History of Python

Van Rossum first published the code (for Python version 0.9.1) to alt.sources in February 1991.{{cite web |url=https://www.tuhs.org/Usenet/alt.sources/1991-February/001749.html |title=Python 0.9.1 part 01/21 |publisher=alt.sources archives |access-date=2021-08-11 |archive-date=August 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811171015/https://www.tuhs.org/Usenet/alt.sources/1991-February/001749.html |url-status=live}}{{cite web |url=https://raw.githubusercontent.com/python/cpython/master/Misc/HISTORY |title=HISTORY |publisher=Python Foundation |work=Python source distribution |access-date=2017-11-23 |archive-date=December 1, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201033011/https://raw.githubusercontent.com/python/cpython/master/Misc/HISTORY |url-status=live}} Several features of the language were already present at this stage, among them classes with inheritance, exception handling, functions, and various core datatypes such as {{code|list}}, {{code|dict}}, and {{code|str}}. The initial release also contained a module system borrowed from Modula-3; Van Rossum describes the module as "one of Python's major programming units". Python's exception model also resembled Modula-3's, with the addition of an {{code|else}} clause. In 1994 [news://comp.lang.python comp.lang.python], the primary discussion forum for Python, was formed.

Python reached version 1.0 in January 1994. The major new features included in this release were the functional programming tools lambda, map, filter and reduce. Van Rossum stated that "Python acquired lambda, reduce(), filter() and map(), courtesy of a Lisp hacker who missed them and submitted working patches".{{cite web |url=http://www.artima.com/weblogs/viewpost.jsp?thread=98196 |title=The fate of reduce() in Python 3000 |first=Guido |last=van Rossum |access-date=2007-03-22 |publisher=Artima Developer |archive-date=April 7, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070407034617/http://www.artima.com/weblogs/viewpost.jsp?thread=98196 |url-status=live}}

The last version released while Van Rossum was at CWI was Python 1.2. In 1995, Van Rossum continued his work on Python at the Corporation for National Research Initiatives (CNRI) in Reston, Virginia from where he released several versions.

By version 1.4, Python had acquired several new features. Notable among these are the Modula-3 inspired keyword arguments (which are also similar to Common Lisp's keyword arguments) and built-in support for complex numbers. Also included is a basic form of data hiding by name mangling, though this is easily bypassed.{{cite web |url=http://www.amk.ca/python/writing/12-14 |title=LJ #37: Python 1.4 Update |access-date=2007-04-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070501080219/http://www.amk.ca/python/writing/12-14 |archive-date=May 1, 2007 |df=mdy-all}}

During Van Rossum's stay at CNRI, he launched the Computer Programming for Everybody (CP4E) initiative, intending to make programming more accessible to more people, with a basic "literacy" in programming languages, similar to the basic English literacy and mathematics skills required by most employers. Python served a central role in this: because of its focus on clean syntax, it was already suitable, and CP4E's goals bore similarities to its predecessor, ABC. The project was funded by DARPA.{{cite web |url=https://www.python.org/doc/essays/cp4e/ |first=Guido |last=van Rossum |title=Computer Programming for Everybody |access-date=2007-03-22 |archive-date=May 1, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070501132527/http://www.python.org/doc/essays/cp4e/ |url-status=live}} {{As of|2007}}, the CP4E project is inactive, and while Python attempts to be easily learnable and not too arcane in its syntax and semantics, outreach to non-programmers is not an active concern.{{cite web |url=https://www.python.org/cp4e/ |title=Computer Programming for Everybody |access-date=2007-03-22 |publisher=Python Software Foundation |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070329060757/http://www.python.org/cp4e/ |archive-date=March 29, 2007 |df=mdy-all}}

In 2000, the Python core development team moved to BeOpen.com{{Cite web|url=https://slashdot.org/story/00/05/30/1931239/python-development-team-moves-to-beopencom|title=Python Development Team Moves to BeOpen.Com – Slashdot|website=slashdot.org|access-date=April 12, 2020|archive-date=April 12, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412054433/https://slashdot.org/story/00/05/30/1931239/python-development-team-moves-to-beopencom|url-status=live}} to form the BeOpen PythonLabs team.{{Cite web|url=http://www.beopen.com/company/team.html|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20000815095541/http://www.beopen.com/company/team.html|archive-date = August 15, 2000|title = Open | Your digital insurance partner}}{{Cite web|url=http://joeellsworth.com/resume/references/pybiz_beopen_partnership.pdf|title=Content Management Provider PyBiz Announces Strategic Partnership With BeOpen in Utilizing Python Programming Language|access-date=April 12, 2020|archive-date=April 12, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412054433/http://joeellsworth.com/resume/references/pybiz_beopen_partnership.pdf|url-status=live}} CNRI requested that a version 1.6 be released, summarizing Python's development up to the point at which the development team left CNRI. Consequently, the release schedules for 1.6 and 2.0 had a significant amount of overlap. Python 2.0 was the only release from BeOpen.com. After Python 2.0 was released by BeOpen.com, Guido van Rossum and the other PythonLabs developers joined Digital Creations.

The Python 1.6 release included a new CNRI license that was substantially longer than the CWI license that had been used for earlier releases. The new license included a clause stating that the license was governed by the laws of the State of Virginia. The Free Software Foundation argued that the choice-of-law clause was incompatible with the GNU General Public License. BeOpen, CNRI and the FSF negotiated a change to Python's free-software license that would make it GPL-compatible. Python 1.6.1 is essentially the same as Python 1.6, with a few minor bug fixes, and with the new GPL-compatible license.{{cite web |url=https://docs.python.org/3/license.html |title=History and License |work=Python 3 Documentation |access-date=2022-12-07 |archive-date=December 5, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161205134352/https://docs.python.org/3/license.html |url-status=live}}

Python 2.0, released October 2000, introduced list comprehensions, a feature borrowed from the functional programming languages SETL and Haskell. Python's syntax for this construct is very similar to Haskell's, apart from Haskell's preference for punctuation characters and Python's preference for alphabetic keywords. Python 2.0 also introduced a garbage collector able to collect reference cycles.

Python 2.1 was close to Python 1.6.1, as well as Python 2.0. Its license was renamed Python Software Foundation License. All code, documentation and specifications added, from the time of Python 2.1's alpha release on, is owned by the Python Software Foundation (PSF), a nonprofit organization formed in 2001, modeled after the Apache Software Foundation. The release included a change to the language specification to support nested scopes, like other statically scoped languages. (The feature was turned off by default, and not required, until Python 2.2.)

Python 2.2 was released in December 2001;{{Cite web|url=https://www.python.org/download/releases/2.2/|title=Python 2.2|website=Python.org|access-date=December 31, 2019|archive-date=August 2, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190802012201/https://www.python.org/download/releases/2.2/|url-status=live}} a major innovation was the unification of Python's types (types written in C) and classes (types written in Python) into one hierarchy. This single unification made Python's object model purely and consistently object oriented.{{cite web |url=https://www.python.org/doc/2.2.3/whatsnew/sect-rellinks.html |title=PEPs 252 and 253: Type and Class Changes |access-date=2008-09-05 |last1=Kuchling |first1=Andrew M. |date=2001-12-21 |work=What's New in Python 2.2 |publisher=Python Foundation |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080917162106/http://python.org/doc/2.2.3/whatsnew/sect-rellinks.html |archive-date=September 17, 2008 |df=mdy-all}} Also added were generators which were inspired by Icon.

{{multiple images

| align = right

| direction = horizontal

| image1 = PythonWin 64×64.gif

| alt1 = A green snake with reared head and outstretched tongue

| image2 = Python Macintosh icon 1997–2001.png

| alt2 = A falling weight labelled "16 ton"

| image3 = Python-logo-notext.svg

| alt3 = A highly abstracted symbol suggestive of the head ends of two snakes in a double helix viewed head-on, curved clockwise toward the viewer: a blue snake comes in from behind to the left, with head folding back on its body at the top, and a yellow snake comes in from behind to the right and its head folds back on its body at the bottom; the overall silhouette of the symbol forms a rough plus sign, and the eye locations are suggestive of a yin and yang.

| footer = Historic Python logos used on Windows (left) and the Macintosh (center), and the logo used since version 2.5 (right).

| total_width = 200

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Python 2.5 was released in September 2006{{Cite web |url=https://www.python.org/download/releases/2.5/ |title=Python 2.5 Release |website=Python.org |access-date=March 20, 2018 |archive-date=August 4, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804121344/https://www.python.org/download/releases/2.5/ |url-status=live}} and introduced the {{code|with}} statement, which encloses a code block within a context manager (for example, acquiring a lock before the block of code is run and releasing the lock afterwards, or opening a file and then closing it), allowing resource acquisition is initialization (RAII)-like behavior and replacing a common try/finally idiom.{{Cite web |url=https://www.python.org/download/releases/2.5/highlights/ |title=Highlights: Python 2.5 |website=Python.org |access-date=March 20, 2018 |archive-date=August 4, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804120408/https://www.python.org/download/releases/2.5/highlights/ |url-status=live}}

Python 2.6 was released to coincide with Python 3.0, and included some features from that release, as well as a "warnings" mode that highlighted the use of features that were removed in Python 3.0. Similarly, Python 2.7 coincided with and included features from Python 3.1,{{cite web |url=https://docs.python.org/release/2.7/whatsnew/2.7.html |title=What's New in Python 2.7 |date=2010-07-03 |quote=Much as Python 2.6 incorporated features from Python 3.0, version 2.7 incorporates some of the new features in Python 3.1. The 2.x series continues to provide tools for migrating to the 3.x series. |last1=Kuchling |first1=Andrew M. |access-date=2012-10-07 |archive-date=June 7, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120607093732/http://docs.python.org/release/2.7/whatsnew/2.7.html |url-status=live}} which was released on June 26, 2009.

Parallel 2.x and 3.x releases then ceased, and Python 2.7 was the last release in the 2.x series. In November 2014, it was announced that Python 2.7 would be supported until 2020, but users were encouraged to move to Python 3 as soon as possible.{{cite web |url=http://www.i-programmer.info/news/216-python/7179-python-27-to-be-maintained-until-2020.html |title=Python 2.7 To Be Maintained Until 2020 |first=Sue |last=Gee |date=2014-04-14 |work=i-programmer.info |access-date=December 27, 2016 |archive-date=May 10, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160510071844/http://www.i-programmer.info/news/216-python/7179-python-27-to-be-maintained-until-2020.html |url-status=live}} Python 2.7 support ended on January 1, 2020, along with code freeze of 2.7 development branch. A final release, 2.7.18, occurred on April 20, 2020, and included fixes for critical bugs and release blockers.{{Cite web|url=https://github.com/python/cpython/commits/2.7|title=Commits: python/cpython at 2.7|website=GitHub|access-date=April 22, 2020|archive-date=April 22, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422184831/https://github.com/python/cpython/commits/2.7|url-status=live}} This marked the end-of-life of Python 2.

Python 3.0 (also called "Python 3000" or "Py3K") was released on December 3, 2008. It was designed to rectify fundamental design flaws in the language{{snd}}the changes required could not be implemented while retaining full backwards compatibility with the 2.x series, which necessitated a new major version number. The guiding principle of Python 3 was: "reduce feature duplication by removing old ways of doing things".{{Cite web |title=PEP 3100 – Miscellaneous Python 3.0 Plans {{!}} peps.python.org |url=https://peps.python.org/pep-3100/ |access-date=2022-06-02 |website=peps.python.org |archive-date=May 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525072657/https://peps.python.org/pep-3100/ |url-status=live}}

Python 3.0 was developed with the same philosophy as in prior versions. However, as Python had accumulated new and redundant ways to program the same task, Python 3.0 had an emphasis on removing duplicative constructs and modules, in keeping with the Zen of Python: "There should be one— and preferably only one —obvious way to do it".

Nonetheless, Python 3.0 remained a multi-paradigm language. Coders could still follow object-oriented, structured, and functional programming paradigms, among others, but within such broad choices, the details were intended to be more obvious in Python 3.0 than they were in Python 2.x.

Python 3.0 broke backward compatibility, and much Python 2 code does not run unmodified on Python 3.{{Cite web |title=PEP 3000 – Python 3000 {{!}} peps.python.org |url=https://peps.python.org/pep-3000/#compatibility-and-transition |access-date=2022-06-02 |website=peps.python.org |archive-date=April 2, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220402165138/https://peps.python.org/pep-3000/#compatibility-and-transition |url-status=live}} Python's dynamic typing combined with the plans to change the semantics of certain methods of dictionaries, for example, made perfect mechanical translation from Python 2.x to Python 3.0 very difficult. A tool called "2to3" does the parts of translation that can be done automatically. At this, 2to3 appeared to be fairly successful, though an early review noted that there were aspects of translation that such a tool would never be able to handle.{{Cite web |last=Ruby |first=Sam |date=September 1, 2007 |title=2to3 |url=https://intertwingly.net/blog/2007/09/01/2to3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324182701/https://intertwingly.net/blog/2007/09/01/2to3 |archive-date=March 24, 2016 |access-date=2024-09-06 |website=intertwingly.net}} Prior to the roll-out of Python 3, projects requiring compatibility with both the 2.x and 3.x series were recommended to have one source (for the 2.x series), and produce releases for the Python 3.x platform using 2to3. Edits to the Python 3.x code were discouraged for so long as the code needed to run on Python 2.x. This is no longer recommended; as of 2012 the preferred approach was to create a single code base that can run under both Python 2 and 3 using compatibility modules.{{Cite web |last=Coghlan |first=Alyssa |date=April 21, 2020 |title=Python 3 Q & A – Alyssa Coghlan's Python Notes |url=https://python-notes.curiousefficiency.org/en/latest/python3/questions_and_answers.html#other-changes |access-date=2024-09-06 |website=python-notes.curiousefficiency.org}}

Some of the major changes included for Python 3.0 were:

• Changing {{code|print}} so that it is a built-in function, not a statement. This made it easier to change a module to use a different print function, as well as making the syntax more regular. In Python 2.6 and 2.7 {{code|print()}} is available as a built-in but is masked by the print statement syntax, which can be disabled by entering {{code|from __future__ import print_function}} at the top of the file
• Removal of the Python 2 {{code|input}} function, and the renaming of the {{code|raw_input}} function to {{code|input}}. Python 3's {{code|input}} function behaves like Python 2's {{code|raw_input}} function, in that the input is always returned as a string rather than being evaluated as an expression
• Moving {{code|reduce}} (but not {{code|map}} or {{code|filter}}) out of the built-in namespace and into {{code|functools}} (the rationale being code that uses {{code|reduce}} is less readable than code that uses a for loop and accumulator variable){{cite web |url=http://www.artima.com/weblogs/viewpost.jsp?thread=211200 |title=Python 3000 FAQ |first=Guido |last=van Rossum |work=artima.com |access-date=December 27, 2016 |archive-date=November 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109015427/https://www.artima.com/weblogs/viewpost.jsp?thread=211200 |url-status=live}}{{Cite web |url=https://www.artima.com/weblogs/viewpost.jsp?thread=98196 |title=The fate of reduce() in Python 3000 |website=www.artima.com |access-date=2019-12-31 |archive-date=December 18, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218204011/https://www.artima.com/weblogs/viewpost.jsp?thread=98196 |url-status=live}}
• Adding support for optional function annotations that can be used for informal type declarations or other purposes
• Unifying the {{code|str}}/{{code|unicode}} types, representing text, and introducing a separate immutable {{code|bytes}} type; and a mostly corresponding mutable {{code|bytearray}} type, both of which represent arrays of bytes
• Removing backward-compatibility features, including old-style classes, string exceptions, and implicit relative imports
• A change in integer division functionality: in Python 2, integer division always returns an integer. For example {{code|5 / 2}} is {{code|2}}; whereas in Python 3, {{code|5 / 2}} is {{code|2.5}}. (In both Python 2{{snd}}2.2 onwards{{snd}}and Python 3, a separate operator exists to provide the old behavior: {{code|5 // 2}} is {{code|2}})
• Allowing non-ASCII letters to be used in identifiers,{{Cite web |title=PEP 3131 – Supporting Non-ASCII Identifiers {{!}} peps.python.org |url=https://peps.python.org/pep-3131/ |access-date=2024-07-01 |website=Python Enhancement Proposals (PEPs) |language=en}} such as in smörgåsbord

Subsequent releases in the Python 3.x series have included additional, substantial new features; all ongoing development of the language is done in the 3.x series.

Releases before numbered versions:

• Implementation started{{snd}}December, 1989
• Internal releases at Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica{{snd}}1990

{{smalldiv|1=

{{Version|l|show=111111}}

Italics indicates the latest micro version of currently supported versions as of 2025-05-07{{Update after|2025|06|03}}.

}}

Table notes:

{{notelist|group=version-table}}

{{#tag: timeline |

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bar:3.13 from:01/10/2024 till:01/10/2029 text:3.13 color:in_support

bar:3.12 from:02/10/2023 till:01/10/2028 text:3.12 color:maintenance

bar:3.11 from:24/10/2022 till:01/10/2027 text:3.11 color:maintenance

bar:3.10 from:04/10/2021 till:01/10/2026 text:3.10 color:maintenance

bar:3.9 from:05/10/2020 till:01/10/2025 text:3.9 color:maintenance

bar:3.8 from:14/10/2019 till:07/10/2024 text:3.8 color:out_of_support

bar:3.7 from:27/06/2018 till:06/06/2023 text:3.7 color:out_of_support

bar:3.6 from:23/12/2016 till:23/12/2021 text:3.6 color:out_of_support

bar:3.5 from:13/09/2015 till:30/09/2020 text:3.5 color:out_of_support

bar:3.4 from:16/03/2014 till:18/03/2019 text:3.4 color:out_of_support

bar:3.3 from:29/09/2012 till:29/09/2017 text:3.3 color:out_of_support

bar:3.2 from:20/02/2011 till:20/02/2016 text:3.2 color:out_of_support

bar:3.1 from:27/06/2009 till:01/06/2012 text:3.1 color:out_of_support

bar:3.0 from:03/12/2008 till:27/06/2009 text:3.0 color:out_of_support

bar:2.7 from:03/07/2010 till:01/01/2020 text:2.7 color:out_of_support

bar:2.6 from:01/10/2008 till:29/10/2013 text:2.6 color:out_of_support

bar:2.5 from:19/09/2006 till:26/05/2011 text:2.5 color:out_of_support

bar:2.4 from:30/11/2004 till:19/12/2008 text:2.4 color:out_of_support

bar:2.3 from:29/06/2003 till:11/03/2008 text:2.3 color:out_of_support

bar:2.2 from:21/12/2001 till:30/05/2003 text:2.2 color:out_of_support

bar:2.1 from:15/04/2001 till:09/04/2002 text:2.1 color:out_of_support

bar:2.0 from:16/10/2000 till:22/06/2001 text:2.0 color:out_of_support

bar:1.6 from:14/04/1999 till:16/10/2000 text:1.6 color:out_of_support

bar:1.5 from:03/01/1998 till:13/04/1999 text:1.5 color:out_of_support

bar:1.4 from:25/10/1996 till:03/01/1998 text:1.4 color:out_of_support

bar:1.3 from:13/10/1995 till:25/10/1996 text:1.3 color:out_of_support

bar:1.2 from:13/04/1995 till:13/10/1995 text:1.2 color:out_of_support

bar:1.1 from:11/10/1994 till:13/04/1995 text:1.1 color:out_of_support

bar:1.0 from:26/01/1994 till:11/10/1994 text:1.0 color:out_of_support

bar:0.9 from:20/02/1991 till:26/01/1994 text:0.9 color:out_of_support

}}

• History of software engineering

{{reflist|1=30em|refs=

{{cite web |url=http://python-history.blogspot.com/2009/01/brief-timeline-of-python.html |title=A Brief Timeline of Python |last=van Rossum |first=Guido |author-link1=Guido van Rossum |date=2009-01-20 |access-date=2019-11-29 |archive-date=August 25, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110825101117/http://python-history.blogspot.com/2009/01/brief-timeline-of-python.html |url-status=live}}

{{cite web|url=https://www.python.org/downloads/|title=Download Python {{!}} Python.org|access-date=2019-11-29|archive-date=August 8, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808035421/https://www.python.org/downloads/|url-status=live}}

{{cite web|url=https://www.python.org/download/releases|title=Releases {{!}} Python.org|access-date=2019-11-29|archive-date=December 22, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222142552/https://www.python.org/download/releases/|url-status=live}}

{{cite web |url=https://devguide.python.org/devcycle/ |title=17. Development Cycle — Python Developer's Guide |access-date=2019-11-29 |archive-date=January 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118183911/https://devguide.python.org/devcycle/ |url-status=live}}

{{cite web |url=https://peps.python.org/pep-0160/ |title=PEP 160 – Python 1.6 Release Schedule |last=Drake |first=Fred L. Jr. |date=2000-07-25 |access-date=2019-11-29 |archive-date=May 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220513092109/https://peps.python.org/pep-0160/ |url-status=live}}

{{cite web |url=https://peps.python.org/pep-0200/ |title=PEP 200 – Python 2.0 Release Schedule |last=Hylton |first=Jeremy |access-date=2019-11-29 |archive-date=May 18, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518202133/https://peps.python.org/pep-0200/ |url-status=live}}

{{cite web |url=https://peps.python.org/pep-0226/ |title=PEP 226 – Python 2.1 Release Schedule |last=Hylton |first=Jeremy |date=2000-10-16 |access-date=2019-11-29 |archive-date=May 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523193056/https://peps.python.org/pep-0226/ |url-status=live}}

{{cite web |url=https://peps.python.org/pep-0227/ |title=PEP 227 – Statically Nested Scopes |last=Hylton |first=Jeremy |date=2000-11-01 |access-date=2007-03-22 |archive-date=May 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523193448/https://peps.python.org/pep-0227/ |url-status=live}}

{{cite web |url=https://peps.python.org/pep-0251/ |title=PEP 251 – Python 2.2 Release Schedule |last1=Warsaw |first1=Barry |last2=van Rossum |first2=Guido |date=2001-04-17 |access-date=2019-11-29 |archive-date=May 4, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504110143/https://peps.python.org/pep-0251/ |url-status=live}}

{{cite web |url=https://peps.python.org/pep-0255/ |title=PEP 255 – Simple Generators |last1=Schemenauer |first1=Neil |last2=Peters |first2=Tim |last3=Hetland |first3=Magnus |date=2001-12-21 |access-date=2008-09-05 |archive-date=January 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131031212/https://peps.python.org/pep-0255/ |url-status=live}}

{{cite web |url=https://peps.python.org/pep-0283/ |title=PEP 283 – Python 2.3 Release Schedule |last=van Rossum |first=Guido |date=2002-02-27 |access-date=2019-11-29 |archive-date=April 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412092156/https://peps.python.org/pep-0283/ |url-status=live}}

{{cite web |url=https://peps.python.org/pep-0320/ |title=PEP 320 – Python 2.4 Release Schedule |last1=Warsaw |first1=Barry |last2=Hettinger |first2=Raymond |last3=Baxter |first3=Anthony |date=2003-07-29 |access-date=2019-11-29 |archive-date=May 17, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517213754/https://peps.python.org/pep-0320/ |url-status=live}}

{{cite web |url=https://peps.python.org/pep-0356/ |title=PEP 356 – Python 2.5 Release Schedule |last1=Norwitz |first1=Neal |last2=van Rossum |first2=Guido |last3=Baxter |first3=Anthony |date=2006-02-07 |access-date=2019-11-29 |archive-date=April 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408143508/https://peps.python.org/pep-0356/ |url-status=live}}

{{cite web |url=https://peps.python.org/pep-0361/ |title=PEP 361 – Python 2.6 and 3.0 Release Schedule |last1=Norwitz |first1=Neal |last2=Warsaw |first2=Barry |date=2006-06-29 |access-date=2019-11-29 |archive-date=April 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412092231/https://peps.python.org/pep-0361/ |url-status=live}}

{{cite web |url=https://peps.python.org/pep-0373/ |title=PEP 373 – Python 2.7 Release Schedule |last=Peterson |first=Benjamin |date=2008-11-03 |access-date=2020-04-20 |archive-date=March 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220313175528/https://peps.python.org/pep-0373/ |url-status=live}}

{{cite web |url=https://peps.python.org/pep-0375/ |title=PEP 375 – Python 3.1 Release Schedule |last=Peterson |first=Benjamin |date=2009-02-08 |access-date=2019-11-29 |archive-date=April 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220419175721/https://peps.python.org/pep-0375/ |url-status=live}}

{{cite web |url=https://peps.python.org/pep-0392/ |title=PEP 392 – Python 3.2 Release Schedule |last=Brandl |first=Georg |date=2009-12-30 |access-date=2019-11-29 |archive-date=April 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220419175659/https://peps.python.org/pep-0392/ |url-status=live}}

{{cite web |url=https://peps.python.org/pep-0398/ |title=PEP 398 – Python 3.3 Release Schedule |last=Brandl |first=Georg |date=2011-03-23 |access-date=2019-11-29 |archive-date=April 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412092219/https://peps.python.org/pep-0398/ |url-status=live}}

{{cite web |url=https://peps.python.org/pep-0404/ |title=PEP 404 – Python 2.8 Un-release Schedule |last=Warsaw |first=Barry |date=2011-11-09 |access-date=2012-10-07 |archive-date=May 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523193051/https://peps.python.org/pep-0404/ |url-status=live}}

{{cite web |url=https://peps.python.org/pep-0429/ |title=PEP 429 – Python 3.4 Release Schedule |last=Hastings |first=Larry |date=2012-10-17 |access-date=2019-11-29 |archive-date=April 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412092244/https://peps.python.org/pep-0429/ |url-status=live}}

{{cite web |url=https://peps.python.org/pep-0478/ |title=PEP 478 – Python 3.5 Release Schedule |last=Hastings |first=Larry |date=2014-09-22 |access-date=2020-03-17 |archive-date=April 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412092240/https://peps.python.org/pep-0478/ |url-status=live}}

{{cite web |url=https://peps.python.org/pep-0494/ |title=PEP 494 – Python 3.6 Release Schedule |last=Deily |first=Ned |date=2015-05-30 |access-date=2022-05-23 |archive-date=May 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523193057/https://peps.python.org/pep-0494/ |url-status=live}}

{{cite web |url=https://peps.python.org/pep-0537/ |title=PEP 537 – Python 3.7 Release Schedule |last=Deily |first=Ned |date=2016-12-23 |access-date=2023-07-16 |archive-date=July 16, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716011743/https://peps.python.org/pep-0537/ |url-status=live}}

{{cite web |url=https://peps.python.org/pep-0569/ |title=PEP 569 – Python 3.8 Release Schedule |last=Langa |first=Łukasz |date=2018-01-27 |access-date=2023-07-16 |archive-date=July 16, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716011524/https://peps.python.org/pep-0569/ |url-status=live}}

{{cite web |url=https://peps.python.org/pep-0596/ |title=PEP 596 – Python 3.9 Release Schedule |last=Langa |first=Łukasz |date=2020-10-13 |access-date=2022-12-07 |archive-date=November 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112083255/https://peps.python.org/pep-0596/ |url-status=live}}

{{cite web |url=https://peps.python.org/pep-0602/ |title=PEP 602 – Annual Release Cycle for Python |last=Langa |first=Łukasz |date=2019-06-04 |access-date=2023-07-16 |archive-date=July 16, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716011411/https://peps.python.org/pep-0602/ |url-status=live}}

{{cite web |url=https://peps.python.org/pep-0619/ |title=PEP 619 – Python 3.10 Release Schedule |last=Salgado |first=Pablo |date=2020-05-25 |access-date=2023-07-16 |archive-date=July 16, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716012115/https://peps.python.org/pep-0619/ |url-status=live}}

{{cite web |url=https://peps.python.org/pep-0664/ |title=PEP 664 – Python 3.11 Release Schedule |last=Salgado |first=Pablo |date=2021-07-12 |access-date=2023-07-16 |archive-date=July 16, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716011740/https://peps.python.org/pep-0664/ |url-status=live}}

{{cite web |url=https://peps.python.org/pep-0693/ |title=PEP 693 – Python 3.12 Release Schedule |last=Wouters |first=Thomas |date=2022-05-24 |access-date=2023-07-16 |archive-date=July 16, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716011356/https://peps.python.org/pep-0693/ |url-status=live}}

{{cite web |url=https://peps.python.org/pep-0719/ |title=PEP 719 – Python 3.13 Release Schedule |last=Wouters |first=Thomas |date=2023-05-26 |access-date=2023-07-16 |archive-date=July 16, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716011314/https://peps.python.org/pep-0719/ |url-status=live}}

{{cite web |url=https://peps.python.org/pep-3000/ |title=PEP 3000 – Python 3000 |last=van Rossum |first=Guido |date=2006-04-05 |access-date=December 27, 2016 |archive-date=April 2, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220402165138/https://peps.python.org/pep-3000/ |url-status=live}}

{{cite web |url=https://peps.python.org/pep-3105/ |title=PEP 3105 – Make print a function |last=Brandl |first=Georg |date=2007-11-19 |access-date=December 27, 2016 |archive-date=April 2, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220402184902/https://peps.python.org/pep-3105/ |url-status=live}}

{{cite web |url=https://peps.python.org/pep-3107/ |title=PEP 3107 – Function Annotations |last1=Winter |first1=Collin |last2=Lownds |first2=Tony |date=2006-12-02 |access-date=December 27, 2016 |archive-date=March 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220313061252/https://peps.python.org/pep-3107/ |url-status=live}}

{{cite web |url=https://peps.python.org/pep-3137/ |title=PEP 3137 – Immutable Bytes and Mutable Buffer |last=van Rossum |first=Guido |date=2007-09-26 |access-date=May 23, 2022 |archive-date=May 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523193053/https://peps.python.org/pep-3137/ |url-status=live}}

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• [http://python-history.blogspot.com/ Guido Van Rossum blog on Python's History]

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