Hindbrain
{{short description|Part of the embryonic brain}}
{{Infobox brain
| Name = Hindbrain
| Image = EmbryonicBrain.svg
| Caption = Diagram depicting the main subdivisions of the embryonic vertebrate brain. These regions will later differentiate into forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain structures.
| Image2 = Gray708.svg
| Caption2 = Scheme of the roof of the fourth ventricle.
| IsPartOf =
| Components =
| Artery =
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The hindbrain, rhombencephalon (shaped like a rhombus) is a developmental categorization of portions of the central nervous system in vertebrates. It includes the medulla, pons, and cerebellum. Together they support vital bodily processes.{{cite web|title=Brain atlas - Hindbrain|url=http://www.brainexplorer.org/global/brain-atlas/hindbrain|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150410090450/http://www.brainexplorer.org/global/brain-atlas/hindbrain|archive-date=April 10, 2015|access-date=June 8, 2015|website=Brain explorer|publisher=Lundbeck Institute}}
Metencephalon
Rhombomeres Rh3-Rh1 form the metencephalon.
The metencephalon is composed of the pons and the cerebellum; it contains:
- a portion of the fourth (IV) ventricle,
- the trigeminal nerve (CN V),
- abducens nerve (CN VI),
- facial nerve (CN VII),
- and a portion of the vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII).
Myelencephalon
Rhombomeres Rh8-Rh4 form the myelencephalon.
The myelencephalon forms the medulla oblongata in the adult brain; it contains:
- a portion of the fourth ventricle,
- the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX),
- vagus nerve (CN X),
- accessory nerve (CN XI),
- hypoglossal nerve (CN XII),
- and a portion of the vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII).
Evolution
The hindbrain is homologous to a part of the arthropod brain known as the sub-oesophageal ganglion, in terms of the genes that it expresses and its position in between the brain and the nerve cord.{{cite journal |last1=Ghysen |first1=Alain |title=The origin and evolution of the nervous system. |journal=International Journal of Developmental Biology |date=1 December 2003 |volume=47 |issue=7–8 |pages=555–562 |pmid=14756331 |url=http://www.ijdb.ehu.es/web/paper.php?doi=14756331 }} It has been suggested that the hindbrain first evolved in the urbilaterian—the last common ancestor of chordates and arthropods—between 570 and 555 million years ago.{{cite book |last1=Haycock |first=Daniel E. |title=Being and Perceiving |publisher=Manupod Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-9569621-0-2 |page=41 }}
Hindbrain diseases
A rare brain disease of the cerebellum is rhombencephalosynapsis characterized by an absent or partially formed vermis. Symptoms can include truncal ataxia. The disorder is a main feature of Gomez-Lopez-Hernandez syndrome.
References
{{Reflist}}
Further reading
- {{cite journal |last1=Ishak |first1=Gisele E. |last2=Dempsey |first2=Jennifer C. |last3=Shaw |first3=Dennis W. W. |last4=Tully |first4=Hannah |last5=Adam |first5=Margaret P. |last6=Sanchez-Lara |first6=Pedro A. |last7=Glass |first7=Ian |last8=Rue |first8=Tessa C. |last9=Millen |first9=Kathleen J. |last10=Dobyns |first10=William B. |last11=Doherty |first11=Dan |title=Rhombencephalosynapsis: a hindbrain malformation associated with incomplete separation of midbrain and forebrain, hydrocephalus and a broad spectrum of severity |journal=Brain |date=May 2012 |volume=135 |issue=5 |pages=1370–1386 |doi=10.1093/brain/aws065 |pmid=22451504 |pmc=3338925 }}
- {{cite journal |last1=Tully |first1=Hannah M. |last2=Dempsey |first2=Jennifer C. |last3=Ishak |first3=Gisele E. |last4=Adam |first4=Margaret P. |last5=Mink |first5=Jonathan W. |last6=Dobyns |first6=William B. |last7=Gospe |first7=Sidney M. |last8=Weiss |first8=Avery |last9=Phillips |first9=James O. |last10=Doherty |first10=Dan |title=Persistent figure-eight and side-to-side head shaking is a marker for rhombencephalosynapsis: Persistent Head Shaking |journal=Movement Disorders |date=December 2013 |volume=28 |issue=14 |pages=2019–2023 |doi=10.1002/mds.25634 |pmid=24105968 |pmc=5510988 }}
- {{cite journal |last1=Poretti |first1=Andrea |last2=Alber |first2=Fabienne Dietrich |last3=Bürki |first3=Sarah |last4=Toelle |first4=Sandra P. |last5=Boltshauser |first5=Eugen |title=Cognitive outcome in children with rhombencephalosynapsis |journal=European Journal of Paediatric Neurology |date=January 2009 |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=28–33 |doi=10.1016/j.ejpn.2008.02.005 |pmid=18407532 }}
- {{cite journal |last1=Bell |first1=B |last2=Stanko |first2=H |last3=Levine |first3=R |title=Normal IQ in a 55-year-old with newly diagnosed rhombencephalosynapsis |journal=Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology |date=July 2005 |volume=20 |issue=5 |pages=613–621 |doi=10.1016/j.acn.2005.02.003 |pmid=15905069 |doi-access=free }}
- {{cite journal |last1=Paprocka |first1=Justyna |last2=Jamroz |first2=Ewa |last3=Ścieszka |first3=Ewa |last4=Kluczewska |first4=Ewa |title=Isolated rhomboencephalosynapsis – a rare cerebellar anomaly. |journal=Polish Journal of Radiology |date=2012 |volume=77 |issue=1 |pages=47–49 |doi=10.12659/PJR.882587 |pmid=22802865 |pmc=3389961 }}
{{Nervous system}}
{{Medulla}}
{{Pons}}
{{Fourth ventricle}}
{{Cerebellum}}
{{Authority control}}