Higher education in Italy#Universities

File:Archiginnasio ora blu Bologna.jpg, established in AD 1088, is the world's oldest academic institution]]

File:ChiostroPietroMartireNapoli.jpg, University of Naples Federico II in Italy is the world's oldest state-funded university in continuous operation.{{Cite book |title=Storia d'Italia |date=7 August 1981 |publisher=UTET |isbn=88-02-03568-7 |volume=4 |location=Torino |page=122|language=it}}{{cite book|first=Fulvio|last=Delle Donne|title=Storia dello Studium di Napoli in età sveva|publisher=Mario Adda Editore|year=2010|language=it|isbn=978-8880828419|pages=9–10}}]]

File:Chiostro Unicatt.jpg, an Italian private research university founded in 1921. Its main campus is located in Milan, Italy, with satellite campuses in Brescia, Piacenza, Cremona and Rome. Degrees are offered both in Italian and in English.{{cite web|url=http://www.learn4good.com/universities/search_study_abroad_university_programs.htm |title=Catholic universities in Europe, Italy study abroad, Milan semester programs |publisher=Learn4Good |date=2012-01-07 |access-date=2012-07-23}}]]

Higher education in Italy is mainly provided by a large and international network of public and state affiliated universities. State-run universities of Italy are under the supervision of Italian's Ministry of Education. There is also a number of private universities and state-run post-secondary educational centers providing a vocational instruction.

Italian universities are among the oldest universities in the world. In particular the University of Bologna (founded in 1088, the oldest university in the world), the University of Padua, founded in 1222, and the University of Naples, founded in 1224, are among the most ancient state universities in Europe.{{cite web|last=Kamp|first=Norbert|title=Federico II di Svevia, Imperatore, Re di Sicilia e di Gerusalemme, Re dei Romani|url=http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/federico-ii-di-svevia-imperatore-re-di-sicilia-e-di-gerusalemme-re-dei-romani_(Federiciana)|publisher=Treccani|accessdate=28 September 2011}}{{cite web|title=Cenni Storici|url=http://www.unina.it/ateneo/cenni/index.jsp|publisher=Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II|accessdate=28 September 2011|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928175347/http://www.unina.it/ateneo/cenni/index.jsp|archivedate=28 September 2011}} Most universities in Italy are state-supported.

33 Italian universities were ranked among the world's top 500 in 2019, the third-largest number in Europe after the United Kingdom and Germany.{{cite web |url=https://jakubmarian.com/number-of-top-ranked-universities-by-country-in-europe/ |title=Number of top-ranked universities by country in Europe |publisher=jakubmarian.com |date=2019}} The Bocconi University, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, LUISS, Polytechnic University of Turin, Polytechnic University of Milan, Sapienza University of Rome, and University of Milan are also ranked among the best in the world.{{cite web |url=http://www.shanghairanking.com/ARWU2015.html |title=Academic Ranking of World Universities 2015 |publisher=Shanghai Ranking Consultancy |date=2015 |access-date=29 October 2015|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151030134046/http://www.shanghairanking.com/ARWU2015.html |archive-date=30 October 2015}}

In 2023, 385,952 students graduated, of which 57,3 % are womenhttps://ustat.mur.gov.it/dati/didattica/italia/atenei

Structure

=Universities=

Universities in Italy fits the framework of the Bologna Process since the adoption, in 1999, of the so-called 3+2 system. The first level degree is the Laurea triennale that can be achieved after three years of studies. Selected students can then complete their studies in the following step: two additional years of specialization which leads to the Laurea Magistrale.

The "Laurea triennale" corresponds roughly to a bachelor's degree while the "Laurea Magistrale" corresponds to a master's degree. Only the Laurea Magistrale grants access to third cycle programmes (Post-MA degrees, doctorates or specializing schools), that last 2 to 5 years (usually completing a PhD takes 3 years). However, there is just a single five-year degree "Laurea Magistrale Quinquennale" (Five-Year Master of Arts) for some programmes such as Law (Facoltà di Giurisprudenza), Arts (Accademia di Belle Arti) and Music (Conservatorio di Musica). Medical schools (Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia) are part of some universities and they only offer six-year courses. The title for MA/MFA/MD/MEd graduate students is Dottore (abbreviation in Dott./Dott.ssa or Dr., meaning Doctor). This title is not to be confused with the PhD and Post-MA graduates, whose title is Dottore di Ricerca (Research Doctor or Philosophy Doctor).

The Italian master's degree should not be confused with Italian "Masters" that are one-year specialistic postgraduate courses which guarantee a more practical education but do not necessarily give access to doctoral studies.

Universities in Italy can be divided into 4 groups:

state-funded public universities: this category comprises most Italian universities, particularly the largest institutions.
universities funded by other public authority (other than the state, such as Provinces): this is the case of the Free University of Bozen-Bolzano.
private universities officially recognized by the Ministry of Education.
superior graduate schools, which focus only on postgraduate education.

==Superior Graduate Schools==

File:Pisa Palazzo della Carovana.JPG, Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa main building]]

The Superior Graduate School (Grandes écoles)[http://www.ricercaitaliana.it/scuole_eccellenza.htm Ricerca Italiana – Scuole di Eccellenza] or Scuola Superiore Universitaria offer recognized national and international titles, including the Diploma di Perfezionamento equivalent to a Doctorate, Dottorato di Ricerca i.e. Research Doctorate or Doctor Philosophiae i.e. Ph.D.[http://www.istruzione.it/alfresco/d/d/workspace/SpacesStore/8efd760c-b779-4716-9566-2338ddff59e1/07_allegato_4_equipollenze_perfezionamenti_e_dottorati.pdf Ministry of Education, Universities and Research (MIUR) Decree] and are recognized by the Ministry of Education, Universities and Research (Italy) (MIUR)[http://www.miur.it Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca] as fully autonomous. Some of them also organize courses master's degree, individually, or jointly with the universities with whom they work like Bologna Business School or MIP Politecnico di Milano.

There are three Superior Graduate Schools with "university status", three institutes with the status of Doctoral Colleges, which function at graduate and post-graduate level. Nine further schools are direct offshoots of the universities (i.e. do not have their own 'university status').

The first one is the Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa (founded in 1810 by Napoleon as a branch of École Normale Supérieure), taking the model of organization from the famous École Normale Supérieure.

Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies also has long history of existence within overall Italian educational excellence, as its origins are in Collegio Medico-Giuridico of Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa and Conservatorio di Sant’Anna, an even older educational institution originating its roots in the 14th century.[http://www.gazzettaufficiale.biz/atti/2011/20110301/11A16355.htm Statuto della Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna] in Gazzetta Ufficialeil 28 dicembre 2011

These institutions are commonly referred to as "Schools of Excellence" (i.e. "Scuole di Eccellenza").[http://scuoledieccellenza.it/ Scuole di Eccellenza]

=Professional higher education=

File:Collegio castiglioni facciata.jpg, University of Pavia, Lombardy]]

Higher education in Italy is mainly covered by universities ([https://www.fiorerosalba.com/accreditamento-universita/ Sistema di accreditamento degli studi universitari MIUR e verifica standard qualitativi ANVUR]) and superior graduate schools, with almost no professional or vocational school following the secondary education. This is considered a weak point of the Italian post-secondary education.{{cite web |url=http://www.linkiesta.it/scuole-professionali-germania-italia |title=L'Italia senza veri istituti professionali non riparte {{!}} Linkiesta.it |website=www.linkiesta.it |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515034958/http://www.linkiesta.it/scuole-professionali-germania-italia |archive-date=2013-05-15}} However, Italian system provides a few vocational schools and courses. There are two main vocational paths after having obtained a secondary degree: those courses called "Istruzione e Formazione Tecnica Superiore" (IFTS; "Higher technical training and education"), and the "Istituti Tecnici Superiori" (ITS; "Higher technical institutes").

The first ones, IFTS, were established in the late nineties and are managed on regional basis. An IFTS course lasts between 1 and 2 years and it is usually strictly connected with a secondary school specialised in the same field of studies. These courses were generally unsuccessfully: in 2007 on a number of 450.000 students with a secondary degree, only 2430 of them (0,54%) followed an IFTS course. The ITS, created in 2008, lasts 2 years and are managed by a secondary institute in collaboration with local universities or institutions.

In 2013, only 59 professional higher courses were available.

Gallery

POLIMI Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32 - on the right the building 3.jpg|The Polytechnic University of Milan, Lombardy, is the city's oldest university, founded in 1863. It is the best university in Italy.{{cite web|title=QS World University Rankings 2018.|url=https://www.topuniversities.com/universities/politecnico-di-milano#wurs|publisher=QS World University Rankings|accessdate=9 October 2017}}

File:Sant'Ivo alla Sapienza -Rome.jpg|Sapienza University of Rome, Lazio. . It was founded in 1303 and is as such one of the world's oldest universities,{{Cite web |date= |title=La Storia |url=https://www.uniroma1.it/it/pagina/la-storia}} and with 122,000 students, it is the largest university in Europe.{{Cite web |title=Chi Siamo |url=https://www.uniroma1.it/it/pagina/chi-siamo}}

File:Pisa Palazzo della Carovana.JPG|Palazzo della Carovana, Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa main building, Tuscany. Currently attended by about 600 undergraduate and postgraduate (PhD) students. Together with the University of Pisa and Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, it is part of the Pisa University System.{{Cite web |title=Pisan University System |url=http://www.unipi.it/english/university/uniandpisa/Pisan-University-System.htm_cvt.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708200623/http://www.unipi.it/english/university/uniandpisa/Pisan-University-System.htm_cvt.htm |archive-date=8 July 2011 |access-date=4 June 2011}}

File:Milano, ca' granda, 01.jpg|University of Milan, Lombardy. The 15th century Ca' Granda designed by the Renaissance period architect Filarete is the headquarters of the University of Milan

Valentino castle.jpg|Polytechnic University of Turin, Piedmont. It is ranked (QS World University Rankings) 28th worldwide for Mechanical Engineering, 22nd for Petroleum Engineering, 21st for Architecture and is among the top 100 (52nd) engineering and technology universities in the world.{{Cite web |url= https://www.topuniversities.com/universities/politecnico-di-torino |title=About Politecnico di Torino|website=Top Universities |language=en}}

Palazzo Giustinian + Ca' Foscari Venedig.jpg|Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Veneto. Its teaching and research is centred around economics & business, humanities, and modern languages.{{Cite web |title=Home |url=http://www.unive.it/pag/252/ |access-date=2022-05-03 |website=Università Ca' Foscari Venezia |language=it}}

References

=Historical=

Denley, Peter. "‘Medieval’,‘Renaissance’,‘modern’. Issues of periodization in Italian university history." Renaissance Studies 27.4 (2013): 487-503.
Deplano, Valeria. "Making Italians: colonial history and the graduate education system from the liberal era to Fascism." Journal of Modern Italian Studies 18.5 (2013): 580-598.
Lazzini, Arianna, Giuseppina Iacoviello, and Rosella Ferraris Franceschi. "Evolution of accounting education in Italy, 1890–1935." Accounting History 23.1-2 (2018): 44-70 [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Arianna_Lazzini/publication/319145361_Evolution_of_accounting_education_in_Italy_1890-1935/links/5d601dec458515d6102061a6/Evolution-of-accounting-education-in-Italy-1890-1935.pdf online].
Minio-Paluello, L. Education In Fascist Italy (1946) [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.61580 online]
Montgomery, Walter A. Education in Italy (1919) [https://archive.org/details/educationinitaly00mont online]
Papi, Luca, et al. "Accounting for power and resistance: The University of Ferrara under the Fascist regime in Italy." Critical Perspectives on Accounting 62 (2019): 59–76.
Pomante, Luigiaurelio. "The Researches on the History of University and Higher Education in Italy: A Critical Appraisal of the Last Twenty Years." The Researches on the History of university and Higher Education in Italy (2010): 1000–1031.

Italy