Hezbollah political activities

{{see also|Loyalty to the Resistance Bloc|March 8 Alliance}}

The Loyalty to the Resistance Bloc is the political wing of Hezbollah in the Lebanese parliament.{{cite web |url=http://www.naharnet.com/stories/en/37247 |title=Fadlallah Hits Back at March 14 over Karam Release, Marouni Slams 'Treason Accusations |publisher=Naharnet |date=April 18, 2013}} Hezbollah through the bloc has participated in the Lebanese parliament[http://www.cfr.org/publication/9155/ Hezbollah] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060927093727/http://www.cfr.org/publication/9155/ |date=2006-09-27 }}. Council on Foreign Relations. Referenced February 11, 2008. since the 1992 Lebanese general election, when it won 12 of the 128 seats. Hezbollah won 7 seats at the 1996 election and 10 at the 2000 election.

The Bloc and Amal formed and dominate the March 8 Alliance. At the 2005 election, the Alliance won 27.3% of the seats, including all 23 seats in southern Lebanon. Hezbollah and Amal won 14 seats each.[http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2006-07/13/content_640287.htm "Introduction of Hezbollah in Lebanon"]. China Daily. 7/13/2006. Referenced February 11, 2008. Both parties have been part of national unity governments since November 2005. Hezbollah has had two ministers in these governments and has endorsed a third, while Amal has had three ministers.{{cite web |url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2014/Feb-15/247481-members-of-lebanons-new-government.ashx#axzz35Uhs6HzH |title=Members of Lebanon's new government |work=The Daily Star |date=February 15, 2014}}{{cite news |url=http://menafn.com/1095125797/Lebanon-announces-cabinet-line-up-under-chairmanship-of-Hariri |title=Lebanon announces cabinet line-up under chairmanship of Hariri |publisher=Kuwait News Network |access-date=2016-12-31 }}

At the 2009 election, Hezbollah won 12 seats, while Amal won 13. At the 2018 election, Hezbollah won 13 seats while Amal won 16. The Bloc is currently led by Hezbollah member and prominent Shi'a politician Mohammad Raad.{{cite web |url=http://nowlebanon.com/NewsArchiveDetails.aspx?ID=353157 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120713013224/http://nowlebanon.com/NewsArchiveDetails.aspx?ID=353157 |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 13, 2012 |title=Hezbollah's Raad slams UN chief |publisher=Now Lebanon |date=January 16, 2012}}

At the 1998 municipal elections, Hezbollah won control of about 15% of contested municipalities. In 2004, Hezbollah won control of 21% of municipalities.{{Citation needed|date=May 2007}}

Fouad Siniora formed a national unity government in July 2005, consisted of all the main political blocs in the Lebanese parliament, except for the Free Patriotic Movement (FPM)-led bloc headed by General Michel Aoun. For the first time, Hezbollah was represented in the cabinet,{{cite journal|last=Knudsen|first=Are|title=The Law, the Loss and the Lives of Palestinian Refugees in Lebanon |journal=CMI |year=2007 |volume=1| url=http://bora.cmi.no/dspace/bitstream/10202/24/1/WP%202007-1.pdf|accessdate=20 March 2013}} holding two of the 30 cabinet positions, and endorsing a third, Fawzi Salloukh: Muhammad Fneish and Trad Hamadeh.[http://yalibnan.com/site/archives/2005/07/_lineup_of_leba.php YaLibnan Wednesday, "Lineup of Lebanon's new Cabinet"; 20 July, 2005] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061111122633/http://yalibnan.com/site/archives/2005/07/_lineup_of_leba.php |date=2006-11-11 }}[http://lebanesebloggers.blogspot.com/2005/07/lineup-check-names.html LebaneseBloggers, " The Lineup: Check the Name", 15 July, 2005] Although Hezbollah joined the 2005 government, reportedly in exchange for assurances regarding its military apparatus, it has remained staunchly opposed to the March 14 coalition's hegemonic ambitions.[http://www.mideastmonitor.org/issues/0604/0604_1.htm The Counter-revolution of the Cedars] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716112837/http://www.mideastmonitor.org/issues/0604/0604_1.htm |date=2011-07-16 }}

On the other hand, FPM and Hezbollah have allied to resist the 14 March coalition's bid for hegemony. In February 2006, after weeks of committee-level negotiations, Michel Aoun and Hassan Nasrallah signed a memorandum of understanding that called for a broad range of reforms, from guaranteeing equal media access for candidates to allowing expatriate voting, that would level the slanted political playing field underlying the Hariri-Jumblatt coalition's grip on power. The FPM-Hezbollah memorandum met with virtually unanimous assent in the Shiite community and, according to a poll by the Beirut Center for Research and Information, 77% approval in the Christian community. The memorandum called for a reform of electoral law including proportional representation.[http://www.mideastmonitor.org/issues/0602/0602_3.htm Memorandum of Joint Understanding between Hezbollah and the Free Patriotic Movement] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060721025303/http://www.mideastmonitor.org/issues/0602/0602_3.htm |date=2006-07-21 }}

Fneish, Energy and Water Minister in the cabinet, was quoted as saying "We are a political force that took part in the polls under the banner of defending the resistance and protecting Lebanon and got among the highest level of popular backing ... Hezbollah's resistance (against Israel) does not in any way contradict its political role. If joining the government and parliament is a national duty, then so is defending the country."Gulf Times (Reuters) [http://www.gulf-times.com/site/topics/article.asp?cu_no=2&item_no=53862&version=1&template_id=37&parent_id=17 Hezbollah seeks talks over arms]

The five Shi’ite members of the cabinet resigned on 11 November 2006 because of Siniora's agreement to the UN draft plan for the formation of the Special Tribunal for Lebanon to investigate the assassination of Rafik Hariri, who was killed on 14 February 2005.{{cite journal|last=Khashan|first=Hilal|title=Saad Hariri's Moment of Truth|journal=Middle East Quarterly|date=Winter 2011|volume=XVIII|issue=1|pages=65–71|url=http://www.meforum.org/2820/saad-hariri-moment-of-truth|accessdate=11 March 2013}} The Special Tribunal, along with an independent investigation carried out by Lebanese brigadier general Wissam Al-Hassan, found compelling evidence for the responsibility of Hezbollah in the assassination.[https://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/15/magazine/the-hezbollah-connection.html nytimes.com 15/2/2015]{{cite news | url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/cbc-investigation-who-killed-lebanon-s-rafik-hariri-1.874820= | title=CBC Investigation: Who killed Lebanon's Rafik Hariri? – inquiry chief | access-date=2019-10-02 | archive-date=2020-02-23 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223180102/https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/cbc-investigation-who-killed-lebanon-s-rafik-hariri-1.874820= | url-status=dead }}{{cite news|last=Issacharoff |first=Avi |url=http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/report-hariri-tribunal-to-link-top-hezbollah-figures-to-assassination-1.323683 |title=Report: Hariri tribunal to link top Hezbollah figures to assassination |publisher=Haaretz |date=2010-11-09 |accessdate=2012-10-23}}

{{Main|2006–2008 Lebanese protests}}

Image:Dec 10 2006 anti-government rally Beirut.jpg

On 1 December 2006,MPLBelgique.org (December 1, 2011). [http://mplbelgique.wordpress.com/2011/12/01/retrospective-decembre-2006-retour-sur-le-mouvement-dopposition-au-gouvernement-siniora/ "Rétrospective – décembre 2006 : Retour sur le mouvement d’opposition au gouvernement Siniora… où joie et bonne humeur contrastent avec la haine prônée aujourd’hui par le clan Hariri"]. hundreds of thousands of demonstrators amassed peacefully in downtown Beirut,Associated Press (December 2, 2006). [http://news.ninemsn.com.au/article.aspx?id=167943 "Hizbollah supporters protest in Beirut"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100901043123/http://news.ninemsn.com.au/article.aspx?id=167943 |date=2010-09-01 }}. Retrieved December 1, 2006. a day after Hassan Nasrallah in a televised address had called on people from "different regions, thoughts, beliefs, religions, ideologies and different traditions" to take part[http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/8F0A41D6-900E-4BA7-81B0-D6A74CAFD47D.htm AlJazeera International] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070103130109/http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/8F0A41D6-900E-4BA7-81B0-D6A74CAFD47D.htm |date=2007-01-03 }}, 11/30/2006 "for the formation of a National Unity government", because they "want to preserve Lebanon's independence and its sovereignty, prevent Lebanon from falling under any foreign tutelage, to strengthen the foundations of security, stability and civil peace, to cooperate in addressing the suffocating social and economic crisis, to address the political crises through true representation of all Lebanese movements and groups, to give real participation in the country's administration and to deal with various crises and face various existing challenges local, regional and international",[http://www.moqawama.org/english/_amen222.php?filename=20061130180624026 Nasrallah`s speech on the invitation to participate in an open sit-in in Beirut] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928202330/http://www.moqawama.org/english/_amen222.php?filename=20061130180624026 |date=2007-09-28 }}

Police estimated the crowd to number approximately 800,000, while Hezbollah claimed it was larger. By nighttime, several thousand protestors remained to begin a sit-in, setting up tents and vowing to not leave until Prime Minister Fouad Siniora resigns.The New York Times (December 1, 2006). [https://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/01/world/middleeast/01cnd-lebanon.html?hp&ex=1165035600&en=67d200735b613ff6&ei=5094&partner=homepage "Protesters Seek Leader's Ouster in Lebanon"]. Retrieved December 1, 2006.BBC News (December 1, 2006). [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/6200804.stm "Political ferment in Lebanon"]. Retrieved December 1, 2006.

In the 2008 Government, again led by Siniora, another national unity government, Hezbollah and Amal each had two ministers in the 30-member cabinet. Muhammad Fneish was the Hezbollah minister, while Fawzi Salloukh was closely associated with Hezbollah.

In the 2011 Government, led by Najib Mikati, a national unity government, Hezbollah and Amal each again had two ministers in the 30-member cabinet. The Hezbollah ministers were Hussein Hajj Hassan and Muhammad Fneish.

In the April 2013 Government, led by Tammam Salam, a national unity government, Hezbollah and Amal each again had two ministers in the 24-member cabinet. The Hezbollah ministers were Hussein Hajj Hassan and Muhammad Fneish.

In the December 2016 Government, led by Saad Hariri, a national unity government, Hezbollah had two ministers in the 30-member cabinet and Amal had three. The Hezbollah ministers were Hussein Hajj Hassan and Muhammad Fneish.

In the January 2019 Government, again led by Hariri, a national unity government, Hezbollah had two ministers in the 30-member cabinet and Amal had three. The Hezbollah ministers were Muhammad Fneish and Mahmoud Kmati. The government was forced to resign on the 29 October 2019 following mass protests

In the January 2020 Government, led by Hassan Diab, a national unity government, Amal and Hezbollah had two ministers each in the 20-member cabinet. Hamad Hasan and Imad Hoballah were the Hezbollah ministers. On 10 August 2020, the government resigned following public anger over the explosions that took place in Beirut six days earlier.{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-53722909|title=Beirut explosion: Lebanon's government resigns as public anger mounts|work=BBC News|date=August 10, 2020|accessdate=August 10, 2020}}

Hezbollah has sought to maintain an image of incorruptibility, yet in 2009, Salah Izz al-Din, a figure with close ties to the group, was implicated in a fraudulent pyramid scheme that defrauded Shiite investors out of approximately one billion dollars.{{Cite book |last=Norton |first=Augustus R. |title=Hezbollah: a short history |date=2018 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-18088-5 |edition=3rd |series=Princeton studies in Muslim politics |location=Princeton, New Jersey |pages=169}} The scandal, which involved affluent emigrants from southern Lebanon, was a major embarrassment for Hezbollah and sparked widespread anger and public debate about corruption within the organization.{{Cite book |last=Norton |first=Augustus R. |title=Hezbollah: a short history |date=2018 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-18088-5 |edition=3rd |series=Princeton studies in Muslim politics |location=Princeton, New Jersey |pages=170}}

Hezbollah also faced public backlash in June 2013 following accusations that its fighters looted property during clashes with supporters of Sheikh Ahmad al-Assir. Despite the group's efforts to portray its forces as disciplined and incorruptible, these incidents further eroded its public image. In response, religious leaders from Tripoli called for jihad against Hezbollah, further destabilizing Lebanon and undermining public order.{{Cite book |last=Norton |first=Augustus R. |title=Hezbollah: a short history |date=2018 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-18088-5 |edition=3rd |series=Princeton studies in Muslim politics |location=Princeton, New Jersey |pages=172}}

In areas like the Beqaa Valley, Hezbollah's control is contested by fiercely autonomous local tribes, as demonstrated by a 2013 incident in which a tribe kidnapped more than 40 individuals in retaliation for the capture of one of its members by Syrian forces.{{Cite book |last=Norton |first=Augustus R. |title=Hezbollah: a short history |date=2018 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-18088-5 |edition=3rd |series=Princeton studies in Muslim politics |location=Princeton, New Jersey |pages=171}}

The Taif Agreement signed in October 1989 to end of the Lebanese civil war, besides other things, called for the disarmament of all national and non-national militias. Hezbollah was allowed to stay armed in its capacity as a "resistance force" rather than a militia, fighting Israel in the south, a privilege obtained – according to the Swedish academic Magnus Ranstorp – in part by using its leverage as holder of a number of Western hostages.Ranstorp, Magnus, Hizb'allah in Lebanon: The Politics of the Western Hostage Crisis, New York, St. Martins Press, 1997, p. 105 UNSC Resolution 1559, adopted on 2 September 2004, besides other things, called on all Lebanese and non-Lebanese militias to disband. However, on 7 May 2005, Lebanese prime minister, Najib Mikati, declared: "Our terminology -- Hezbollah -- is not a militia. It's a resistance."{{cite news|publisher=CNN|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/meast/05/06/lebanon.report/index.html |title=Hezbollah disarmament unclear|date=May 7, 2005|accessdate=2006-08-05}}

Hezbollah militias and Israel fought the 2006 Lebanon War, which began on 12 July 2006, precipitated by the 2006 Hezbollah cross-border raid. On 5 August 2006, Lebanese prime minister, Fouad Siniora, said that "the continued presence of Israeli occupation of Lebanese lands in the Shebaa Farms region is what contributes to the presence of Hezbollah weapons. The international community must help us in (getting) an Israeli withdrawal from Shebaa Farms so we can solve the problem of Hezbollah's arms".{{cite news|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1Y1-95778358.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611135258/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1Y1-95778358.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 11, 2014|title=Israelis, Hezbollah Clash Again in Lebanon|publisher=AP|via=Highbeam |url-access=subscription |date=July 20, 2006|accessdate=2014-05-04}}

On 11 August 2006, the United Nations Security Council unanimously approved United Nations Security Council Resolution 1701 (UNSCR 1701) in an effort to end the hostilities. The resolution was approved by both the Lebanese and Israeli governments and called for disarmament of Hezbollah, for withdrawal of the IDF from Lebanon, and for the deployment of the Lebanese Armed Forces in the south. The conflict ended on 14 August 2006.

In 2009, a Hezbollah commander, speaking on condition of anonymity, said, "[W]e have far more rockets and missiles [now] than we did in 2006."{{cite news|url=http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull&cid=1257455206498 |title=Hizbullah says it's getting ready for a new war with Israel |work=Jerusalem Post |date=8 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120201003017/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull&cid=1257455206498 |archive-date=1 February 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }} As at October 2019, Hezbollah has still not disarmed or disbanded its militias nor has the Lebanese army deployed to south Lebanon, on the border with Israel.

• Ideology of Hezbollah
• Hezbollah military activities
• Hezbollah foreign relations
• Loyalty to the Resistance Bloc

{{notelist}}

{{reflist|1}}

• [http://www.swans.com/library/art13/jelloun3.html Hezbollah's Democratic Demands] by Mohammed Ben Jelloun, Swans Commentary, January 15, 2007.
• [http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2007/832/op92.htm Hizbullah's two republics] Al-Ahram Weekly, February 15–21, 2007.
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20080531140647/http://www.cfr.org/publication/16378/powerful_political_movement.html?breadcrumb=%2F Hezbollah: Most Powerful Political Movement in Lebanon]
• [http://almashriq.hiof.no/lebanon/300/320/324/324.2/hizballah/warn/ A Voice of Resistance: the Point of View of Hizballah - perceptions, goals and strategies of an Islamic movement in Lebanon], by Mats Wärn, Department of Political Science, Stockholm University
• [http://almashriq.hiof.no/lebanon/300/320/324/324.2/hizballah/warn2/index.html Staying the Course: the "Lebanonization" of Hizbollah - the integration of an Islamist movement into a pluralist political system], by Mats Wärn, Department of Political Science, Stockholm University

{{Lebanese political parties}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hezbollah Political Activities}}

P

es:Actividades políticas de Hezbolá