Herpes simplex virus 1
{{Short description|Species of virus}}
{{Virusbox
| name = Herpes simplex virus 1
| image = HSV-1-EM.png
| image_caption = 3D computer reconstruction of capsid
| parent = Simplexvirus
| species = Simplexvirus humanalpha1
| synonyms =
- Human alphaherpesvirus 1
- Herpes simplex virus 1
}}
Herpes simplex virus 1 (HHV-1 or HSV-1) is a species of virus in the genus Simplexvirus, subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae, family Herpesviridae, and order Herpesvirales.{{Cite web|url=https://talk.ictvonline.org/files/master-species-lists/m/msl/8266|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330100806/https://talk.ictvonline.org/files/master-species-lists/m/msl/8266|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 30, 2019|title=ICTV Master Species List 2018b.v2|website=International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)|access-date=19 June 2019}}{{cite web|url=https://ictv.global/taxonomy/taxondetails?taxnode_id=202301428&taxon_name=Simplexvirus%20humanalpha1|title=History of the taxon: Species: Simplexvirus humanalpha1 (2023 Release, MSL #39)|author=|date=|website=ictv.global|publisher=International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses|access-date=29 January 2025|quote=}}
Evolution
Herpes simplex virus 1 can be classified into six clades.{{cite journal |vauthors=Kolb AW, Ané C, Brandt CR | year = 2013 | title = Using HSV-1 genome phylogenetics to track past human migrations | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 8 | issue = 10| page = e76267 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0076267 | pmid=24146849 | pmc=3797750| bibcode = 2013PLoSO...876267K | doi-access = free }} Four of these occur in East Africa, one in East Asia and one in Europe and North America. This suggests that the virus may have originated in East Africa. The most recent common ancestor of the Eurasian strains appears to have evolved around 60,000 years ago.{{cite journal |vauthors=Bowden R, Sakaoka H, Ward R, Donnelly P | year = 2006 | title = Patterns of Eurasian HSV-1 molecular diversity and inferences of human migrations | journal = Infect Genet Evol | volume = 6 | issue = 1| pages = 63–74 | doi=10.1016/j.meegid.2005.01.004| pmid = 16376841 }}
Pathology
{{See also|Herpes simplex virus}}
Herpes simplex virus 1 infects humans, most often as cold sores. It is very common and contagious; about 67% of the world population under the age of 50 has Herpes simplex virus 1.{{cite web |title=Herpes simplex virus |website=World Health Organization |date=31 January 2017 |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs400/en/}} It is often acquired orally during childhood. It may also be sexually transmitted, including contact with saliva, such as kissing and mouth-to-genital contact (oral sex).{{cite web|title=EVERYTHING YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT HERPES|url=http://medweb.mit.edu/wellness/programs/herpes.html|date=2017-12-11}} The virus tends to reside in the trigeminal ganglia. This species appears to be particularly damaging to the nervous system, and some research has attributed Herpes simplex virus 1 infection to an increased risk of developing Alzheimer's disease. The virus interacts with the components and receptors of lipoproteins, which may lead to the development of Alzheimer's disease.{{cite journal |vauthors=Dobson CB, Itzhaki RF | title = Herpes simplex virus type 1 and Alzheimer's disease | journal = Neurobiol. Aging | volume = 20 | issue = 4 | pages = 457–65 | year = 1999 | pmid = 10604441 | doi = 10.1016/S0197-4580(99)00055-X | s2cid = 23633290 }} However, evidence for a relationship with Alzheimer's disease is mixed.{{cite journal |vauthors=Itzhaki RF, Lin WR, Shang D, Wilcock GK, Faragher B, Jamieson GA | title = Herpes simplex virus type 1 in brain and risk of Alzheimer's disease | journal = Lancet | volume = 349 | issue = 9047 | pages = 241–4 | date = January 1997 | pmid = 9014911 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(96)10149-5 | s2cid = 23380460 }} In 2011 Manchester University scientists showed that treating infected cells with antiviral agents decreased the accumulation of β-amyloid and tau protein, and also decreased replication of the virus.{{cite journal |vauthors=Wozniak MA, Frost AL, Preston CM, Itzhaki RF | year = 2011 | title = Antivirals Reduce the Formation of Key Alzheimer's Disease Molecules in Cell Cultures Acutely Infected with Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 6 | issue = 10| page = e25152 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0025152 | pmid=22003387 | pmc=3189195| bibcode = 2011PLoSO...625152W | doi-access = free }}
See also
- 2,3-Bis(acetylmercaptomethyl)quinoxaline, an antiviral agent against HHV-1
- Human alphaherpesvirus 2
References
{{Wikispecies}}
{{Reflist}}
{{Herpesvirales}}
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