Hey, Slavs
{{short description|Patriotic Slavic song}}
{{Infobox anthem
| title = {{lang|sh|Hej, Slaveni|italic=no}}
Hej, Sloveni
Hej, Slovani
Hej Slovenci
Hej Slováci
| english_title = Hey, Slavs
| alt_title = "Hej, Słowianie"
| image = Hej Slaveni 1944.png
| image_size =
| caption = A Serbo-Croatian language version print of the poem that would become the national anthem of Yugoslavia.
| prefix = Former national
| country =
Yugoslavia
Serbia and Montenegro
Slovak State
| author = Samo Tomášik
| lyrics_date = 1834
| composer = Polish composer unknown
| music_date = 18th century (arranged by Oskar Danon){{Cite book|title=Voices of Yugoslav Jewry|publisher=State University of New York Press|date=February 2012|first=Paul Benjamin|location=New York|last=Gordiejew|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ttK-vrBaolQC&dq=%22Oskar+Danon%22+hej+slaveni&pg=PA130|quote=Oskar Danon, a Jew from Sarajevo, often directed renditions of songs such as 'Hej, Sloveni,'|isbn=9781438404479|page=130}}
| adopted = 1939 (by Slovak State)
1945 (by Yugoslavia, de facto)
1977 (by Yugoslavia, de jure provisionally)
1988 (by Yugoslavia, de jure constitutionally)
1992 (by Serbia and Montenegro)
| until = 1945 (by Slovak State)
1992 (by Yugoslavia)
2006 (by Serbia and Montenegro)
| sound = United States Navy Band - Hey, Slavs.ogg
| sound_title = "Hey, Slavs" (instrumental, both verses)
}}
File:Hej Slovane ješte - Slovaska reč žije 1899.jpg
"Hey, Slavs" is a patriotic song dedicated to the Slavs and widely considered to be the Pan-Slavic anthem. It was adapted and adopted as the national anthem of various Slavic-speaking nations, movements and organizations during the late 19th and 20th century.
Its lyrics were first written in 1834 under the title "Hey, Slovaks" ("Hej, Slováci") by Samo Tomášik and it has since served as the anthem of the Pan-Slavic movement, the organizational anthem of the Sokol movement, and the national anthems of the First Slovak Republic, SFR Yugoslavia, and Serbia and Montenegro. It was composed to the tune of "Mazurek Dąbrowskiego" from 1797,{{cite book |last1=Kirschbaum |first1=Stanislav J. |title=Historical Dictionary of Slovakia |date=2014 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=9780810880290 |page=198 |edition=3rd}}{{cite book |editor1-last=Aitamurto |editor1-first=Kaarina |editor2-last=Simpson |editor2-first=Scott |title=Modern Pagan and Native Faith Movements in Central and Eastern Europe |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-84465-662-2 |pages=6, 49, 60}} which was adopted as the national anthem of Poland in 1926, but the Yugoslav variation has a slower tempo, is more accentuated, and does not repeat the last four lines as it repeats the last two lines.{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cZ1SUCpekyM|title=Mazurek Dąbrowskiego & Hej Slaveni|last=Yugopol|date=2 March 2011|via=YouTube|access-date=20 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141003132948/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cZ1SUCpekyM|archive-date=3 October 2014|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}} The composer is unknown, although modern renditions of the song often used a World War II-era arrangement by Oskar Danon.
Etymology
In Serbo-Croatian, which uses both the Latin and the Cyrillic alphabets, the song had been titled as (in Croatian and in Serbian standard, respectively):
- {{lang|sh-Latn|Hej, Slaveni}} or {{lang|sh-latn|Hej, Sloveni}} (in Latin)
- {{lang|sh-Cyrl|Хеј, Славени}} or {{lang|sh-Cyrl|Хеј, Словени}} (in Cyrillic)
In Macedonian the song's title is "Ej, Sloveni" (Cyrillic: {{lang|mk|Еј, Словени}}), and in Slovene, it is "Hej, Slovani". The original title in Slovak was "Hej, Slováci".
Slovakia
{{Unreferenced section|date=November 2020}}
{{listen
|title="Mazurek Dąbrowskiego"
|filename=Mazurek Dąbrowskiego (official instrumental).oga
|description=The Polish national anthem "Mazurek Dąbrowskiego", to which "Hey, Slavs" bears aesthetic similarity.}}
{{listen
|title="Hej, Slováci"
|filename=Hej, Slované.oga
|description="Hej, Slováci", This song was played when Slovak state declared independence from Czechoslovakia .
}}
The song was written initially in Czech by the Slovak Lutheran minister Samuel Tomášik while he was visiting Prague in 1834. He was appalled that German was more commonly heard in the streets of Prague than Czech.{{cite book |last1=Pavkovic |first1=Aleksandar |last2=Kelen |first2=Christopher |title=Anthems and the Making of Nation States: Identity and Nationalism in the Balkans (International Library of Twentieth Century History) |date=2015 |publisher=I.B. Tauris |isbn=978-1784531263 |pages=51–54, 56}} He wrote in his diary:
:"If mother Prague, the pearl of the Western Slavic world, is to be lost in a German sea, what awaits my dear homeland, Slovakia, which looks to Prague for spiritual nourishment? Burdened by that thought, I remembered the old Polish song Jeszcze Polska nie zginęła, kiedy my żyjemy ("Poland has not yet perished as long as we live."). That familiar melody caused my heart to erupt with a defiant Hej, Slováci, ešte naša slovenská reč žije ("Hey, Slovaks, our Slovak language still lives")... I ran to my room, lit a candle and wrote down three verses into my diary in pencil. The song was finished in a moment." (Diary of Samuel Tomášik, Sunday, 2 November 1834)
Tomášik left the instructions for his song to be performed to the melody of Dąbrowski's Mazurka: "It be sung as: Poland has not yet perished".
File:Flag of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.svg,Вилинбахов Г. В. [http://www.dissercat.com/content/gosudarstvennaya-geraldika-v-rossii-teoriya-i-praktika Государственная геральдика в России: Теория и практика] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427235359/http://www.dissercat.com/content/gosudarstvennaya-geraldika-v-rossii-teoriya-i-praktika |date=2015-04-27 }} {{in lang|ru}} which was also the Yugoslav national flag from 1918 to 1941 and from 1992 to 2006.]]
He soon altered the lyrics to include all Slavs and "Hey, Slavs" became a widely known rallying song for Slav nationalism and Pan-Slavic sentiment, especially in the West Slavic lands governed by Austria. It was printed in numerous magazines and calendars and sung at political gatherings, becoming an unofficial anthem of the Pan-Slavic movement.
Its popularity continued to increase when it was adopted as the organizational anthem of the Sokol ("falcon") physical education movement, which was based on Pan-Slavic ideals and active across Austria-Hungary. In 1905, the erection of a monument to the Slovene poet France Prešeren in Ljubljana was celebrated by a large gathering of people singing "Hey, Slavs". During the First World War, the song was often used by Slavic soldiers from opposite sides of the front line to communicate common nationalist sentiment and prevent bloodshed.
In Slovakia, the song "Hey, Slovaks" has been considered the unofficial ethnic anthem of the Slovaks throughout its modern history, especially at times of revolution.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}} Although after the First World War the song "Nad Tatrou sa blýska" became the official Slovak part in the national anthem of Czechoslovakia and then again in 1993 in anthem of independent Slovakia, "Hey, Slovaks" is still considered a "second" national anthem by many (usually more nationalistic) people. Contrary to popular assumption, there was no official state anthem of the clerofascist Slovak Republic (1939–45), though "Hej, Slováci" was used by the ruling party.
| class="wikitable" |
| Slovak variant
! English translation |
|---|
Hej, Slováci, ešte naša slovenská reč žije, Dokiaľ naše verné srdce za náš národ bije. Žije, žije, duch slovenský, bude žiť naveky, 𝄆 Hrom a peklo, márne vaše proti nám sú vzteky! 𝄇 Jazyka dar zveril nám Boh, Boh náš hromovládny, Nesmie nám ho teda vyrvať na tom svete žiadny; I nechže je koľko ľudí, toľko čertov v svete; 𝄆 Boh je s nami: kto proti nám, toho Parom zmetie. 𝄇 A nechže sa i nad nami hrozná búrka vznesie, Skala puká, dub sa láme a zem nech sa trasie; My stojíme stále pevne, ako múry hradné. 𝄆 Čierna zem pohltí toho, kto odstúpi zradne! 𝄇 | Hey, Slovaks, there still lives the Slovak language As long as our faithful heart beats for our nation! There lives, lives, lives the Slovak spirit, it will live for ages! Thunder and Hell, in vain are your rages against us! God entrusted to us our language our thunderwielding god. Therefore, it must not be ripped from us, by anyone in the world! Let there be as many devils, as there are people in the world God is with us: who's against us, will by Perun be swept Even if a tremendous storm rises above us, The stone cracks, the oak breaks, and the earth quakes! We will stand always firm like the castle walls, To pits of the black earth be damned whom betrays treacherously! |
Yugoslavia
File:Mazurek Dąbrowskiego and Hey, Slavs anthem music box.ogg
The first appearance of "Hey, Slavs" in Yugoslavia was during the Illyrian movement. Dragutin Rakovac translated the song, naming it "Hey, Illyrians" ({{langx|hr|Hej, Iliri}}). Until the Second World War, the translation did not undergo many changes, except that the Illyrians became Slavs.{{cite interview |url=https://www.bbc.com/serbian/lat/balkan-56804781 |title=Jugoslavija i istorija: "Hej Sloveni", pesma koja je bila više od himne |trans-title=Yugoslavia and history: "Hey Slavs", a song that was more than an anthem |interviewer-first=Tatjana |interviewer-last=Janković |first=Dario |last=Marušić |date=27 April 2021 |access-date=26 January 2023 |language=sh |publisher=BBC News na srpskom}}
In 1941 the Second World War engulfed the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. The Axis powers invaded in early April, and the Yugoslav royal army disintegrated and capitulated in just two and a half weeks. Since the old Yugoslav anthem included references to king and kingdom, the anti-royalist Partisan resistance led by Josip Broz Tito and his Communist party decided to avoid it and opted for "Hey, Slavs" instead. The song was sung at both the first and second sessions of AVNOJ, the legislative body of the resistance, and it gradually became the de facto national anthem of Democratic Federal Yugoslavia (new Yugoslavia).{{Cn|date=November 2020}}
The old state anthem was officially abandoned after liberation in 1945, but no new national anthem to replace it was officially adopted. There were several attempts to promote other, more specifically Yugoslav songs as the national anthem, but none gained much public support and "Hey, Slavs" continued to be used unofficially. The search for a better candidate continued up to 1988, while in 1977 the law only named the national anthem as "Hey, Slavs" as a temporary state anthem until a new one was adopted, which never happened.{{Cn|date=November 2020}}
"Hey, Slavs" under its Serbo-Croatian title "{{Lang|sh|Hej, Slaveni|italic=no}}" was therefore the national anthem of Yugoslavia for a total of 48 years, from 1943 to 1992. With the formal adoption (inauguration) of Amendment IX to the Constitution of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, the song "Hey, Slavs" gained constitutional sanction as the national anthem on November 25, 1988. After 43 years of continued use as the de facto national anthem, the delegates simply brought the law in line with custom.Amandmani IX do XLVII na Ustav Socijalističke Federativne Republike Jugoslavije, "Službeni list SFRJ", br. 70/88, No. 932, pp. 1793-1806
| class="wikitable" |
| colspan="2"|Serbo-Croatian (Latin/Cyrillic)
! English translation ! Slovene |
|---|
Hej Slaveni, jošte živi R[ij]eč (duh) naših d[j]edova Dok za narod srce bije Njihovih sinova Živi, živi duh slavenski Živjet će v[j]ekov'ma 𝄆 Zalud pr[ij]eti ponor pakla Zalud vatra groma 𝄇 Nek se sada i nad nama Burom sve raznese St[j]ena puca, dub se lama Zemlja nek se trese Mi stojimo postojano Kano klisurine 𝄆 Proklet bio izdajica Svoje domovine! 𝄇 | Хеј Словени, јоште живи Р[иј]еч (дух) наших д[ј]едова Док за народ срце бије Њихових синова Живи, живи дух словенски Живеће в[ј]еков'ма 𝄆 Залуд пр[иј]ети понор пакла, Залуд ватра грома 𝄇 Нек' се сада и над нама Буром све разнесе Ст[ј]ена пуца, дуб се лама, Земља нек' се тресе Ми стојимо постојано Кано клисурине, 𝄆 Проклет био издајица Своје домовине! 𝄇 | Hey, Slavs, there still lives the word (spirit) of our grandfathers While for the nation beats the heart of its sons! There lives, there lives the Slavic spirit, It will live for ages! 𝄆 In vain threatens the abyss of Hell In vain the fire of thunder! 𝄇 Let now everything above us be blown away by the bora. The stone cracks, the oak breaks, Let the earth quake! We stand firm like the big cliffs, 𝄆 May he be damned, the traitor of his homeland! 𝄇 | Hej Slovani, naša reč slovanska živo klije dokler naše verno srce za naš narod bije Živi, živi, duh slovanski, bodi živ na veke, 𝄆 grom in peklo, prazne vaše proti nam so steke 𝄇 Naj tedaj nad nami strašna burja se le znese, skala poka, dob se lomi, zemlja naj se strese Bratje, mi stojimo trdno kakor zidi grada, 𝄆 črna zemlja naj pogrezne tega, kdor odpada! 𝄇 |
| colspan="2"|Macedonian (Cyrillic/transliteration)
! colspan="2"|English translation |
Еј, Словени, жив е тука зборот свет на родот штом за народ срце чука преку син во внукот! Жив е вечно, жив е духот словенски во слога. 𝄆 Не нѐ плашат адски бездни ниту громов оган! 𝄇 Пустошејќи, нека бура и над нас се втурне! Пука даб и карпа сура, тлото ќе се урне: Стоиме на стамен-прагот - клисури и бедем! 𝄆 Проклет да е тој што предал Родина на врагот! 𝄇 | zborot svet na rodot štom za narod srce čuka preku sin vo vnukot! Živ e večno, živ e duhot slovenski vo sloga. 𝄆 Ne nè plašat adski bezdni nitu gromov ogan! 𝄇 Pustošejḱi, neka bura i nad nas se vturne! Puka dab i karpa sura, tloto ḱe se urne: Stoime na stamen-pragot - klisuri i bedem! 𝄆 Proklet da e toj što predal Rodina na vragot!}} 𝄇 | colspan="2"| Hey, Slavs, herein lives on the sacred word of our lineage as long as the heart beats for our nation from son to grandson! The Slavic spirit lives on forever in unity. 𝄆 Infernal abysses do not frighten us, nor the blazes of thunder. 𝄇 May a bora devastate and rage above us! Oak trees and ashen rocks will crack, the earth will cave in: For we stand at the doorstep of gorges and bulwarks! 𝄆 Cursed is he who betrays his homeland to the enemy! 𝄇 |
Serbia and Montenegro
After the break-up of Yugoslavia in 1991 and 1992, when only Serbia and Montenegro remained in the federation, "Hey, Slavs" continued to be used, as the national anthem of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY). Slobodan Milošević wanted to adopt “Hey, Slavs” as the Serbian anthem, but the Main Board of the Socialist Party of Serbia overruled it, feeling that it was inappropriate to reuse it after having assigned it to Yugoslavia, thus they assigned Serbia “March on the Drina” instead.{{cite hansard |jurisdiction=International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia|title=041116IT|url=https://www.icty.org/x/cases/slobodan_milosevic/trans/en/041116IT.htm|house=The Hague|date=November 16, 2004|page=33469|speaker=Mihailo Marković|position=witness}} The FRY was renamed to the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro in 2003 and was expected to adopt a new national anthem, but since no agreement over state symbols could be reached, "Hey, Slavs" remained the national anthem of the state. Many Serbs disliked the song during this period and booed it whenever it was played, such as at sporting events and football games.{{cite web|url=http://www.espn.com/espn/wire/_/section/soccer/id/2485949|title=Serbia-Montenegro a World Cup team without a country|publisher=Associated Press|date=15 June 2006|access-date=15 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616030741/http://www.espn.com/espn/wire/_/section/soccer/id/2485949|archive-date=16 June 2018|agency=Associated Press|url-status=live}}
A hybrid of the Montenegrin folk song (now national anthem) "Oj, svijetla majska zoro" with the former (now current) Serbian national anthem, "Bože Pravde" in alternating verses was proposed (similarly to Czechoslovakia, whose anthem consisted of the Czech part "Kde domov můj" and the Slovak part "Nad Tatrou sa blýska"). However, this attempt was struck down after objections by the People's Party of Montenegro and the Socialist People's Party of Montenegro. Also proposed was the former Montenegrin national anthem and patriotic song "Onamo, 'namo", however this also fell through and "Hey, Slavs" remained the national anthem. Since Montenegro and Serbia dissolved their union and split to become sovereign states in 2006, this issue is moot, as "Hey, Slavs" is no longer used as an official national anthem by any sovereign state. In a way, "Hey, Slavs" ended up outliving the countries that used it, as the last instance of it being officially played as part of an event was at the 2006 FIFA World Cup,{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TuxVc3w9mMQ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/TuxVc3w9mMQ| archive-date=2021-12-11 |url-status=live|title=national anthem serbia & montenegro - netherlands 2006 himna srbija i crna gora nizozemska 2006|last=LEO al grito de gol 2012|date=5 June 2017 |via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C0qQIRrDhsk |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/C0qQIRrDhsk| archive-date=2021-12-11 |url-status=live|title=anthem serbia and montenegro world cup 2006 vs ivory coast|last=LEO RENMEN TV|date=23 May 2018 |via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}} where the Serbia and Montenegro national football team participated despite the country they were playing for no longer existing (having disbanded a few days before the tournament began).
Even after the end of the federation, "Hey, Slavs" was sometimes still mistakenly played by organizers of sports events that involve Serbian teams as a guest side. Notable performances, some of which were intentional, include the 2013 UEFA U-19 Championship semi-final football match between Serbia and Portugal as well as the Olympiacos–Partizan ULEB Champions league basketball game in 2010.{{cite web|url=http://www.kurir-info.rs/bruka-na-ep-orlici-slusali-hej-sloveni-umesto-boze-pravde-clanak-914103|title=BRUKA NA EP: Orlići slušali Hej Sloveni umesto Bože pravde!|access-date=2013-07-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731193049/http://www.kurir-info.rs/bruka-na-ep-orlici-slusali-hej-sloveni-umesto-boze-pravde-clanak-914103|archive-date=2013-07-31|url-status=live}}{{Cite web|url=http://www.pressonline.rs/sport/ostali-sportovi/96327/grci-namerno-pustili-himnu-hej-sloveni.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305201758/http://www.pressonline.rs/sport/ostali-sportovi/96327/grci-namerno-pustili-himnu-hej-sloveni.html|url-status=dead|title='Grci namerno pustili himnu "Hej, Sloveni"?'|archivedate=March 5, 2014}} In 2015, French organizers of 2015 European Touring Car Cup season erroneously played "Hey, Slavs" when Serbian racing driver Dušan Borković won 1st place at Circuit Paul Ricard.{{cite web|title=USPEH BORKOVIĆA U SENCI SKANDALA: Srpskom automobilisti na podijumu pustili Hej Sloveni|url=http://www.kurir.rs/sport/ostali-sportovi/video-uspeh-borkovica-u-senci-skandala-srpskom-automobilisti-na-podijumu-pustili-hej-sloveni-clanak-1836853|publisher=Kurir|access-date=29 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630191447/http://www.kurir.rs/sport/ostali-sportovi/video-uspeh-borkovica-u-senci-skandala-srpskom-automobilisti-na-podijumu-pustili-hej-sloveni-clanak-1836853|archive-date=30 June 2015|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}
In popular culture
The Yugoslav band Bijelo Dugme recorded a version of the song for their 1984 self-titled album.{{cite web|url=http://www.discogs.com/Bijelo-Dugme-Bijelo-Dugme/release/1351158|title=Bijelo Dugme - Bijelo Dugme|website=Discogs|access-date=2014-01-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101173511/http://www.discogs.com/Bijelo-Dugme-Bijelo-Dugme/release/1351158|archive-date=2014-01-01|url-status=live}} The Yugoslav and Slovenian band Laibach recorded an electronic version of the song, with lyrics in both English and Slovene, for their 2006 album Volk.{{Allmusic|class=album|id=r858483|pure_url=yes}} The song is also featured in the 2002 Slovenian film Headnoise.{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gIeI4MLfRnY |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/gIeI4MLfRnY| archive-date=2021-12-11 |url-status=live|title=Zaporniki pojejo Hej Slovani|last=Mornarnavy|date=24 February 2012 |via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}
See also
References
{{Reflist}}
External links
{{Wikisource}}
{{Commons category|Hey, Slavs}}
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20120502193724/http://www.nationalanthems.me/socialist-federal-republic-of-yugoslavia-hey-slavs/ Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia anthem with audio, information and lyrics] (archived 2 May 2012)
- {{webarchive |url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20011128160810/http%3A//www.iarelative.com/nss1946/slovaci.htm |title=Story of original Slovak text with artistic translation |date=28 November 2001}}
{{Former anthems of Europe}}
{{Pan-Slavism}}
{{Authority control}}
Category:Historical national anthems
Category:National symbols of Yugoslavia
Category:Yugoslav Partisan songs