Hilary Cass

{{Infobox medical person

| honorific_prefix = The Right Honourable

| name = The Baroness Cass

| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|sep=,|OBE|FRCP|FRCPCH}}

| image = Hilary Cass (cropped) (1).jpg

| caption = Cass in 2012

| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1958|02|19|df=y}}

| birth_place = London, England

| death_date =

| death_place =

| education = Royal Free Hospital Medical School

| occupation = Paediatrician

| known_for = {{plainlist|

Founder of the UK's Rett Clinic for Children with Rett syndrome (1992)
President of the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health (2012–2015)
Cass Review (2024)

}}

| profession = Physician

| field = Paediatric disability

| work_institutions = {{plainlist|

}}

| research_field = Neurodevelopmental disorders

| module = {{Infobox officeholder|embed=yes

| office = Member of the House of Lords
Lord Temporal

| term_start = 22 August 2024
Life peerage

| party = Crossbench

}}

Hilary Dawn Cass, Baroness Cass, {{post-nominals|country=GBR|sep=,|OBE|FRCP|FRCPCH}} (born 19 February 1958), is a British paediatrician. She was the chair of the British Academy of Childhood Disability, established the Rett Clinic for children with Rett syndrome, and has worked to develop palliative care for children. She led the Cass Review of gender identity services in England, which was completed in 2024. Cass was appointed to the House of Lords as a crossbench life peer in the same year.

Cass is a former president of the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, and a honorary physician in paediatric disability at the Evelina Hospital, part of Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust. Prior to Cass's appointment at the Evelina Hospital, she had been consultant at Great Ormond Street Hospital for 15 years. Her research and interests have included autistic spectrum disorders, cognitive impairment due to epilepsy, children with visual loss, and care of children with multiple disabilities.

Early life, education and qualifications

Hilary Dawn Cass was born on 19 February 1958 in London to Ralph and Mildred Cass.{{Who's Who |title=Cass, Hilary Dawn |year=2022 |id=U258482 |doi=10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U258482}} She attended the City of London School for Girls.{{cite web |title=Dr Hilary Cass OBE |url=https://clsg.org.uk/alumnae/dr-hilary-cass-obe/ |website=City of London School for Girls |access-date=13 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240413105039/https://clsg.org.uk/alumnae/dr-hilary-cass-obe/ |archive-date=13 April 2024}}{{cite news |last=Campbell |first=Denis |date=4 September 2012 |title='We're doing medicine in a really inefficient way,' says RCPCH leader |url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2012/sep/04/medicine-inefficient-way-rcpch-leader |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240412112822/https://www.theguardian.com/society/2012/sep/04/medicine-inefficient-way-rcpch-leader |archive-date=12 April 2024 |accessdate=30 August 2015 |work=The Guardian}} Cass studied at the Royal Free Hospital Medical School, graduating with an MB BS medical degree in 1982 and a BSc in Paediatrics and Child Health.{{cite journal |vauthors=Aldiss S, Ellis J, Cass H, Pettigrew T, Rose L, Gibson F |date=2015 |title=Transition From Child to Adult Care – 'It's Not a One-Off Event': Development of Benchmarks to Improve the Experience |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0882596315001992 |journal=Journal of Pediatric Nursing |volume=30 |issue=5 |pages=638–647 |doi=10.1016/j.pedn.2015.05.020 |pmid=26209172 |issn=0882-5963}}{{cite web |title=Dr Hilary Cass |url=https://www.rcpch.ac.uk/about-us/our-team/dr-hilary-cass |website=RCPCH |publisher=Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health |access-date=13 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240413090450/https://www.rcpch.ac.uk/about-us/our-team/dr-hilary-cass |archive-date=13 April 2024 |language=en}}

Cass received her Fellowship of the Royal College of Physicians (FRCP) and is a Fellow of the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health (FRCPCH).[https://members.parliament.uk/member/5369/career Baroness Cass] - website of the UK parliament

Career

Cass spent her early medical career in a general practice training scheme, during which she changed to paediatrics.{{cite journal |last1=Cass |first1=Hilary |last2=Mistry |first2=Ravi |title=Championing children's health |journal=British Medical Journal |date=27 March 2013 |volume=346 |pages=f1775 |doi=10.1136/sbmj.f1775 |url=https://www.bmj.com/content/346/sbmj.f1775 |language=en |issn=1756-1833}} From 1992 to 2018, she was a consultant in neurodisability at three tertiary centres in the UK.{{cite web |title=The Chair – Cass Review |url=https://cass.independent-review.uk/about-the-review/the-chair/ |website=cass.independent-review.uk |access-date=13 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240413121357/https://cass.independent-review.uk/about-the-review/the-chair/ |archive-date=13 April 2024 |language=en}} Her research and interests have included autistic spectrum disorders, cognitive impairment due to epilepsy, children with visual loss, and care of children with multiple disabilities, particularly where there are difficulties with feeding and communication. In this field she has higlighted that medical innovations have resulted in a greater survival rate of children with severe incurable diseases, with the result that there are a greater number of children with severe disabilities.{{cite journal |last1=Goo |first1=Minjin |last2=Kim |first2=Yujeong |title=Factors affecting nurses' attitude toward withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment for children |journal=Journal of Pediatric Nursing |date=11 March 2024 |volume=77 |pages=S0882–5963(24)00085–X |doi=10.1016/j.pedn.2024.03.008 |pmid=38472026 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38472026/ |issn=1532-8449|url-access=subscription}}

=Rett syndrome=

In 1992 Cass founded the Rett clinic, a national outpatient service for children with the neurodevelopmental disorder Rett syndrome, based at the Evelina Hospital, part of Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust.{{cite web |title=Rett clinic {{!}} Evelina London |url=https://www.evelinalondon.nhs.uk/our-services/hospital/rett-clinic/overview.aspx |website=www.evelinalondon.nhs.uk |publisher=St Thomas' Hospital |access-date=13 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240413125740/https://www.evelinalondon.nhs.uk/our-services/hospital/rett-clinic/overview.aspx |archive-date=13 April 2024}}{{cite web |title=Dr Hilary Cass on her new role at Together for Short Lives and the future of children' s palliative care - ehospice |url=https://ehospice.com/uk_posts/dr-hilary-cass-on-her-new-role-at-together-for-short-lives-and-the-future-of-children-s-palliative-care/ |website=ehospice.com |date=15 November 2018 |access-date=17 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240417043525/https://ehospice.com/uk_posts/dr-hilary-cass-on-her-new-role-at-together-for-short-lives-and-the-future-of-children-s-palliative-care/ |archive-date=17 April 2024}} She later reported that self-injurious behaviour in Rett syndrome had a prevalence of 73.8%.{{cite book |last1=Furniss |first1=Frederick |last2=Biswas |first2=Asit B. |title=Self-Injurious Behavior in Individuals with Neurodevelopmental Conditions |date=2020 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-030-36015-3 |page=68 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GG_NDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA68 |language=en |chapter=3. Neurobiology of self-injurious behaviour: Rett syndrome}}

=Great Ormond Street Hospital=

From 1994 to 2009 Cass was consultant in paediatric disability at Great Ormond Street Hospital (GOSH). There, she was appointed director of Postgraduate Medical Education and held the post of deputy medical director. During that 15-year period she also held some regional and national positions in medical education and policy development, including head of the London School of Paediatrics.[https://books.google.com/books?id=B4FtDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA198 Craft, p. 198] At GOSH, she authored a book titled Snakes and Ladders, based on a programme she led that used role play to understand patient journeys in the NHS and to teach staff clinical governance skills.{{cite journal |last1=Gandhi |first1=V. |title=The NHS experience: The "Snakes and Ladders" guide for patients and professionals |journal=Arch Dis Child |date=July 2006 |volume=91 |issue=7 |page=625 |doi=10.1136/adc.2006.095836 |doi-broken-date=1 November 2024 |pmc=2082820 }}{{cite journal |last1=Sanai |first1=Leyla |title=How to use the NHS |journal=The Lancet |date=February 2006 |volume=367 |issue=9511 |pages=642 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68247-0 |url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(06)68247-0/fulltext}} The book addresses communication between doctors and patients, and primary and secondary care. Other topics covered include informed consent, medical negligence, medical paternalism, randomised controlled trials, and unlicensed treatments.

In 2008 she published findings that did not support the opioid excess theory.{{cite book |last1=Keith E. |first1=Keith |title=Paediatric Gastrointestinal Disorders: A Psychosocial Perspective |last2=Field |first2=Douglas G. |last3=Alexander |first3=Chandran P. |date=2019 |publisher=Taylor and Francis |isbn=978-1-909368-36-1 |editor1-last=Martin |editor1-first=Clarissa |page=226 |language=en |chapter=Autism and spectrum disorders and gastrointestinal problems: current state of the research and implications for practice |editor2-last=Dovey |editor2-first=Terence |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2S6ODwAAQBAJ&pg=PT226}} She reported on a large study she led that found no difference in urinary opioid peptide levels between those with autism and control subjects, and concluded that "opioid peptides can neither serve as a biomedical marker for autism nor be employed to predict or monitor response to a casein- and gluten-free diet".{{cite book |last1=Fitzpatrick |first1=Michael |title=Defeating Autism: A Damaging Delusion |date=2008 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=978-0-415-44980-9 |pages=198–199 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5wJ9AgAAQBAJ&pg=PT198 |language=en}}

Cass left GOSH after raising concerns about patient safety at the hospital.{{cite news |last=Campbell |first=Denis |date=26 June 2013 |title=Great Ormond Street Hospital gagged top doctor after safety fears raised |url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2013/jun/26/great-ormond-street-hospital-gagging-doctor-cass |accessdate=30 August 2015 |work=The Guardian}} The hospital denied that she quit over patient safety concerns.{{Cite web |title=Article in the Guardian |url=https://www.gosh.nhs.uk/press-releases/article-guardian/ |access-date=2024-07-06 |website=GOSH Hospital site |language=en-GB}}

=Evelina Hospital=

Cass joined the Evelina Hospital as consultant in 2009.{{cite web |title=Consultant takes office as the president of RCPCH |url=https://www.guysandstthomas.nhs.uk/news/consultant-takes-office-president-rcpch |website=Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust |access-date=14 April 2024 |date=11 April 2024}} There, she developed palliative care services for children.

=Cass Review=

In September 2020, Cass was appointed to lead the independent Cass Review for the NHS into gender identity services for children and young people.{{cite web |last1=Marsh |first1=Sarah |date=22 September 2020 |title=NHS to hold review into gender identity services for children and young people |url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2020/sep/22/nhs-to-hold-review-into-gender-identity-services-for-children-and-young-people |access-date=13 March 2022 |website=theguardian.com |publisher=Guardian|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240413152658/https://www.theguardian.com/society/2020/sep/22/nhs-to-hold-review-into-gender-identity-services-for-children-and-young-people|archive-date=13 April 2024}} The interim report of the Cass Review was published in March 2022.{{cite book |last1=Freeman |first1=Hadley |title=Good Girls: A Story and Study of Anorexia |date=2023 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |location=New York |isbn=978-1-9821-8983-9 |pages=114–118 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kvi0EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA114 |language=en |chapter=7. Mothers and the woman problem}} It said that the rise in referrals had led to the staff being overwhelmed, and recommended the creation of a network of regional hubs to provide care and support to young people. The report noted that the clinical approach used by the Gender Identity Development Service (GIDS) "has not been subjected to some of the usual control measures" typically applied with new treatments, and raised concerns about the lack of data collection by GIDS.

{{cite news |last1=Brooks |first1=Libby |date=10 March 2022 |title=NHS gender identity service for children can't cope with demand, review finds 10 March 2022 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2022/mar/10/nhs-gender-identity-service-for-children-cant-cope-with-demand-review-finds |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220313002234/https://www.theguardian.com/society/2022/mar/10/nhs-gender-identity-service-for-children-cant-cope-with-demand-review-finds |archive-date=13 March 2022 |access-date=13 March 2022 |newspaper=The Guardian |publisher=Guardian}}{{Cite news |last=Bannerman |first=Lucy |date=10 March 2022 |title=Tavistock gender clinic not safe for children, report finds |url=https://www.thetimes.com/article/tavistock-gender-clinic-not-safe-for-children-report-finds-w0ngnjnnf |url-status=live |access-date=29 March 2022 |work=The Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240413153209/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/tavistock-gender-clinic-not-safe-for-children-report-finds-w0ngnjnnf|archive-date=13 April 2024|url-access=subscription}}{{cite journal |last1=Dyer |first1=Clare |title=Guidelines on gender related treatment flouted standards and overlooked poor evidence, finds Cass review |journal=BMJ |date=9 April 2024 |volume=385 |pages=q820 |doi=10.1136/bmj.q820 |pmid=38594040 |url=https://www.bmj.com/content/385/bmj.q820 |language=en |issn=1756-1833}} The recommendations resulted in the closure of GIDS.{{cite journal |last1=Dyer |first1=Clare |title=NHS gender identity service to close and be replaced by regional centres |journal=BMJ |date=1 August 2022 |volume=378 |pages=o1916 |doi=10.1136/bmj.o1916 |pmid=35914784 |url=https://www.bmj.com/content/378/bmj.o1916.short |language=en |issn=1756-1833|url-access=subscription}} The final report was published on 10 April 2024.{{cite web |title=Final Report – Cass Review |url=https://cass.independent-review.uk/home/publications/final-report/ |access-date=19 April 2024 |website=cass.independent-review.uk}}

Cass said after the publication of the review that she had received 'vile' emails and that she was not travelling by public transport after receiving security advice. She also said that she would not participate in the forthcoming review of adult gender clinics.{{cite web |last1=Gecsoyler |first1=Sammy |title=Hilary Cass warned of threats to safety after 'vile' abuse over NHS gender services review|date=20 April 2024 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2024/apr/20/doctor-hilary-cass-warned-of-threats-to-safety-after-vile-abuse-over-nhs-gender-services-review |website=theguardian.com |publisher=Guardian |access-date=22 April 2024}}

In May 2024, she made her first US media interview, on WBUR-FM's On Point, whom she told "The evidence was disappointingly poor". Cass also responded to WPATH's criticism about prioritising non-medical care, saying the review did not take a position about which is best. Cass hoped that "every young person who walks through the door should be included in some kind of proper research protocol" and for those "where there is a clear, clinical view" that the medical pathway is best will still receive that, and be followed up to eliminate the "black hole of not knowing what's best". On the allegation that the review was predicated on the belief that a trans outcome for a child was the worst outcome, Cass emphasised that a medical pathway, with lifetime implications and treatment, required caution but "it's really important to say that a cis outcome and a trans outcome have equal value".{{cite web |title='The evidence was disappointingly poor': The full interview with Dr. Hilary Cass |url=https://www.wbur.org/onpoint/2024/05/08/nhs-hilary-cass-review-gender-transgender-care |website=www.wbur.org |publisher=WBUR-FM |access-date=19 May 2024 |language=en |date=8 May 2024 |archive-date=16 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240516094220/https://www.wbur.org/onpoint/2024/05/08/nhs-hilary-cass-review-gender-transgender-care |url-status=live }}

In an interview with The New York Times in May 2024, Cass said that US doctors were 'out of date' on gender care. However, she also expressed concern that her review was being weaponized to suggest that trans people do not exist, saying "that's really disappointing to me that that happens, because that's absolutely not what we're saying." She also clarified that her review was not about defining what trans means or rolling back health care, stating "There are young people who absolutely benefit from a medical pathway, and we need to make sure that those young people have access — under a research protocol, because we need to improve the research — but not assume that that's the right pathway for everyone."{{cite web |title=Hilary Cass Says U.S. Doctors Are 'Out of Date' on Youth Gender Medicine |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/05/13/health/hilary-cass-transgender-youth-puberty-blockers.html |website=The New York Times |access-date=13 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240513160349/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/05/13/health/hilary-cass-transgender-youth-puberty-blockers.html |archive-date=2024-05-13 |language=en |date=13 May 2024 |url-status=live}}

Other roles

In 2012 Cass was appointed president of the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health for a three-year tenure.[https://books.google.com/books?id=B4FtDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA226 Craft, p. 226]{{cite news |date=25 May 2012 |title=Five minutes with... Dr Hilary Cass, president, Royal College of Paediatrics |url=https://www.theguardian.com/healthcare-network/2012/may/25/hilary-cass-royal-college-paediatrics |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240412113323/https://www.theguardian.com/healthcare-network/2012/may/25/hilary-cass-royal-college-paediatrics |archive-date=12 April 2024 |accessdate=30 August 2015 |work=The Guardian}} Between 2017 and 2020 she was chair of the British Academy of Childhood Disability. She is a trustee of Noah’s Ark Children’s Hospice, and was formerly chair of the charity Together for Short Lives.

Honours and awards

Cass was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2015 New Year Honours for services to child health.{{Cite web|url = https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/new-years-honours-list-2015|title = New Year's Honours lists 2015|date = 30 December 2014|access-date = 22 April 2024|publisher = Government of the United Kingdom: Cabinet Office and Foreign Office|format = PDF}}{{cite news |date=30 December 2014 |title=New year honours 2015: the full list |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2014/dec/30/-sp-new-years-honours-2015-full-list |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240413120849/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2014/dec/30/-sp-new-years-honours-2015-full-list |archive-date=13 April 2024 |accessdate=30 August 2015 |work=The Guardian}} In the same year, she was awarded as Honorary Fellow of the Royal College of Nursing (FRCN(hon)),[https://www.rcn.org.uk/-/media/Royal-College-Of-Nursing/Documents/Council-documents/Awards/Fellowship-Roll-of-Honour.pdf Fellowship Roll of Honour] - website of the Royal College of Nursing and in 2016 as Honorary Fellow of the Royal College of General Practitioners (FRCP(Hon)).[https://www.rcgp.org.uk/about/awards/previous-winners#Honorary%20Fellowship Previous award winners: Honorary Fellowship] - website of the Royal College of General Practitioners

In the 2024 Dissolution Honours, Cass was nominated for a life peerage as a crossbencher.{{London Gazette |date=7 August 2024 |issue=64480 |page=15222 |supp=y}}{{Cite web |title=Dissolution Peerages 2024 |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/dissolution-peerages-2024 |access-date=4 July 2024 |website=GOV.UK |language=en}}{{Cite news |last=Whannel |first=Kate |date=4 July 2024 |title=Theresa May and 'bionic' MP awarded peerages |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c84975xgdwlo |work=BBC News |language=en |access-date=4 July 2024}} She was created Baroness Cass, of Barnet in Greater London, on 22 August 2024.{{London Gazette |date=29 August 2024 |issue=64500 |page=16662}}

Personal life

Cass is Jewish{{cite news |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/politics/sunak-elevates-jewish-doctor-hillary-cass-in-final-act-of-premiership-arbphnb3 |title=Sunak elevates Jewish doctor Hilary Cass to House of Lords in final act of premiership |first=Jane |last=Prinsley |work=The Jewish Chronicle |date=2024-07-05 |access-date=2024-07-27 }} and signed an open letter after the 7 October 2023 attack on Israel affirming her "Jewish values", including endorsing the existence of the State of Israel and a two-state solution for the Israeli–Palestinian conflict.

Selected publications

=Papers=

{{cite journal |last1=Mount |first1=Rebecca H. |last2=Charman |first2=Tony |last3=Hastings |first3=Richard P. |last4=Reilly |first4=Sheena |last5=Cass |first5=Hilary |title=The Rett Syndrome Behaviour Questionnaire (RSBQ): refining the behavioural phenotype of Rett syndrome |journal=Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines |date=November 2002 |volume=43 |issue=8 |pages=1099–1110 |doi=10.1111/1469-7610.00236 |pmid=12455930 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12455930/ |issn=0021-9630}}
{{cite journal |last1=Cass |first1=Hilary |last2=Reilly |first2=Sheena |last3=Owen |first3=Lucy |last4=Wisbeach |first4=Alison |last5=Weekes |first5=Lyn |last6=Slonims |first6=Vicky |last7=Wigram |first7=Tony |last8=Charman |first8=Tony |title=Findings from a multidisciplinary clinical case series of females with Rett syndrome |journal=Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology |date=May 2003 |volume=45 |issue=5 |pages=325–337 |doi=10.1017/s0012162203000616 |doi-broken-date=2 January 2025 |pmid=12729147 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12729147/ |issn=0012-1622}}
{{cite journal |last1=Baird |first1=Gillian |last2=Cass |first2=Hilary |last3=Slonims |first3=Vicky |title=Diagnosis of autism |journal=BMJ |date=28 August 2003 |volume=327 |issue=7413 |pages=488–493 |doi=10.1136/bmj.327.7413.488 |pmid=12946972 |pmc=188387 |url=https://www.bmj.com/content/327/7413/488.full |language=en |issn=0959-8138}}
{{cite journal |last1=Cass |first1=H. |last2=Sekaran |first2=D. |last3=Baird |first3=G. |title=Medical investigation of children with autistic spectrum disorders |journal=Child: Care, Health and Development |date=September 2006 |volume=32 |issue=5 |pages=521–533 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2214.2006.00630.x |pmid=16919131 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16919131/ |issn=0305-1862}}
{{cite journal |last1=Cass |first1=H. |last2=Gringras |first2=P. |last3=March |first3=J. |last4=McKendrick |first4=I. |last5=O'Hare |first5=A. E. |last6=Owen |first6=L. |last7=Pollin |first7=C. |title=Absence of urinary opioid peptides in children with autism |journal=Archives of Disease in Childhood |date=September 2008 |volume=93 |issue=9 |pages=745–750 |doi=10.1136/adc.2006.114389 |pmid=18337276 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18337276/ |issn=1468-2044}}
{{cite journal |last1=Cass |first1=Hilary |last2=Barclay |first2=Sarah |last3=Gerada |first3=Clare |last4=Lumsden |first4=Daniel E. |last5=Sritharan |first5=Kaji |title=Complexity and challenge in paediatrics: a roadmap for supporting clinical staff and families |journal=Archives of Disease in Childhood |date=February 2020 |volume=105 |issue=2 |pages=109–114 |doi=10.1136/archdischild-2018-315818 |pmid=31186292 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31186292/ |issn=1468-2044}}

=Books=

{{Cite book |last=Cass |first=Hilary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4UbnJfq4yWEC |title=The NHS Experience: The "snakes and Ladders" Guide for Patients and Professionals |date=2006 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=0-415-33671-6 |language=en}}

References

Bibliography

{{cite book |last1=Craft |first1=Alan |last2=Dodd |first2=Keith |title=From an Association to a Royal College: The History of the British Paediatric Association and Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health 1988-2016 |date=2017 |publisher=Springer |location=Switzerland |isbn=978-3-319-43582-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B4FtDgAAQBAJ |language=en}}