Jebb |title=The Genius of Sophocles |title-link=s:The Genius of Sophocles#7 |at=section 7}}}}

Though Herodotus is generally considered a reliable source of ancient history, many present-day historians believe that his accounts are at least partially inaccurate, attributing the observed inconsistencies in the Histories to exaggeration.{{Cite web |title=8 Myth and Truth in Herodotus' Cyrus Logos |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/27438/chapter/197305154 |access-date=27 September 2023 |website=Oxford Academic|date=2012 |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199693979.003.0009 |last1=Chiasson |first1=Charles C. |pages=213–232 |isbn=978-0-19-969397-9 }}{{Cite web |last=Mark |first=Joshua J. |title=Herodotus |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/herodotus/ |access-date=27 September 2023 |website=World History Encyclopedia |language=en}}{{Cite web |last=Larkin |first=Patrick |date=11 March 2022 |title=Herodotus, Homer, and The Histories |url=https://you.stonybrook.edu/undergraduatehistoryjournal/2022/03/11/herodotus-homer-and-the-histories/#:~:text=He%20inflated%20these%20numbers%20for,for%20many%20students%20of%20history. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012152047/https://you.stonybrook.edu/undergraduatehistoryjournal/2022/03/11/herodotus-homer-and-the-histories/ |archive-date=12 October 2023 |access-date=27 September 2023 |website=Stony Brook Undergraduate History Journal |language=en-US}}

{{Columns-list|

• Al-Masudi, known as the Herodotus of the Arabs
• Herodotus Machine
• Historiography (the history of history and historians)
• Life of Homer (Pseudo-Herodotus)
• Sostratus of Aegina

}}

• C. Hude (ed.) Herodoti Historiae. Tomvs prior: Libros I–IV continens. (Oxford 1908)
• C. Hude (ed.) Herodoti Historiae. Tomvs alter: Libri V–IX continens. (Oxford 1908)
• H. B. Rosén (ed.) Herodoti Historiae. Vol. I: Libros I–IV continens. (Leipzig 1987)
• H. B. Rosén (ed.) Herodoti Historiae. Vol. II: Libros V–IX continens indicibus criticis adiectis (Stuttgart 1997)
• N. G. Wilson (ed.) Herodoti Historiae. Tomvs prior: Libros I–IV continens. (Oxford 2015)
• N. G. Wilson (ed.) Herodoti Historiae. Tomvs alter: Libri V–IX continens. (Oxford 2015)

Several English translations of Herodotus's Histories are available in multiple editions, including:

• Henry Cary, translation 1849: [https://archive.org/details/herodotusnewlite00hero text] Internet Archive
• George Rawlinson, translation 1858–1860. Public domain; many editions available, although Everyman's Library and Wordsworth Classics editions are the most common ones still in print. (revised in 1935 by A. W. Lawrence)
• George Campbell Macaulay, translation 1890, published in two volumes. London: Macmillan and Co.
• A. D. Godley 1920; revised 1926. Reprinted 1931, 1946, 1960, 1966, 1975, 1981, 1990, 1996, 1999, 2004. Available in four volumes from Loeb Classical Library, Harvard University Press. {{ISBN|0-674-99130-3}} Printed with Greek on the left and English on the right:
• A. D. Godley Herodotus : The Persian Wars : Volume I : Books 1–2 (Cambridge, Massachusetts 1920)
• A. D. Godley Herodotus : The Persian Wars : Volume II : Books 3–4 (Cambridge, Massachusetts 1921)
• A. D. Godley Herodotus : The Persian Wars : Volume III : Books 5–7 (Cambridge, Massachusetts 1922)
• A. D. Godley Herodotus : The Persian Wars : Volume IV : Books 8–9 (Cambridge, Massachusetts 1925)
• Aubrey de Sélincourt, originally 1954; revised by John Marincola in 1996. Several editions from Penguin Books available.
• David Grene, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985.
• Robin Waterfield, with an Introduction and Notes by Carolyn Dewald, Oxford World Classics, 1997. {{ISBN|978-0-19-953566-8}}
• Andrea L. Purvis, The Landmark Herodotus, edited by Robert B. Strassler. Pantheon, 2007. {{ISBN|978-0-375-42109-9}} with adequate ancillary information.
• Walter Blanco, Herodotus: The Histories: The Complete Translation, Backgrounds, Commentaries. Edited by Jennifer Tolbert Roberts. New York: W. W. Norton, 2013.
• Tom Holland, The Histories, Herodotus. Introduction and notes by Paul Cartledge. New York, Penguin, 2013.

{{notelist}}

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• {{cite book

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• {{cite book

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• {{cite journal

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• {{cite book

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• {{cite journal

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• {{cite book

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|year=1985

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• {{cite book

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{{Refend}}

{{refbegin|32em|indent=y}}

• {{cite book |editor1-last=Bakker |editor1-first=Egbert J. |editor-link1=Egbert Bakker |editor2-last=de Jong |editor2-first=Irene J.F. |editor3-last=van Wees |editor3-first=Hans |title=Brill's companion to Herodotus |year=2002 |publisher=E.J. Brill |location=Leiden |isbn=978-90-04-12060-0}}
• {{cite book |last=Baragwanath |first=Emily |year=2010 |title=Motivation and Narrative in Herodotus |series=Oxford Classical Monographs |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-964550-3 }}
• {{cite book | last1=Bury | first1=J.B. | author1-link=J. B. Bury | last2=Meiggs | first2=Russell | author2-link=Russell Meiggs | title=A History of Greece | year=1975 | publisher=MacMillan Press | location=London | pages=251–252 | isbn=978-0-333-15492-2| edition=Fourth }}
• {{cite book |last=De Selincourt |first=Aubrey |title=The World of Herodotus |year=1962 |publisher=Secker and Warburg |location=London}}
• {{cite book |editor1-last=Dewald |editor1-first=Carolyn |editor2-last=Marincola |editor2-first=John |title=The Cambridge companion to Herodotus |year=2006 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-0-521-83001-0}}
• {{cite book |last=Evans |first=J.A.S. |title=The beginnings of history: Herodotus and the Persian Wars |year=2006 |publisher=Edgar Kent |location=Campbellville, Ont. |isbn=978-0-88866-652-9}}
• {{cite book |last=Evans |first=J.A.S. |title=Herodotus |year=1982 |publisher=Twayne |location=Boston |isbn=978-0-8057-6488-8 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/herodotus0000evan }}
• {{cite book |last=Evans |first=J.A.S. |title=Herodotus, explorer of the past: three essays |year=1991 |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=Princeton, NJ |isbn=978-0-691-06871-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/herodotusexplore0000evan }}
• {{cite book |last=Flory |first=Stewart |title=The archaic smile of Herodotus |year=1987 |publisher=Wayne State University Press |location=Detroit |isbn=978-0-8143-1827-0}}
• {{cite book |last=Fornara |first=Charles W. |title=Herodotus: An Interpretative Essay |year=1971 |publisher=Clarendon Press |location=Oxford}}
• {{cite book |last=Giessen |first=Hans W. Giessen |title=Mythos Marathon. Von Herodot über Bréal bis zur Gegenwart |year=2010 |publisher=Verlag Empirische Pädagogik (= Landauer Schriften zur Kommunikations- und Kulturwissenschaft. Band 17) |location=Landau |isbn=978-3-941320-46-8}}
• {{cite book |last=Harrington |first=John W. |title=To see a world |year=1973 |publisher=G.V. Mosby Co. |location=Saint Louis |isbn=978-0-8016-2058-4}}
• {{cite journal |last=Hartog |first=François |title=The Invention of History: The Pre-History of a Concept from Homer to Herodotus |journal=History and Theory |volume=39 |year=2000 |pages=384–395 |doi=10.1111/0018-2656.00137 |issue=3}}
• {{cite book |last=Hartog |first=François |title=The mirror of Herodotus: the representation of the other in the writing of history |year=1988 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |isbn=978-0-520-05487-5 |others=Janet Lloyd, trans}}
• {{cite book |editor1-last=How |editor1-first=Walter W. |editor2-last=Wells |editor2-first=Joseph |title=A Commentary on Herodotus |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/24146 |year=1912 |publisher=Clarendon Press |location=Oxford |access-date=26 July 2011 |archive-date=9 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009012256/http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/24146 |url-status=live }}
• {{cite book |last=Hunter |first=Virginia |title=Past and process in Herodotus and Thucydides |year=1982 |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=Princeton, NJ |isbn=978-0-691-03556-7}}
• {{cite book |last=Immerwahr |first=H. |title=Form and Thought in Herodotus |year=1966 |publisher=Case Western Reserve University Press |location=Cleveland}}
• {{cite book |last=Kapuściński |first=Ryszard |title=Travels with Herodotus |year=2007 |publisher=Knopf |location=New York |isbn=978-1-4000-4338-5 |others=Klara Glowczewska, trans}}
• {{cite book |last=Lateiner |first=Donald |title=The historical method of Herodotus |year=1989 |publisher=Toronto University Press |location=Toronto |isbn=978-0-8020-5793-8}}
• Pitcher, Luke (2009). Writing Ancient History: An Introduction to Classical Historiography. New York: I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd.
• {{cite book |last=Marozzi |first=Justin |author-link=Justin Marozzi |title=The way of Herodotus: travels with the man who invented history |year=2008 |publisher=Da Capo Press |location=Cambridge, MA |isbn=978-0-306-81621-5}}
• {{cite book |last=Momigliano |first=Arnaldo |title=The classical foundations of modern historiography |year=1990 |publisher=Univ. of California Press |location=Berkeley |isbn=978-0-520-06890-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780520078703 }}
• {{cite book |last=Myres |first=John L. |title=Herodotus : father of history |year=1971 |publisher=Henry Regnrey |location=Chicago |isbn=978-0-19-924021-0}}
• {{cite book |last=Pritchett |first=W. Kendrick |title=The liar school of Herodotus |year=1993 |publisher=Gieben |location=Amsterdam |isbn=978-90-5063-088-7}}
• {{cite EB9 |wstitle = Herodotus |volume= XI |last= Rawlinson |first= George |author-link= George Rawlinson| pages=756-759 |short=1}}
• {{cite journal |last=Selden |first=Daniel |title=Cambyses' Madness, or the Reason of History |journal=Materiali e Discussioni per l'Analisi dei Testi Classici |volume=42 |issue=42 |year=1999 |pages=33–63|doi=10.2307/40236137 |jstor=40236137 }}
• {{cite book |last=Thomas |first=Rosalind |title=Herodotus in context: ethnography, science and the art of persuasion |year=2000 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-0-521-66259-8}}
• Waters, K.H. (1985). Herodotus the Historian: His Problems, Methods and Originality. Beckenham: Croom Helm Ltd.

{{refend}}

{{commons category}}

{{wikiquote}}

{{wikisource author}}

{{wikisourcelang|el|Ηρόδοτος|Ἡρόδοτος}}

{{Library resources box |by=yes |onlinebooks=yes |others=yes |about=yes |label=Herodotus}}

;Online texts

• {{StandardEbooks|Standard Ebooks URL=https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/herodotus}}
• {{Gutenberg author |id=828}}
• {{Internet Archive author}}
• {{Librivox author |id=173}}
• [http://classics.mit.edu/Herodotus/history.html The History of Herodotus], at The Internet Classics Archive (translation by George Rawlinson).
• [https://sacred-texts.com/cla/hh/index.htm Parallel Greek and English text of the History of Herodotus] at the Internet Sacred Text Archive
• [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126 Herodotus Histories] on the Perseus Project
• [https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0016.tlg001.perseus-grc2:1.1.0-1.1.4/ Herodotus Histories] on the Scaife Viewer
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20150504214024/https://www.livius.org/he-hg/herodotus/logoi.html Excerpts of Sélincourt's translation]
• {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20210411135500/https://www.paxlibrorum.com/books/histories/ The Histories of Herodotus]}}, A.D. Godley translation with footnotes ({{cite web |url=http://www.paxlibrorum.com/res/downloads/histories_5by8.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715055514/http://www.paxlibrorum.com/res/downloads/histories_5by8.pdf |url-status=usurped |archive-date=15 July 2011 |title=Direct link to PDF }} {{small|(14 MB)}})

;Other links

• [https://www.isidore-of-seville.com/herodotus/ Herodotus on the Web]
• [https://www.livius.org/he-hg/herodotus/herodotus01.htm Herodotus of Halicarnassus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301091829/http://www.livius.org/he-hg/herodotus/herodotus01.htm |date=1 March 2016 }} at Livius.org
• {{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Herodotus |volume=13 |pages=381–384 |short=1}}
• {{cite magazine

|url=http://www.newyorker.com/arts/critics/books/2008/04/28/080428crbo_books_mendelsohn

|title=Arms and the Man

|magazine=The New Yorker

|author=Mendelsohn, Daniel

|date=28 April 2008

|access-date=27 April 2008

}}

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