Higher Officers' Courses

The courses were officially known as:

• 1 April 1921 – 15 July 1923: Higher Officers' Courses (Aukštieji karininkų kursai)
• 15 July 1923 – 15 February 1930: Higher Officers' Courses of Grand Duke of Lithuania Vytautas the Great (Aukštieji karininkų Didžiojo Lietuvos kunigaikščio Vytauto kursai){{sfn|Žigaras|2007|p=110}}
• 15 February 1930 – 10 December 1938: Officers' Courses of Vytautas the Great (Vytauto Didžiojo karininkų kursai){{sfn|Žigaras|2007|p=110}}
• 10 December 1938 – 15 June 1940: Higher War School of Vytautas the Great (Vytauto Didžiojo aukštoji karo mokykla)

When newly independent Lithuania began building its own armed forces in late 1918, it recruited Lithuanians who had previously served with the Russian Imperial Army during World War I. The men had varied background and education.{{sfn|Žigaras|2008|p=5}} There was a dire need for courses for officers but due to the difficult post-war conditions, lack of qualified instructors, and ongoing Lithuanian Wars of Independence the first temporary courses for officers were held in January–August 1920. The courses had two sections – pioneer (lasting three months) and infantry (lasting six weeks). The courses were commanded by British Lt Col Roger Henry Monck-Mason (25 January to 2 March) and Lithuanian pulkininkas Aleksandras Uspenskis (2 March to 16 August).{{sfn|Žigaras|2008|p=6}}

The permanent Higher Officers' Courses were established on 1 April 1921 by the order of the Minister of Defense in Kaunas.{{sfn|Žigaras|2008|pp=7–8}} They were supposed to last five months.{{sfn|Žigaras|2007|p=101}} The official opening of the courses took place on 13 April.{{sfn|Žigaras|2008|p=13}} The beginnings were difficult – there were not enough lecturers, there were no textbooks, about half of the lectures were held in Russian due to poor Lithuanian language skills, etc.{{sfn|Žigaras|2008|pp=13–14}} Due to increased international tensions, the courses were suspended from 1 June to 20 September 1921.{{sfn|Žigaras|2008|pp=14–15}} The first class of 50 officers graduated on 30 January 1922.{{sfn|Žigaras|2008|p=15}} The courses were extended to eight months, placed greater emphasis on tactics and wargames, and added foreign language (English, French, German) lessons so that graduates could follow foreign military press. The second class of 69 officers graduated on 6 October 1922.{{sfn|Žigaras|2008|p=16}}

The statute of the courses was finally adopted by the Constituent Assembly of Lithuania on 3 October 1922.{{sfn|Žigaras|2008|p=16}} The courses continued to improve their conditions. For example, lecturers published textbooks and lecture notes, library amassed sufficient military literature, a proper dormitory was obtained for students, etc.{{sfn|Žigaras|2008|pp=19–20}} In July 1923, the courses organized the first demonstrations of its tactical exercises. At the same time, the courses organized its first celebration on 15 July commemorating the Polish–Lithuanian victory in the Battle of Grunwald in 1410. President Aleksandras Stulginskis renamed the courses in honour of the Grand Duke Vytautas the Great who commanded Lithuanian forces in the battle.{{sfn|Žigaras|2008|p=20}} Later, demonstrations of tactical exercises became part of the graduation ceremonies.{{sfn|Žigaras|2008|p=32}}

File:Listeners and lecturers of the Higher Officers' Courses with Lithuanian heads of state and military in 1929.jpg

The curriculum of the officers' courses was inconsistent and sometimes contradictory to the teaching of junior officers at War School of Kaunas. To fix this, the war school was subordinated to the officers' courses from November 1923 for about two years.{{sfn|Žigaras|2008|pp=27–28}} In November 1923, the courses relocated from the city center to larger premises in Panemunė.{{sfn|Žigaras|2008|p=27}} With the relocation, the courses were expanded by adding an artillery section. These artillery courses lasted two years and the first class of 15 men graduated on 15 July 1925.{{sfn|Žigaras|2008|p=29}} Due to very different backgrounds and experience of the men, the courses had to spend a lot of time on teaching general subjects and in particular math before advancing to more specialized artillery topics. Therefore, the next class had to complete preparatory math courses and pass entrance examinations. This delayed the start date of the next artillery courses to November 1926.{{sfn|Žigaras|2008|pp=29–30}} The relocation also allowed the courses to establish courses for physical education instructors who would then teach soldiers gymnastics, fencing, and athletics. The physical education studies began on 10 July 1924.{{sfn|Žigaras|2008|p=30}}

In September 1926, the government decided to expand the Higher Officers' Courses by merging in previously independent Higher Courses of Military Technology (established in January 1924 with construction and electrotechnics sections) and Aviation Courses (established in 1919).{{sfn|Žigaras|2008|p=33}} Due to administrative delays, the merger was completed only in March 1927.{{sfn|Žigaras|2008|p=40}} This was done to reduce costs, remove duplication of efforts, and standardize military education.{{sfn|Žigaras|2008|pp=33–34}} Thus the expanded officers' courses had six sections: general, artillery, engineering (with construction and fortifications subsections), technical (with communication and automobile subsections), aviation, and physical education.{{sfn|Žigaras|2008|p=37}} The courses lasted a year in the general section, six months in the physical education section, and two years in other sections.{{sfn|Žigaras|2008|p=38}} The students received free housing as well as the same salary as while on active duty. In return, the men were required to serve in the Lithuanian Army for twice the length of their studies.{{sfn|Žigaras|2008|p=39}} In the 1928–1929 academic year, the courses had 62 lecturers.{{sfn|Žigaras|2008|p=56}}

The general section was suspended in November 1928 as the military determined there were enough officers with this kind of education.{{sfn|Žigaras|2008|p=42}} The artillery section prepared 83 officers in five classes (last one in 1933).{{sfn|Žigaras|2008|p=44}} The engineering section prepared two classes of 31 officers (14 men graduated in February 1929 and 17 men graduated in February 1932).{{sfn|Žigaras|2008|p=45}} The technical section prepared three classes of officers: 16 men graduated in January 1928, 12 men in July 1930, and 18 men in December 1932.{{sfn|Žigaras|2008|pp=46, 48}} The aviation section prepared two classes of aviators: 15 men graduated in July 1927, 9 men in February 1930, and 19 men in May 1932.{{sfn|Žigaras|2008|pp=49, 51}} In 1932, the aviation section was again spun out as a separate two-year Military Aviation School.{{sfn|Žigaras|2008|p=52}} The physical education section prepared about 100 men in five classes (last one in 1930).{{sfn|Žigaras|2008|p=31}} In total, Higher Officers' Courses prepared 704 officers.{{sfn|Žigaras|2008|p=71}}

In addition to permanent courses, the Higher Officers' Courses also held one-time specialized courses. For example, courses were held for military chaplains in May 1922, active infantry officers in October–November 1922, military intelligence officers in November 1922, military officials and clerks in September–December 1926, reserve officers in November–December 1927, commanders of divisions and regiments in October 1929 – July 1930, topographers in October 1930 – June 1931.{{sfn|Žigaras|2007|p=106}}{{sfn|Žigaras|2008|pp=19, 21, 59–61, 63, 65}} There were also some temporary courses that were repeated several times: for military administrators (in 1933, 1935, 1939), machine gun operators (in 1932, 1934, 1935), military firemen (in 1928, 1932).{{sfn|Žigaras|2008|pp=61–65}}

In June 1933, after the establishment of the General Staff section, the general and artillery sections were transferred to the War School of Kaunas and the engineering and technical sections to the director of military technology.{{sfn|Žigaras|2008|p=104}}

{{multiple image

| align = right

| direction = vertical

| footer = One of the Higher Military School buildings in Panemunė in 2012 (now Barracks of Vytautas the Great Jaeger Battalion) and in 1926

| width = 200

| image1 = Jėgerių bataliono kareivinės (buv. Aukštoji karo mokykla) Panemunėje.JPG

| image2 = Karo mokykla A. Panemunėje, 1926.jpg

}}

Due to lack of a higher military school, every year, Lithuania would send several promising officers to various military academies abroad. This was expensive and insufficient for the needs of the Lithuanian Army.{{sfn|Žigaras|2008|p=83}} The idea for a Lithuanian higher military school was publicly raised by Petras Kubiliūnas.{{sfn|Žigaras|2008|pp=83, 90}} Preparations for the establishment of the General Staff section began in 1927.{{sfn|Žigaras|2008|p=86}} It was intended to prepare not only officers but also commanders.{{sfn|Žigaras|2008|p=91}} The section was finally established on 1 April 1932 which elevated the courses to the status of a higher military school.{{sfn|Žigaras|2008|p=71}} However, it continued to operate under the old name of Officers' Courses of Vytautas the Great until a law enacted on 10 December 1938 changed its name to the Higher War School of Vytautas the Great.{{sfn|Žigaras|2008|p=117}}

Candidates for the General Staff courses had to pass two rounds of examinations in spring and fall 1931 and complete a traineeship during the summer.{{sfn|Žigaras|2008|p=93}} Twenty men were admitted.{{sfn|Žigaras|2008|p=95}} The main military subjects were taught by the officers of the General Staff who had received education abroad.{{sfn|Žigaras|2008|p=97}} The men could specialize in infantry, artillery, cavalry, aviation, or engineering.{{sfn|Žigaras|2008|p=116}} The first class of 18 men graduated on 18 May 1934.{{sfn|Žigaras|2008|pp=98–99}} The ceremony, which included a Catholic mass held by Vladas Mironas, was attended by President Antanas Smetona and many of the government ministers which indicated how significant the school was for the government.{{sfn|Žigaras|2008|p=99}}

The second class was supposed to star its studies in fall 1934 but they were delayed to 1 March 1935 – as the military began implementing reforms initiated by Stasys Raštikis, commanders realized that they needed more trained officers and wanted to admit additional students to the military school.{{sfn|Žigaras|2008|p=105}} Three officers were sent to study at the military academies in Paris, Prague, and Brussels.{{sfn|Žigaras|2008|p=106}} The officers had to complete a traineeship (14.5 months in various military units, General Staff, or proving ground) and 28 months of academic study.{{sfn|Žigaras|2008|p=108}} The academic studies emphasized practical exercises, war games, experiments over theory.{{sfn|Žigaras|2008|pp=114, 132}} 20 officers, including Vytautas Bulvičius and Antanas Impulevičius, graduated in June 1937.{{sfn|Žigaras|2008|p=111}} Candidates to the third class took entrance examinations in October 1936 – out of 34 candidates only 22 were admitted and began their studies in September 1937.{{sfn|Žigaras|2008|pp=113–114}} In December 1938, the school had 23 lecturers.{{sfn|Žigaras|2008|p=126}} The third class of 19 officers graduated in July 1939.{{sfn|Žigaras|2008|p=126}} There were at least 96 applications to the fourth class but only 25 were admitted (including one man from the Latvian Army).{{sfn|Žigaras|2008|pp=116, 135}}

In August 1934, the Officers' Courses of Vytautas the Great established courses for intendants (officers responsible for supplies and other logistics).{{sfn|Žigaras|2008|p=106}} The first and only class admitted only eight officers who graduated in June 1937.{{sfn|Žigaras|2008|pp=108–109, 117}}

The fourth class began its studies on 1 September 1939 – already after the start of World War II.{{sfn|Žigaras|2008|p=134}} The studies were interrupted by mobilization orders of 17 September and resumed on 22 November.{{sfn|Žigaras|2008|p=135}}

In early 1940, the school began the selection process for the fifth class – 110 men passed the first round of examinations; of them, 77 were selected for the second examination round in fall 1940.{{sfn|Žigaras|2008|p=136}} However, Soviet Union occupied Lithuania on 15 June 1940. The Lithuanian Army was ordered to not resist the occupation and was gradually transformed into the Red Army's 29th Lithuanian Territorial Rifle Corps. As the officers completed their first study year on 17 June, they were ordered to return to their units. The school's name was changed to remove the reference to Vytautas the Great and then it was abolished on 30 September.{{sfn|Žigaras|2008|p=136}} Many of the officers were later arrested and repressed by the Soviet NKVD.{{sfn|Žigaras|2008|p=137}}

{{Officeholder table start

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| officeholder_title = Commander

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}}

{{Officeholder table

| order = 1

| image = Maksimas Katche.JPG

| military_rank =

| officeholder = Maksimas Katche

| officeholder_sort = Katche

| born_year = 1879

| died_year = 1933

| term_start = 24 March 1921{{sfn|Žigaras|2008|p=9}}

| term_end = 29 July 1921{{sfn|Žigaras|2008|p=15}}

| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1921|03|24|1921|07|29}}

}}

{{Officeholder table

| order = 2

| image =

| military_rank =

| officeholder = {{ill|Leonas Radus-Zenkavičius|lt}}

| officeholder_sort = Radus-Zenkavičius

| born_year = 1874

| died_year = 1946

| term_start = 29 July 1921{{sfn|Žigaras|2008|p=15}}

| term_end = 9 February 1928{{sfn|Žigaras|2008|p=68}}

| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1921|07|29|1928|02|08}}

}}

{{Officeholder table

| order = 3

| image =

| military_rank =

| officeholder = {{ill|Vladas Skorupskis|lt}}

| officeholder_sort = Skorupskis

| born_year = 1895

| died_year = 1981

| term_start = 9 February 1928{{sfn|Žigaras|2008|p=68}}

| term_end = 8 March 1929{{sfn|Žigaras|2008|p=68}}

| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1928|02|09|1929|03|08}}

}}

{{Officeholder table

| order = 4

| image =

| military_rank =

| officeholder = Bruno Štencelis

| officeholder_sort = Štencelis

| born_year =

| died_year =

| term_start = 8 March 1929{{sfn|Žigaras|2008|p=68}}

| term_end = 14 August 1929{{sfn|Žigaras|2008|p=70}}

| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1929|03|08|1929|08|14}}

}}

{{Officeholder table

| order = 5

| image =

| military_rank =

| officeholder = {{ill|Stasys Dirmantas|lt}}

| officeholder_sort = Dirmantas

| born_year = 1887

| died_year = 1975

| term_start = 14 August 1929{{sfn|Žigaras|2008|p=70}}

| term_end = 24 August 1933{{sfn|Žigaras|2008|p=70}}

| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1929|08|14|1933|08|24}}

}}

{{Officeholder table

| order = 6

| image =

| military_rank =

| officeholder = Petras Kubiliūnas

| officeholder_sort = Kubiliūnas

| born_year = 1894

| died_year = 1946

| term_start = 24 August 1933{{sfn|Žigaras|2008|p=70}}

| term_end = 7 June 1934{{sfn|Žigaras|2008|p=70}}

| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1933|08|24|1934|06|07}}

}}

{{Officeholder table

| order = 7

| image =

| military_rank =

| officeholder = {{ill|Vladas Karvelis|lt}}

| officeholder_sort = Karvelis

| born_year = 1901

| died_year = 1981

| term_start = 23 November 1936{{sfn|Žigaras|2008|p=110}}

| term_end = 7 June 1940{{sfn|Žigaras|2008|p=136}}

| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1936|11|23|1940|06|07}}

}}

{{Officeholder table

| order = 8

| image = General Stasys Rastikis (1896–1985).jpg

| military_rank =

| officeholder = Stasys Raštikis

| officeholder_sort = Raštikis

| born_year = 1896

| died_year = 1985

| term_start = 7 June 1940{{sfn|Žigaras|2008|p=136}}

| term_end = 30 September 1940{{sfn|Žigaras|2008|p=136}}

| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1940|06|07|1940|11|30}}

}}

{{Officeholder table end}}

Some of the prominent faculty of the courses included:

{{columns-list|colwidth=35em|

• Vaclovas Biržiška, bibliographer{{sfn|Žigaras|2008|p=13}}
• Teodoras Daukantas, Minister of Defense{{sfn|Žigaras|2008|p=29}}
• Antanas Gustaitis, airplane constructor{{sfn|Žigaras|2008|p=57}}
• Vladas Jurgutis, banker{{sfn|Žigaras|2008|p=97}}
• Maksimas Katche, Chief of the General Staff{{sfn|Žigaras|2008|p=13}}
• {{ill|Ignas Končius|lt}}, physicist{{sfn|Žigaras|2008|p=41}}
• Petras Kubiliūnas, collaborator with Nazi Germany{{sfn|Žigaras|2008|p=56}}
• Juozas Papečkys, Minister of Defense{{sfn|Žigaras|2008|p=13}}
• Stasys Raštikis, commander of the Lithuanian Army{{sfn|Žigaras|2008|p=126}}
• Michał Pius Römer, attorney{{sfn|Žigaras|2008|p=97}}
• Kazys Škirpa, founder of the Lithuanian Activist Front{{sfn|Žigaras|2008|p=68}}
• Juozas Tumas-Vaižgantas, priest and writer{{sfn|Žigaras|2008|p=13}}
• Vincas Vitkauskas, commander of the Lithuanian Army{{sfn|Žigaras|2008|p=56}}
• Konstantinas Žukas, Minister of Defense{{sfn|Žigaras|2008|p=13}}
• Mykolas Kalmantas, military officer and chairman of the Lithuanian Riflemens Union

}}

{{reflist|20em}}

• {{cite encyclopedia |first=Kazimieras |last=Tamašauskas |date=31 August 2020 |origyear=2002 |url=https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/aukstoji-karo-mokykla/ |title=Aukštoji karo mokykla |encyclopedia=Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija |publisher=Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos centras |lang=lt}}
• {{cite book| first=Feliksas |last=Žigaras |chapter=Lietuvos kariuomenės karininkų rengimo ir jų kvalifikacijos tobulinimo sistema (1919–1940 m.) |pages=18–160 |editor-first=Algirdas |editor-last=Ažubalis |title=Karo pedagogika lietuvoje (1918–1940 m.) |url=https://etalpykla.lituanistikadb.lt/fedora/objects/LT-LDB-0001:B.03~2007~1367160153145/datastreams/DS.001.0.01.BOOK/content |language=lt |publisher=Generolo Jono Žemaičio Lietuvos karo akademija |location=Vilnius |year=2007 |isbn=978-9955-423-58-4}}
• {{cite book| first=Feliksas |last=Žigaras |title=Lietuvos kariuomenės karininkų rengimo ir jų kvalifikacijos kėlimo sistema 1919-1940 |volume=2 |url=https://dspace.lka.lt/bitstream/handle/123456789/42/2018-Zigaras-LT_kariuomenes_karininku_rengimo-IId.pdf |language=lt |publisher=Generolo Jono Žemaičio Lietuvos karo akademija|location=Vilnius |year=2008 |isbn=978-609-8074-87-1}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:Military schools

Category:Military education and training in Lithuania

Category:1921 establishments in Lithuania

Category:Educational institutions established in 1921

Category:1940 disestablishments in Lithuania

Category:Educational institutions disestablished in 1940

Category:Defunct schools in Kaunas

Category:Defunct military academies

Category:History of education in Lithuania