History of archery#Europe

The oldest known evidence of arrows comes from South African sites such as Sibudu Cave, where likely arrowheads have been found, dating from approximately 72,000–60,000 years ago,{{Cite journal |title=The tip cross-sectional areas of poisoned bone arrowheads from southern Africa |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports |volume=33 |date=October 2020 |doi=10.1016/j.jasrep.2020.102477 |last=Lombard |first=Marlize |page=102477 |bibcode=2020JArSR..33j2477L |s2cid=224889105}}{{cite journal |title=Middle Stone Age bone tools from the Howiesons Poort layers, Sibudu Cave, South Africa |first1=Lucinda |last1=Backwell |first2=Francesco |last2=d'Errico |first3=Lyn |last3=Wadley |name-list-style=amp |date=June 2008 |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science |volume=35 |number=6 |pages=1566–1580 |doi=10.1016/j.jas.2007.11.006|bibcode=2008JArSc..35.1566B }}{{cite journal |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/40650023 |last1=Wadley |first1=Lyn |year=2008 |title=The Howieson's Poort industry of Sibudu Cave |journal=Goodwin Series |publisher=South African Archaeological Society |volume=10 |pages=122–132|jstor=40650023 }}{{Cite journal |title=Indications of bow and stone-tipped arrow use 64,000 years ago in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa |journal=Antiquity |volume=84 |issue=325 |pages=635–648 |year=2010 |doi=10.1017/S0003598X00100134 |first1=Marlize |last1=Lombard |first2=Laurel |last2=Phillipson |name-list-style=amp |s2cid=162438490}}{{Cite journal |title=Quartz-tipped arrows older than 60 ka: further use-trace evidence from Sibudu, Kwa-Zulu-Natal, South Africa |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science |date=August 2011 |doi=10.1016/j.jas.2011.04.001 |first=Marlize |last=Lombard |volume=38 |issue=8 |pages=1918–1930|bibcode=2011JArSc..38.1918L }}{{cite journal |title=The antiquity of bow-and-arrow technology: evidence from Middle Stone Age layers at Sibudu Cave |first1=Lucinda |last1=Backwell |first2=Justin |last2=Bradfield |first3=Kristian J. |last3=Carlson |first4=Tea |last4=Jashashvili |first5=Lyn |last5=Wadley |first6=Francesco |last6=d'Errico |name-list-style=amp |date=April 2018 |journal=Antiquity |volume=92 |number=362 |pages=289–303 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2018.11|s2cid=166154740 |doi-access=free |hdl=11336/81248 |hdl-access=free }} on some of which poisons may have been used.

Small stone points from the Grotte Mandrin in Southern France, used some 54,000 years ago, have damage from use that indicates their use as projectile weapons, and some are too small (less than 10mm across as the base) for any practical use other than as arrowheads.{{cite journal | doi=10.1126/sciadv.add4675 | title=Bow-and-arrow, technology of the first modern humans in Europe 54,000 years ago at Mandrin, France | date=2023 | last1=Metz | first1=Laure | last2=Lewis | first2=Jason E. | last3=Slimak | first3=Ludovic | journal=Science Advances | volume=9 | issue=8 | pages=eadd4675 | pmid=36812314 | pmc=9946345 | bibcode=2023SciA....9D4675M }} They are associated with possibly the first groups of humans to leave Africa.{{cite journal|first1=L.|last1=Slimak|first2=C.|last2=Zanolli|first3=T.|last3=Higham|display-authors=et al.|year=2022|title=Modern human incursion into Neanderthal territories 54,000 years ago at Mandrin, France|journal=Science Advances|volume=8|issue=6|pages=eabj9496 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.abj9496|pmid=35138885 |pmc=8827661 |bibcode=2022SciA....8J9496S |ref={{harvid|Slimak, Zanolli & Higham 2022}} }}{{cite journal |last1=Metz |first1=Laure |last2=Lewis |first2=Jason E. |last3=Slimak |first3=Ludovic |date=24 February 2023 |title=Bow-and-arrow, technology of the first modern humans in Europe 54,000 years ago at Mandrin, France |journal=Science Advances |volume=9 |issue=8 |pages=eadd4675 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.add4675 |pmc=9946345 |pmid=36812314|bibcode=2023SciA....9D4675M }}

Likely arrowheads were reported in 2020 from Fa Hien Cave in Sri Lanka, dated to 48,000 years ago. "Bow-and-arrow hunting at the Sri Lankan site likely focused on monkeys and smaller animals, such as squirrels... Remains of these creatures were found in the same sediment as the bone points."{{Cite news |url=https://www.sciencenews.org/article/clues-earliest-known-bow-arrow-hunting-outside-africa-found |title=Clues to the earliest known bow-and-arrow hunting outside Africa have been found |first=Bruce |last=Bower |date=12 June 2020 |website=Science News}}{{cite journal |title=Bows and arrows and complex symbolic displays 48,000 years ago in the South Asian tropics |first1=Michelle C. |last1=Langley |first2=Noel |last2=Amano |first3=Oshan |last3=Wedage |first4=Siran |last4=Deraniyagala |first5=M. M. |last5=Pathmala |first6=Nimal |last6=Perera |first7=Nicole |last7=Boivin |first8=Michael D. |last8=Petraglia |first9=Patrick |last9=Roberts |name-list-style=amp |date=12 June 2020 |journal=Science Advances |volume=6 |number=24 |pages=eaba3831 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.aba3831|pmid=32582854 |pmc=7292635 |bibcode=2020SciA....6.3831L }}

At the site of Nataruk in Turkana County, Kenya, obsidian bladelets found embedded in a human skull and within the thoracic cavity of another human skeleton, suggest the use of stone-tipped arrows as weapons about 10,000 years ago.{{Cite journal |title=Inter-group violence among early Holocene hunter-gatherers of West Turkana, Kenya |journal=Nature |pages=394–398 |volume=529 |issue=7586 |doi=10.1038/nature16477 |first1=M. Mirazón |last1=Lahr |first2=F. |last2=Rivera |first3=R.K. |last3=Power |first4=A. |last4=Mounier |first5=B. |last5=Copsey |first6=F. |last6=Crivellaro |first7=J.E. |last7=Edung |first8=J.M. Maillo |last8=Fernandez |first9=C. |last9=Kiarie |name-list-style=amp |pmid=26791728 |year=2016 |bibcode=2016Natur.529..394L |s2cid=4462435 |url=https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/253726}}

In the Sahara, Mesolithic rock art of the Tassili plateau from 5,000 BP or earlier depicts people carrying bows.{{Cite web |title=Digital photograph (colour) from Tin-Tazarift |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/E_2013-2034-4127 |access-date=2020-11-11 |website=The British Museum |language=en}}

Based on indirect evidence, the bow seems also to have appeared or reappeared later in Eurasia around the Upper Paleolithic.

In the Levant, artifacts which may be arrow-shaft straighteners are known from the Natufian culture, (ca. 12,800–10,300 BP) onwards. The Khiamian and PPN A shouldered Khiam-points may well be arrowheads.

Possible fragments of a bow found at Mannheim-Vogelstang have been dated to the Early Magdelenian age (c. 17,500 to 18,000 years ago) and at Stellmoor dated 11,000 years ago.{{cite journal |title=Le plus vieil arc du monde? Une pièce intéressante en provenance de Mannheim, Allemagne |trans-title=The oldest bow in the world? An interesting piece from Mannheim, Germany |language=fr, en|first1=Gaëlle |last1=Rosendahl |first2=Karl-Wilhelm |last2=Beinhauer |first3=Manfred |last3=Löscher |first4=Kurt |last4=Kreipl |first5=Rudolf |last5=Walter |first6=Wilfried |last6=Rosendahl |name-list-style=amp |date=2006 |journal=L'Anthropologie |volume=110 |number=3 |pages=371–382 |doi=10.1016/j.anthro.2006.06.008}} Azilian points found in Grotte du Bichon, Switzerland, alongside the remains of both a bear and a hunter, with flint fragments found in the bear's third vertebra, suggest the use of arrows at 13,500 years ago.{{cite book |editor-last=Chauviere |editor-first=François-Xavier |date=2009 |title=La grotte du Bichon, un site préhistorique des montagnes neuchâteloises |trans-title=The Bichon cave, a prehistoric site in the Neuchâtel mountains |language=fr |series=Archéologie neuchâteloise |volume=42 |location=Neuchâtel |publisher=Office et musée cantonal d'archéologie |isbn=978-2-940347-41-4}}

Other early indications of archery in Europe come from Stellmoor in the Ahrensburg valley north of Hamburg, Germany. They were associated with artifacts of the late Paleolithic (11,000–9,000{{nbsp}}BP). The arrows were made of pine and consisted of a mainshaft and a 15–20 centimetre (6–8 inches) long foreshaft with a flint point. They had shallow grooves on the base, indicating that they were shot from a bow.{{cite magazine |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24936943 |title=Early bow design and construction |first1=Edward |last1=McEwen |first2=Robert L. |last2=Miller |first3=Christopher A. |last3=Bergman |name-list-style=amp |date=June 1991 |magazine=Scientific American |volume=264 |number=6 |pages=76–83|jstor=24936943 }}

The oldest definite bows known so far come from the Holmegaard swamp in Denmark. In the 1940s, two bows were found there, dated to about 8,000 BP.{{cite book |first1=Charles E. |last1=Grayson |author-link1=Charles E. Grayson |first2=Mary |last2=French |first3=Michael J. |last3=O'Brien |name-list-style=amp |date=2007 |title=Traditional Archery from Six Continents: The Charles E. Grayson Collection |location=Columbia, MO |publisher=University of Missouri Press |page=1 |isbn=978-0-8262-1751-6}} The Holmegaard bows are made of elm and have flat arms and a D-shaped midsection. The center section is biconvex. The complete bow is {{nowrap|1.50 m}} (5 ft) long. Bows of Holmegaard-type were in use until the Bronze Age; the convexity of the midsection has decreased with time.

Mesolithic pointed shafts have been found in England, Germany, Denmark, and Sweden. They were often rather long, up to {{nowrap|120 cm}} (4 ft) and made of European hazel (Corylus avellana), wayfaring tree (Viburnum lantana) and other small woody shoots. Some still have flint arrow-heads preserved; others have blunt wooden ends for hunting birds and small game. The ends show traces of fletching, which was fastened on with birch-tar.{{Citation needed|reason=Missing sources for this paragraph; unclear if existing citation applies|date=August 2021}}

File:Morella (combate-de-arquero.png

The oldest depictions of combat, found in Iberian cave art of the Mesolithic, show battles between archers.{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4-sPSyNWVsEC&pg=PA72 |last=Otterbein |first=Keith F. |author-link=Keith F. Otterbein |date=2004 |title=How War Began |location=College Station, Texas |publisher=Texas A&M University Press |page=72 |isbn=1-58544-329-8}}

A group of three archers encircled by a group of four is found in Cueva del Roure, Morella la Vella, Castellón, Valencia. A depiction of a larger battle (which may, however, date to the early Neolithic), in which eleven archers are attacked by seventeen running archers, is found in Les Dogue, Ares del Maestrat, Castellón, Valencia.{{cite journal |title=Warfare in the European Neolithic |first=Jonas |last=Christensen |date=December 2004 |journal=Acta Archaeologica |volume=75 |number=2 |pages=129–156 |doi=10.1111/j.0065-001X.2004.00014.x}}

At Val del Charco del Agua Amarga, Alcañiz, Aragon, seven archers with plumes on their heads are fleeing a group of eight archers running in pursuit.{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aTNUAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA207 |editor1-last=Washburn |editor1-first=S.L. |editor1-link=Sherwood Washburn |first=Luis |last=Pericot |author-link=Luis Pericot Garcia |chapter=The Social Life of Spanish Paleolithic Hunters as Shown by Levantine Art |date=2004 |orig-date=1962 |title=Social Life of Early Man |edition=Facsimile |location=London, UK |publisher=Routledge |page=207 |isbn=978-0-41533-041-1}}

Archery seems to have arrived in the Americas via Alaska, as early as 6000 BC,{{cite journal |url=http://anthropology.ua.edu/reprints/22.pdf |title=Adoption of the Bow in Prehistoric North America |first=John |last=Blitz |date=1988 |journal=North American Archaeologist |volume=9 |number=2 |pages=123–145 |doi=10.2190/HN64-P1UD-NM0A-J0LR |s2cid=28324859 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709183018/http://anthropology.ua.edu/reprints/22.pdf |archive-date=9 July 2021}} with the Arctic small tool tradition, about 2500 BC, spreading south into the temperate zones as early as 2000 BC, and was widely known among the indigenous peoples of North America from about 500 AD.{{cite book |last=Fagan |first=Brian M. |author-link=Brian M. Fagan |date=2011 |title=The First North Americans |location=London, UK |publisher=Thames & Hudson |isbn=978-0-500-02120-0}}{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/handbookamindians02hodgrich/page/484/mode/2up?view=theater |last=Hodge |first=Frederick Webb |author-link=Frederick Webb Hodge |date=1907 |title=Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico, Volume 1 |location=Washington, DC |publisher=Government Printing Office |page=484}}

The oldest Neolithic bow known from Europe was found in anaerobic layers dating between 7,400 and 7,200 BP, the earliest layer of settlement at the lake settlement at La Draga, Banyoles, Girona, Spain. The intact specimen is short at {{convert|1.08|m|ftin|abbr=on}}, has a D-shaped cross-section, and is made of yew wood.{{cite web |url=http://www.uab.cat/servlet/Satellite/latest-news/news-detail/the-oldest-neolithic-bow-discovered-in-europe-1096476786473.html?noticiaid=1340951938330 |title=The oldest Neolithic Bow discovered in Europe |date=29 June 2012 |website=Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200306125738/https://www.uab.cat/web/latest-news/news-detail/the-oldest-neolithic-bow-discovered-in-europe-1096476786473.html?noticiaid=1340951938330 |archive-date=2020-03-06}} Stone wrist-guards, interpreted as display versions of bracers, form a defining part of the Beaker culture and arrowheads are also commonly found in Beaker graves. European Neolithic fortifications, arrow-heads, injuries, and representations indicate that, in Neolithic and Early Bronze Age Europe, archery was a major form of interpersonal violence.{{cite book |first1=Richard |last1=Osgood |first2=Sarah |last2=Monks |first3=Judith |last3=Toms |name-list-style=amp |date=2010 |orig-date=2000 |title=Bronze Age Warfare |location=Stroud |publisher=The History Press |pages=139–142 |isbn=978-0-75245-697-3}} For example, the Neolithic settlement at Carn Brea was occupied between around 3700 and 3400 BC; excavations found that every timber structure on the site had been burnt, and there was a concentration of arrow heads around a probable entrance to the enclosure, suggesting that these arrows may have been used by a large group of archers in an organized assault.{{cite book |last=Burrow |first=Steve |date=2011 |title=Shadowland: Wales 3000-1500 BC |location=Havertown, PA |publisher=Oxbow Books |page=147 |isbn=978-1-84217-459-3}}{{cite journal |url=https://cornisharchaeology.org.uk/volume-9-1970/ |last=Mercer |first=R.J. |author-link=Roger Mercer |title=The Neolithic Settlement on Carn Brea: Preliminary Report |journal=Cornish Archaeology |volume=9 |pages=54–62 |publisher=Cornwall Archaeological Society |year=1970}}{{cite journal |url=https://cornisharchaeology.org.uk/volume-11-1972/ |last=Mercer |first=R.J. |title=The Excavation of the Neolithic Settlement, Carn Brea |journal=Cornish Archaeology |volume=11 |pages=5–8 |publisher=Cornwall Archaeological Society |year=1972}}

Chariot-borne archers became a defining feature of Middle Bronze Age warfare, from Europe to Eastern Asia and India. However, in the Middle Bronze Age, with the development of massed infantry tactics, and with the use of chariots for shock tactics or as prestigious command vehicles, archery seems to have lessened in importance in European warfare. In approximately the same period, with the Seima-Turbino Phenomenon and the spread of the Andronovo culture, mounted archery became a defining feature of Eurasian nomad cultures and a foundation of their military success, until the massed use of guns.

File:Archers frieze Darius palace Louvre AOD487.jpgs and short spears, detail from the archers' frieze in Palace of Darius I in Susa. Siliceous glazed bricks, c. 510 BC.]]

Ancient civilizations, notably the Persians, Parthians, Egyptians, Nubians, Indians, Koreans, Chinese, and Japanese fielded large numbers of archers in their armies. Arrows were destructive against massed formations, and the use of archers often proved decisive. The Sanskrit term for archery, dhanurveda, came to refer to martial arts in general.

File:Nomelist (Sesostris I.) 1up.jpg" in Karnak.]]

The ancient Egyptian people took to archery as early as 5,000 years ago. It was widespread by the time of the earliest pharaohs and was practiced both for hunting and use in warfare. Legendary figures from the tombs of Thebes are depicted giving "lessons in archery".{{cite book |last=Wilson |first=John A. |author-link=John A. Wilson (Egyptologist) |date=1956 |title=The Culture of Ancient Egypt |location=Chicago, IL |publisher=University of Chicago Press |page=186 |isbn=978-0-22690-152-7}} Some Egyptian deities are also connected to archery.{{cite book |last=Traunecker |first=Claude |author-link=Claude Traunecker |others=Translated from the French by David Lorton |date=2001 |orig-date=1992 |title=The Gods of Egypt |edition=1st English |location=Ithaca, NY |publisher=Cornell University Press |page=29 |isbn=978-0-80143-834-9}}

The "Nine bows" were a conventional representation of Egypt's external enemies. One of the oldest representations of the Nine bows is on the seated statue of Pharaoh Djoser (3rd Dynasty, 27th century BC).{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xKAVHnS5oUIC&dq=nine+bows&pg=PA43 |last=Poo |first=Mu-chou |author-link=Poo Mu-chou |date=February 2012 |title=Enemies of Civilization: Attitudes toward Foreigners in Ancient Mesopotamia, Egypt, and China |location=Albany, New York |publisher=SUNY Press |page=43 |isbn=978-0-7914-6364-2 |access-date=7 January 2017}}

Many of the archers in service to Egypt were of Nubian extraction commonly referred to as Medjay, who go from a mercenary force during their initial service to Egypt in the Middle Kingdom to an elite paramilitary unit by the New Kingdom. So effective were the Nubians as archers that Nubia as a whole would be referred to Ta-Seti or land of the bow by the Ancient Egyptians.

File:Archer wearing feather headdress. Alabaster. From Nineveh, Iraq. Reign of Ashurbanipal II, 668-627 BCE. The Burrell Collection, Glasgow, UK.jpg

The Assyrians and Babylonians extensively used the bow and arrow for hunting and warfare. The empires in ancient Mesopotamia formed the first standing armies used exclusively for warfare. This included soldiers trained and employed as archers. The archers served as an integral division of the military that was used on foot and on chariots.

File:Persian army formation.png sparabara units: nine rows of archers protected by one row of shield-bearers.]]

The Chariot warriors of the Kassites relied heavily on the bow. The Nuzi texts detail the bows and the number of arrows assigned to the chariot crew. Archery was essential to the role of the light horse-drawn chariot as a vehicle of warfare.{{cite book |last=Drews |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Drews |date=1993 |title=The End of the Bronze Age: Changes in Warfare and the Catastrophe ca. 1200 B.C. |location=Princeton, NJ |publisher=Princeton University Press |page=119 |isbn=978-0-69104-811-6}}

The Old Testament has multiple references to archery as a skill identified with the ancient Hebrews. Xenophon describes long bows used to great effect in Corduene.

Three-bladed (trilobate) arrowheads have been found in the United Arab Emirates, dated to 100 BC-150 AD.{{cite journal |last1=Delrue |first1=Parsival |year=2007 |title=Trilobate Arrowheads at Ed-Dur (U.A.E, Emirate of Umm Al-Qaiwain) |journal=Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=239–250 |doi=10.1111/j.1600-0471.2007.00281.x |quote=A trilobate arrowhead can be defined as an arrowhead that has three wings or blades that are usually placed at equal angles (i.e. c. 120°) around the imaginary longitudinal axis extending from the centre of the socket or tang. Since this type of arrowhead is rare in southeastern Arabia, we must investigate its origin and the reasons behind its presence at ed-Dur.}}

The composite bow was first produced in the Eurasian Steppes during the Bronze Age, and from there it diffused throughout the Old World. The nomads from the Eurasian steppes are believed to play an integral part in introducing the composite bow to other civilizations, including Mesopotamia, Iran, India, East Asia, and Europe. There are arrowheads from the earliest chariot burials at Krivoye Lake, part of the Sintashta culture about 2100–1700 BC. These people are also believed to have invented spoke-wheeled chariots, and chariot archery became an integral component of the militaries of early Indo-Europeans.

Domestication of horses and mounted horseback archery are also believed to have originated in the Eurasian steppes. This revolutionized warfare as well as the practice of archery.

File:Bowmena.PNG bowmen on gold plaque from Kul Oba kurgan, in Crimea, 4th century BC.]]

The use of bow and arrow was recorded extensively throughout the history of the Indian subcontinent.

The Paleolithic paintings of Bhimbetka rock shelters depict archery.{{cite book|author1-link=Howard Morphy |last=Morphy |first=Howard |date=1988 |title=Animals into Art |location=London, UK |publisher=Unwin Hyman |page=365 |isbn=978-0-04445-030-6}} Vedic hymns in the Rigveda, Yajurveda, and Atharvaveda lay emphasis on the use of the bow and arrow.{{cite book |last=Drews |first=Robert |date=1993 |title=The End of the Bronze Age: Changes in Warfare and the Catastrophe ca. 1200 B.C. |location=Princeton, NJ |publisher=Princeton University Press |page=125 |isbn=978-0-69104-811-6 |quote=With the bow let us win cows, with the bow let us win the contest and violent battles with the bow. The bow ruins the enemy's pleasure; with the bow let us conquer all corners of the world.}} The second Veda, the Yajurveda contains Dhanurveda (dhanus "bow" and veda "knowledge"), which was an ancient treatise on the science of archery and its use in warfare. The existence of Dhanurveda or "Science of Archery" in antiquity is evident from references made in several works of ancient literature. The Viṣṇu Purāṇa refers it as one of the eighteen branches of knowledge taught, while the Mahābhārata mentions it as having sutras like other vedas. Śukranīti describes it as that 'upaveda of yajurveda' which has five arts or practical aspects. The Dhanurveda enumerates the rules of archery, and describes the uses of weapons and the training the army. Besides providing the account of the training of the archers, Vasiṣṭha's Dhanurveda describes the different types of bows and arrows, as well as the process of making them. Detailed accounts of training methodologies in early India considered to be an essential martial skill in early India.{{cite book |last=Scharfe |first=Hartmut |date=2002 |title=Education in Ancient India |location=Leiden |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |page=271 |isbn=978-9-00412-556-8}}

The composite bow in India was being used by 2nd millennium BCE. The bow was used extensively on foot as well on chariots. It was incorporated into the standing armies of the Mahajanapadas, and used in mounted warfare on horses, camels, and elephants with a howdah. The importance of archery continued through antiquity during the Maurya Empire. The Arthashastra, a military treaties written by Chanakya during the Maurya Era, goes in depth on the importance and implementation of archery. It also mentions an archery school at Taxila which enrolled 103 princes from different kingdoms across the empire.

During the era of the Gupta Empire mounted archery was largely supplanted by foot archers. This was in contrast to the nomadic armies on horseback from Central Asia such as the Iranian, Scythians, Parthians, Kushans, and Hunas. Later Indian kingdoms entities would maintain and field large numbers of mounted archers. The use of bows and arrows continued to be used as the mainstay of most Indian armies until the advent of firearms, introduced by Mongol gunpowder empires.{{cite book |last=Zimmer |first=Heinrich |author-link=Heinrich Zimmer |editor-last=Campbell |editor-first=Joseph |editor-link=Joseph Campbell |date=1969 |title=Philosophies of India |edition=4th |location=Princeton, NJ |publisher=Princeton University Press |page=140 |isbn=978-0-69101-758-7}}

File:Apollo Artemis Brygos Louvre G151.jpg

File:Antikensammlung Berlin 525.JPG shooting an arrow with a bow in her feet; Gnathia style pelikai pottery; 4th century BC]]

The people of Crete practiced archery and Cretan mercenary archers were in great demand.{{cite book |editor1-last=Bowman |editor1-first=Alan K. |editor1-link=Alan K. Bowman |editor2-last=Garnsey |editor2-first=Peter |editor2-link=Peter Garnsey |editor3-last=Rathbone |editor3-first=Dominic |editor3-link=Dominic Rathbone |name-list-style=amp |date=October 2000 |title=The High Empire, AD 70–192 |series=The Cambridge Ancient History |volume=11 |edition=2nd |location=Cambridge, UK |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=174 |isbn=978-0-52126-335-1}} Crete was known for its unbroken tradition of archery.{{cite book |last=Kirk |first=Geoffrey |author-link=Geoffrey Kirk |date=1993 |title=The Iliad: A Commentary |location=Cambridge, UK |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=136}}

During the invasion of India by Alexander the Great, archers are listed among the troops Alexander personally commanded.The Ashvayanas living on river Guraeus (modern river Panjkora), which are the Gauri of Mahabharata, were also known as Gorys or Guraios, modern Ghori or Gori, a wide spread tribe, branches of which are still to be found on the Panjkora and on both sides of the Kabul at the point of its confluence with Landai. (See: {{cite book |editor-last=Joshi |editor-first=L. M. |editor-link=Lal Mani Joshi |first=Fauja |last=Singh |date=1997 |title=History of The Punjab, Volume I |location=Patiala |publisher=Publication Bureau Punjabi University |page=227 |isbn=8-1738-0336-6}}) The clan name Gore or Gaure is also found among the modern Kamboj people of Punjab and it is stated that the Punjab Kamboj Gaure/Gore came from the Kunar valley to Punjab at some point in time in the past. (See: {{cite book |last=Singh Dardi |first=Kirpal |date=1979 |title=These Kamboja People |location= |publisher= |page=122 |isbn=}} & {{cite book |last=Singh Dardi |first=Kirpal |date=2005 |title=Kambojas Through the Ages |location= |publisher= |page=131 |isbn=}})

The early Romans had very few archers, if any. As their empire grew, they recruited auxiliary archers from other nations. Julius Caesar's armies in Gaul included Cretan archers, and Vercingetorix his enemy ordered "all the archers, of whom there was a very great number in Gaul, to be collected".{{cite book |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/10657/10657.txt |author=Gaius Julius Caesar |editor-last=Rhys |editor-first=Ernest |editor-link=Ernest Rhys |others=Translated by W. A. Macdevitt |date=1929 |title=Caesar's Commentaries |location=London, UK |publisher=Everyman's Library |at=Book VII, p. XXXI |via=Project Gutenberg}} By the 4th century, archers with powerful composite bows were a regular part of Roman armies throughout the empire. During the fall of the western empire, the Romans came under severe pressure from the highly skilled mounted archers belonging to the Hun invaders, and later Eastern Roman armies relied heavily on mounted archery.{{cite book |last=Connolly |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Connolly (classical scholar) |others=Preface by Adrian Keith Goldsworthy |date=1998 |title=Greece and Rome at War |location=London |publisher=Greenhill Books |isbn=978-1-85367-303-0}}

File:Warring States Bronze Arrowhead with Wings.jpg]]

{{main|Chinese archery|Gungdo|Kyūdō|Yabusame}}

Archery featured prominently in ancient Chinese culture and philosophy Confucius himself was an archery teacher; and Lie Zi (a Daoist philosopher) was an avid archer.{{cite web |url=http://www.chinaarchery.org/archives/742 |title=Six Arts of Ancient China |date=8 August 2010 |website=Folk Archery Federation of the People's Republic of China}}{{cite book |last=Selby |first=Stephen |date=2000 |title=Chinese Archery |location=Hong Kong |publisher=Hong Kong University Press |isbn=962-209-501-1}} In China, crossbows were developed, and Han Dynasty writers attributed Chinese success in battles against nomad invaders to the massed use of crossbows, first definitely attested at the Battle of Ma-Ling in 341 BC.{{cite book |editor-last=Needham |editor-first=Joseph |editor-link=Joseph Needham |date=1986 |title=Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Military Technology, Missiles and Sieges, Volume 5, Part 6 |series=Science and Civilisation in China |location=Cambridge, UK |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=124–128 |isbn=}} Because the cultures associated with Chinese society spanned a wide geography and time range, the techniques and equipment associated with Chinese archery are diverse.{{cite journal |title=The Bows of China |first=Stephen |last=Selby |date=Winter 2010 |journal=Journal of Chinese Martial Studies |number=2 |location=Hong Kong |publisher=Three-In-One Press}}

At the start of the medieval period, shortbows were used for both hunting and warfare. Medieval shortbows were structurally similar to ancient bows, but new construction materials significantly increased their usefulness. With a range of about 100yds a shortbow had the ability to kill or injure an unarmoured man at close range, but were often ineffective against armour. Vikings made extensive use of shortbows both on land and at sea, but other early medieval armies less so, with some notable exceptions. Both sides used archers at the Battle of Hastings, and the Norman archers struck a decisive blow by firing their arrows into the air (avoiding shields and armour which they could not penetrate) and wounding Saxon King Harold. The shortbow remained the primary ranged weapon throughout early medieval Europe. Archers were usually unarmoured, and were typically peasants or townsmen rather than nobles or men-at-arms.{{Cite web |url=https://www.historyoffighting.com/archery-in-medieval-england.php |title=Archery and Social Class in Medieval England |first=Andrew |last=Griffiths |website=History of Fighting.com}}

Around the tenth century the crossbow was introduced in Europe. Crossbows generally had a longer range, greater accuracy and more penetration than the shortbow, but suffered from a much slower rate of fire. Unlike the longbow they did not require special skill or strength to use effectively. They were also controversial, attracting stigma to those who used them, and were outlawed by the Lateran Council of 1139.{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/technology/crossbow |title=Crossbow : Definition, History, & Facts |website=Britannica.com|date=18 September 2023 }} Despite this, crossbows were used in the early Crusades, with models having a range of {{convert|300|yds|m|0|abbr=on}} and being able to penetrate armour or kill a horse.{{Cite web |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/bow-medieval-warfare |title=The Bow in Medieval Warfare |website=Encyclopedia.com}} They fired short metal bolts rather than arrows. The French army relied substantially on the crossbow in late medieval times.name="RoyalArmouries">{{Cite web |url=https://collections.royalarmouries.org/hundred-years-war/people.html |title=People of the Hundred Years' War |website=Royal Armouries |access-date=28 March 2022 |archive-date=29 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929195646/https://collections.royalarmouries.org/hundred-years-war/people.html |url-status=dead }}

The longbow first appeared in Europe in the 13th century, although similar weapons were described in antiquity. It did not appear with any frequency until the 14th. Like their shortbow predecessors longbow archers were more likely to be peasants or yeomen than men-at-arms. The longbow had a similar range and penetration as the crossbow, but a much higher rate of fire. It also required more skill and strength to use effectively than a crossbow. Its lack of accuracy at long ranges made it a mass weapon rather than an individual one. During the late medieval period the English army famously relied on massed archers armed with the longbow. In the Scottish Highlands, archers were used in battle until 1689 at Killiekrankie, with a documented fatal shot from the Hanoverian Government army. They were last used in large numbers during the final clan battle between the MacDonalds and the Mackintoshes in 1688. Highlanders are most regularly recorded or depicted using the short recurve or "McNaughton Bow" in this period.name="RoyalArmouries" Significant victories attributable to the longbow, such as the Battle of Crecy{{cite book |title=Trebuchet Energy Efficiency – Experimental Results |first=Ronald |last=Rhoten |date=9 January 2006 |publisher=American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics |doi=10.2514/6.2006-775 |isbn=978-1-62410-039-0}} and Battle of Agincourt resulted in the English longbow becoming part of military lore. In both England and Scotland legislation was passed to ensure a supply of trained longbowmen, such as the Unlawful Games Act 1541 which prohibited "Several new devised Games" that might detract from archery training.

In the Middle East the composite bow was the preferred bow in the later medieval period. More powerful than the shortbow, they had the advantage over the longer longbow that they could be fired from horseback. However, they also required skilled craftsmen to manufacture, and, like the longbow, extensive training to use well. The Byzantine Empire was already using mounted archers extensively by the 5th century, and the Emperor Mavrikios laid down principles for their use in his seminal military work the Strategikon of Maurice. The core of the Byzantine army was the Cataphract, an armoured horse archer. The Byzantines also recruited mercenary light mounted archers from the Steppes.{{Cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/technology/military-technology/The-horse-archer |title=Military Technology: The horse archer |website=Britannica.com}}

Turkish tribes, of which the Seljuk Turks are representative, used mounted archers against the European First Crusade, especially at the Battle of Dorylaeum (1097). Their archers were more lightly armoured than the Cataphracts, and consequently more mobile. Their tactic was to fire at the enemy infantry, and use their superior mobility to prevent the enemy from closing with them.

The Mongol armies of Genghis Khan and his successors relied almost exclusively on mounted warriors, who used the Mongol bow (a form of recurve composite bow) as their principal weapon. Mongol bows of that period were constructed from leather, horn, and wood with animal sinew outside, held together with fish glue and covered with tree bark to protect against water. 13th century bows were said to be able to shoot 700–800 meters accurately.{{Cite web |url=https://www.bow-international.com/features/mongolian-archery-from-the-stone-age-to-nadaam/ |title=Mongolian Archery: from the Stone Age to Naadam |date=14 August 2020 |website=Bow International |access-date=12 April 2022 |archive-date=13 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413082010/https://www.bow-international.com/features/mongolian-archery-from-the-stone-age-to-nadaam/ |url-status=dead}} Warriors would carry two bows, a long one for shooting at range and a short one for close fighting. They also carried different types of arrows for different uses, some of which could pierce thick armour. The bow was also used for hunting, and warriors were trained from an early age, and competed in tournaments.{{Cite web |url=https://www.historyoffighting.com/mongolian-archery.php |title=Mongolian Archery |first=Andrew |last=Griffiths |website=History of Fighting.com}}

In Korea Joseon adopted a military-service examination system from China that included a focus on archery skills and that contributed to the development of Korean archery as a practical martial art.{{cite web |url=http://anthromuseum.missouri.edu/grayson/koreanarchery/koreaarchery.shtml |title=Korean Archery Equipment |first1=Charles E. |last1=Grayson |first2=Mary |last2=French |name-list-style=amp |date=2004 |website=University of Missouri Museum of Anthropology |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624010628/http://anthromuseum.missouri.edu/grayson/koreanarchery/koreaarchery.shtml |archive-date=24 June 2016 |quote=During the Choson period (1392–1910), Korea adopted a military-service examination system from China that included a focus on archery skills and that contributed to the development of Korean archery as a practical martial art.}}

In Asia archery was one of the Six Noble Arts of the Zhou dynasty of China (1146–256 BC); archery skill was a virtue for Chinese emperors.

File:Sasanid Plate, Azerbaijan Museum, Tabriz, Iran.jpg

The Sasanian general Bahram Chobin has been credited with writing a manual of archery in the tenth century in Ibn al-Nadim's catalogue Kitab al-Fihrist.{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bahram-06 |last=Shahbazi |first=A. Sh. |author-link=A. Sh. Shahbazi |date=15 December 1988 |title=Bahrām VI Čōbīn |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica |publisher=Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation |volume=III, Fasc. 5 |pages=514–522 |access-date=30 December 2012}}

A complete arrow of 75 cm{{cite book |author=Groupe d'études et de recherches souterraines du Liban [Lebanon Underground Study and Research Group] |date=1994 |title=Momies du Liban: Rapport préliminaire sur la découverte archaéologique de 'Asi-al-Hadat (XIIIe siècle) |trans-title=Mummies from Lebanon: Preliminary Report on the Archaeological Discovery of 'Asi-al-Hadat (13th Century) |language=fr |location=Paris |publisher=Édifra |isbn=978-2-90407-072-3}} (along with other fragments and arrow heads) dated back to 1283 AD, was discovered inside a cave{{cite web |url=http://www.cavinglebanon.com/asi-l-hadath-fortified-cave |title=Asi l Hadath – Fortified Cave |website=GERSL |date=6 December 1989}} situated in the Qadisha Valley, Lebanon.{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/850 |title=Ouadi Qadisha (the Holy Valley) and the Forest of the Cedars of God (Horsh Arz el-Rab) |publisher=UNESCO}}

A treatise on Arab archery by Muḥammad ibn Abī Bakr, called Ibn Qayyim Al-Jawziyya (1292–1350 AD) comes from the 14th century.{{cite book |author=Ibn Qayyim Al-Jawziyya |author-link=Ibn Qayyim Al-Jawziyya |date=1932 |title=كتاب عنية الطلاب في معرفة الرمي بالنشاب|trans-title=A book about students' knowledge of archery |language=ar |location=Cairo |oclc=643468400}}

A treatise on Saracen archery was written in 1368. This was a didactic poem on archery dedicated to a Mameluke sultan by Ṭaibughā al-Ashrafī.{{cite journal |title=J. D. Latham et Lt. Cdr. W. F. Paterson, Saracen Archery, An English version and exposition of a Mameluke work on Archery (ca. A.D. 1368), with Introduction, Glossary, and Illustrations, London (The Holland Press) 1970, XL + 219 pp |first=A. |last=Boudot-Lamotte |date=1972 |journal=Arabica |volume=19 |number=1 |pages=98–99|doi=10.1163/157005872X00203}}

A 14th-century treatise on Arab archery, Kitāb fī maʿrifat ʿilm ramy al-sihām, was written by Hussain bin Abd al-Rahman.{{cite thesis |last=Jallon |first=Adnan D. |title='Kitāb f maʿrifat ʿilm ramy al-sihām', a treatise on archery by Husayn b. ʿAbd al-Rahman b. Muhammad b. Muhammad b. ʿAbdallah al-Yunini AH 647(?)–724, AH 1249-50(?)–1324 : A critical edition of the Arabic text together with a study of the work in English |date=1980 |type=Ph.D. |publisher=University of Manchester |oclc=499854155}}

A treatise, A Book on the Excellence of the Bow & Arrow of c. 1500 details the practices and techniques of archery among the Arabs of that time.{{cite book |url=http://www.tuba-archery.com/article/arab-archery.pdf |editor-first1=Nabih Amin |editor-last1=Faris |editor-first2=Robert Potter |editor-last2=Elmer |name-list-style=amp |date=1945 |title=Arab archery. An Arabic manuscript of about A.D. 1500, "A book on the excellence of the bow & arrow" and the description thereof |location=Princeton, NJ |publisher=Princeton University Press |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102134239/http://www.tuba-archery.com/article/arab-archery.pdf |archive-date=2012-11-02 |via=Tuba-Archery.com}} A translation of "Kitāb fī bayān fadl al-qaws w-al-sahm wa-awsāfihima," no. 793 in descriptive catalog of the Garrett collection of Arabic manuscripts in the Princeton University library.

An anonymous book written in Picardy, France, in the late 15th century details how archery in medieval Europe was practiced. The book was titled Le Fachon de tirer l'arc a main. It describes the means of how a yew bow could be made, the kinds of wood that could be used, how to shoot it, string it and different kind of arrows. According to the writer, its purpose is for posterity, possibly due to the rise of the gun.{{Cite book |url=https://www.archerylibrary.com/books/gallice/ |last=Gallice |first=Henri |others=Translated by H. Walrond |date=1903 |title=The Art of Archery published, with Notes, from a Manuscript of the 15th Century |location=London, UK |publisher=Horace Cox |via=Archery Library}}

In Mali, the footmen were dominated by archers. Three archers to one spearman was the general ratio of Malian formations in the 16th century. The archers generally opened battle, softening up the enemy for cavalry charges or the advance of the spearmen.{{cite book |last=Ki-Zerbo |first=Joseph |author-link=Joseph Ki-Zerbo |date=1978 |title=Histoire de l'Afrique noire: d'hier à demain |trans-title=History of Black Africa: From Yesterday to Tomorrow |language=fr |location=Paris |publisher=Hatier |pages=37–133 |isbn=978-2-21804-176-1}}

File:English Archery - three panels.jpg's 1801 book, The sports and pastimes of the people of England from the earliest period. The date of the top image is unknown; the middle image is from 1496 and the bottom panel is circa fourteenth century.]]

File:Johan-van-Heemskerk-Batavische-Arcadia_MGG_1334.tif

The advent of firearms eventually rendered bows obsolete in warfare. Despite the high social status, ongoing utility, and widespread pleasure of archery, almost every culture that gained access to even early firearms used them widely, to the relative neglect of archery.

{{blockquote|"Have them bring as many guns as possible, for no other equipment is needed. Give strict orders that all men, even the samurai, carry guns."|Asano Yukinaga, 1598Asano Yukinaga, 1598 AD, letter to his father, quoted in {{cite book |last=Turnbull |first=S.R. |date=1977 |title=The Samurai: A Military History |location=London, UK |publisher=Osprey |isbn=0-85045-097-7}}}}

In Ireland, Geoffrey Keating (c. 1569 – c. 1644) mentions archery as having been practiced "down to a recent period within our own memory."{{cite book |url=http://celt.ucc.ie/published/T100054.html |last=Keating |first=Geoffrey |author-link=Geoffrey Keating |editor1-last=Comyn |editor1-first=David |editor1-link=David Comyn |editor2-last=Dinneen |editor2-first=Patrick S. |editor2-link=Patrick S. Dinneen |name-list-style=amp |date=1908 |title=The History of Ireland |edition=1st |location=London, UK |publisher=David Nutt, for the Irish Texts Society |page=27 |via=Corpus of Electronic Texts}}

Early firearms were inferior in rate of fire (a Tudor English author expects eight shots from the English longbow in the time needed for a "ready shooter" to give five from the musket),{{cite book |url=https://bowvsmusket.com/2015/07/14/barnabe-rich-a-right-exelent-and-pleasaunt-dialouge-1574/ |last=Rich |first=Barnabe |author-link=Barnabe Rich |date=1574 |title=A right exelent and pleasaunt dialogue, betwene Mercury and an English souldier contayning his supplication to Mars: bevvtified with sundry worthy histories, rare inuentions, and politike deuises |location=London |publisher=J. Day |access-date=21 April 2016}} and François Bernier reports that well-trained mounted archers at the Battle of Samugarh in 1658 were "shooting six times before a musketeer can fire twice".As attributed to Bernier by {{cite book |last=Kolff |first=Dirk H. A. |author-link=Dirk H. A. Kolff |date=2002 |orig-date=1990 |title=Naukar, Rajput, and Sepoy: The Ethnohistory of the Military Labour Market of Hindustan, 1450–1850 |series=University of Cambridge Oriental Publications No. 43 |location=Cambridge, UK |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-52152-305-9}} Firearms were also very susceptible to wet weather. However, they had a longer effective range (up to 200 yards for the longbow, up to 600 yards for the musket),{{cite book |first1=Thomas A. |last1=Duvernay |first2=Nicholas Y. |last2=Duvernay |name-list-style=amp |date=2007 |title=Korean Traditional Archery |location=Pohang, South Korea |publisher=Handong Global University}} greater penetration,{{cite journal |last1=Gunn |first1=Steven |last2=Gromelski |first2=Tomasz |date=6 October 2012 |title=For whom the bell tolls: accidental deaths in Tudor England |url=https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:d644710a-63e9-4fb4-b6aa-521803a339ad |journal=The Lancet |volume=380 |issue=9849 |pages=1222–1223 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61702-4 |pmid=23057076 |s2cid=20425600 |quote=The mean depth of arrow wounds, for example, was an inch and a half, that of gunshot wounds six inches, not counting balls that went right through the body or head.}} were extremely powerful compared to any previous man-portable missile weapon (16th century arquebuses and muskets had 1,300 to 3,000 joules per shot depending on size and powder load, as compared to 80–100 joules for a typical longbow arrow or 150–200 joules for a crossbow bolt),{{cite book |last=Williams |first=Alan |date=2003 |title=The Knight and the Blast Furnace: A History of the Metallurgy of Armour in the Middle Ages and the Early Modern Period |series=History of Warfare |volume=12 |location=Leiden |publisher=Brill |pages=922 & 945 |isbn=978-9-00412-498-1}} and were tactically superior in the common situation of soldiers shooting at each other from behind obstructions. They also penetrated steel armour without any need to develop special musculature. Armies equipped with guns could thus provide superior firepower, and highly trained archers became obsolete on the battlefield. The Battle of Cerignola in 1503 was won by Spain mainly by the use of matchlock firearms, marking the first time a major battle in Europe was won through the use of firearms.

The last regular unit armed with bows was the Archers' Company of the Honourable Artillery Company, ironically a part of the oldest regular unit in England to be armed with gunpowder weapons. The last recorded use of bows in battle in England seems to have been a skirmish at Bridgnorth; in October 1642, during the English Civil War, an impromptu militia, armed with bows, was effective against un-armoured musketmen.{{cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4HBMAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA32 |title=The Garrisons of Shropshire During the Civil War, 1642–1648 |page=32 |date=24 October 1867 |location=Shrewsbury |publisher=Leake and Evans |via=Google Books}} The last use of the bow in battle in Britain is said to have occurred at the Battle of Tippermuir in Scotland on 1 September 1644, when James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose's Royalist highlanders defeated an army of Scottish Covenanters.{{cite web |url=http://foxhp.blogspot.com/2015/10/archery-in-english-civil-war.html |title=Archery in the English Civil War |first=E.T. |last=Fox |date=15 October 2015 |publisher=Fox Historical Publications |access-date=12 August 2019}} Among Montrose's army were bowmen.

Archery continued in some areas that were subject to limitations on the ownership of arms, such as the Scottish Highlands during the repression that followed the decline of the Jacobite cause, and the Cherokees after the Trail of Tears. The Tokugawa shogunate severely limited the import and manufacture of guns, and encouraged traditional martial skills among the samurai; towards the end of the Satsuma Rebellion in 1877, some rebels fell back on the use of bows and arrows. Archery remained an important part of the military examinations until 1894 in Korea and 1904 in China.

Within the steppe of Eurasia, archery continued to play an important part in warfare, although now restricted to mounted archery. The Ottoman Empire still fielded auxiliary cavalry which was noted for its use of bows from horseback. This practice was continued by the Ottoman subject nations, despite the Empire itself being a proponent of early firearms. The practice declined after the Crimean Khanate was absorbed by Russia; however mounted archers remained in the Ottoman order of battle until the post-1826 reforms to the Ottoman Army. The art of traditional archery remained in minority use for sport and for hunting in Turkey up until the 1920s, but the knowledge of constructing composite bows fell out of use with the death of the last bowyer in the 1930s. The rest of the Middle East also lost the continuity of its archery tradition at this time.

An exception to this trend was the Comanche culture of North America, where mounted archery remained competitive with muzzle-loading guns. "After ... about 1800, most Comanches began to discard muskets and pistols and to rely on their older weapons."{{cite book |last=Fehrenbach |first=T.R. |author-link=T. R. Fehrenbach |date=2007 |title=Comanches, the history of a people |location=London, UK |publisher=Vintage Books |page=125 |isbn=978-0-09-952055-9}} First published in the USA by Alfred Knopf, 1974. Repeating firearms, however, were superior in turn, and the Comanches adopted them when they could. Bows remained effective hunting weapons for skilled horse archers, used to some extent by all Native Americans on the Great Plains to hunt buffalo as long as there were buffalo to hunt. The last Comanche hunt was in 1878, and it failed for lack of buffalo, not lack of appropriate weapons.{{cite book |last=Fehrenbach |first=T.R. |date=2007 |title=Comanches, the history of a people |location=London, UK |publisher=Vintage Books |page=553 |isbn=978-0-09-952055-9}} First published in the USA by Alfred Knopf, 1974.

Ongoing use of bows and arrows was maintained in isolated cultures with little or no contact with the outside world. The use of traditional archery in some African conflicts has been reported in the 21st century, and the Sentinelese still use bows as part of a lifestyle scarcely touched by outside contact. A remote group in Brazil, recently photographed from the air, aimed bows at the aeroplane.{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/7427417.stm |title=Amazonian archers |date=2008-05-30 |access-date=2010-01-05 |agency=BBC News}} Bows and arrows saw considerable use in the 2007–2008 Kenyan crisis.

File:The meeting of the Royal British Bowmen in the grounds of Erthig, Denbighshire.jpeg

The British initiated a major revival of archery as an upper-class pursuit from about 1780–1840.{{cite journal |url=https://swansea.academia.edu/MartinJohnes/Papers/127610/Archery--Romance-and-Elite-Culture-in-England-and-Wales--c--1780-1840 |title=Archery, Romance and Elite Culture in England and Wales, c. 1780-1840 |last=Johnes |first=Martin |date=April 2004 |journal=History |volume=89 |number=294 |pages=193–208 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-229X.2004.00297.x |access-date=2013-03-26}}

Early recreational archery societies included the Finsbury Archers and the Kilwinning Papingo, established in 1688. The latter held competitions in which the archers had to dislodge a wooden parrot from the top of an abbey tower. The Company of Scottish Archers was formed in 1676 and is one of the oldest sporting bodies in the world. It remained a small and scattered pastime, however, until the late 18th century when it experienced a fashionable revival among the aristocracy. Sir Ashton Lever, an antiquarian and collector, formed the Toxophilite Society in London in 1781, with the patronage of George, the Prince of Wales.

File:Archers by Adam Buck.jpg

Archery societies were set up across the country, each with its own strict entry criteria and outlandish costumes. Recreational archery soon became extravagant social and ceremonial events for the nobility, complete with flags, music and 21 gun salutes for the competitors. The clubs were "the drawing rooms of the great country houses placed outside" and thus came to play an important role in the social networks of local elites. As well as its emphasis on display and status, the sport was notable for its popularity with females. Young women could not only compete in the contests but retain and show off their sexuality while doing so. Thus, archery came to act as a forum for introductions, flirtation and romance. It was often consciously styled in the manner of a Medieval tournament with titles and laurel wreaths being presented as a reward to the victor. General meetings were held from 1789, in which local lodges convened together to standardise the rules and ceremonies. Archery was also co-opted as a distinctively British tradition, dating back to the lore of Robin Hood and it served as a patriotic form of entertainment at a time of political tension in Europe. The societies were also elitist, and the new middle class bourgeoisie were excluded from the clubs due to their lack of social status.

After the Napoleonic Wars, the sport became increasingly popular among all classes, and it was framed as a nostalgic reimagining of the preindustrial rural Britain. Particularly influential was Sir Walter Scott's 1819 novel, Ivanhoe that depicted the heroic character Locksley winning an archery tournament.{{Cite web |url=http://martinfrost.ws/htmlfiles/archers.html |title=The Royal Company of Archers |website=MartinFrost.ws |access-date=2012-12-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121125050714/http://www.martinfrost.ws/htmlfiles/archers.html |archive-date=25 November 2012}}

The 1840s saw the first attempts at turning the recreation into a modern sport. The first Grand National Archery Society meeting was held in York in 1844 and over the next decade the extravagant and festive practices of the past were gradually whittled away and the rules were standardised as the 'York Round' – a series of shoots at 60, 80, and 100 yards. Horace A. Ford helped to improve archery standards and pioneered new archery techniques. He won the Grand National 11 times in a row and published a highly influential guide to the sport in 1856.

Image:Saxton Pope and grizzly.jpg

Towards the end of the 19th century, the sport experienced declining participation as alternative sports such as croquet and tennis became more popular among the middle class. By 1889, just 50 archery clubs were left in Britain, but it was still included as a sport at the 1900 Paris Olympics.

In the United States, primitive archery was revived in the early 20th century. The last of the Yahi Indian tribe, a native known as Ishi, came out of hiding in California in 1911.{{cite book |title=The Traditional Bowyer's Bible, Volume 4 |last1=Allely |first1=Steve |year=2008 |publisher=The Lyons Press |isbn=978-0-9645741-6-8 |display-authors=etal}}{{cite book |title=Ishi in Two Worlds: a biography of the last wild Indian in North America |last=Kroeber |first=Theodora |publisher=University of California Press |place=Berkeley |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-520-24037-7}} His doctor, Saxton Pope, learned many of Ishi's traditional archery skills, and popularized them.{{cite book |title=Hunting with the Bow and Arrow |last=Pope |first=Saxton |publisher=G. P. Putnam's Sons |place=New York |year=1925}}{{cite book |title=Adventurous Bowmen: field notes on African archery |last=Pope |first=Saxton |publisher=G. P. Putnam's Sons |place=New York |year=1926}} The Pope and Young Club, founded in 1961 and named in honor of Pope and his friend, Arthur Young, became one of North America's leading bowhunting and conservation organizations. Founded as a nonprofit scientific organization, the club was patterned after the prestigious Boone and Crockett Club and advocated responsible bowhunting by promoting quality, fair chase hunting, and sound conservation practices.

In Korea, the transformation of archery to a healthy pastime was led by Emperor Gojong, and is the basis of a popular modern sport. The Japanese continue to make and use their unique traditional equipment. Among the Cherokees, popular use of their traditional longbows never died out.{{cite book |last=Herrin |first=Al |date=November 1989 |title=Cherokee Bows and Arrows: How to Make and Shoot Primitive Bows and Arrows |location=Tahlequah, Oklahoma |publisher=White Bear Publishing |isbn=978-0-96236-013-8}}

In China, at the beginning of the 21st century, there has been revival in interest among craftsmen looking to construct bows and arrows, as well as in practicing technique in the traditional Chinese style.{{cite web |url=http://www.chinaarchery.org/archives/94 |title=2009 Chinese Traditional Archery Seminar |date=2 November 2009 |website=Folk Archery Federation of the People's Republic of China}}{{cite web |url=http://ori.hangzhou.com.cn/ornews/content/2010-05/30/content_3295004.htm |title=2010传统射艺研讨会在杭州举行-杭网原创-杭州网 |trans-title=2010 Traditional Archery Symposium Held in Hangzhou |language=zh |date=30 May 2010 |website=Hangzhou Net}}

In modern times, mounted archery continues to be practiced as a popular competitive sport in modern Hungary and in some Asian countries but it is not recognized as an international competition.{{Cite web |url=https://www.atarn.org/magyar/magyar_link.htm |title=Magyar Traditional Archery |website=Asian Traditional Archery Research Network}} Archery is the national sport of the Kingdom of Bhutan.{{Cite news |url=https://www.atarn.org/tibet_bhutan/bhutan/bhutan01.htm |title=Archery: the Real Game is Played Elsewhere |first1=Kunga T. |last1=Dorji |first2=Tashi |last2=Phuntsho |name-list-style=amp |newspaper=Kuensel |via=Asian Traditional Archery Research Network}}

From the 1920s, professional engineers took an interest in archery, previously the exclusive field of traditional craft experts.{{cite book |title=Archery: The Technical Side. A compilation of scientific and technical articles on theory, construction, use and performance of bows and arrows, reprinted from journals of science and of archery |last1=Hickman |first1=C. N. |last2=Nagler |first2=Forrest |last3=Klopsteg |first3=Paul E. |publisher=National Field Archery Association|year=1947}} They led the commercial development of new forms of bow including the modern recurve and compound bow. These modern forms are now dominant in modern Western archery; traditional bows are in a minority. In the 1980s, the skills of traditional archery were revived by American enthusiasts, and combined with the new scientific understanding. Much of this expertise is available in the Traditional Bowyer's Bibles (see Further reading). Modern game archery owes much of its success to Fred Bear, an American bow hunter and bow manufacturer.{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sYBT1c2NKVoC&pg=PA73 |last=Bertalan |first=Dan |date=2007 |title=Traditional Bowyers Encyclopedia: The Bowhunting and Bowmaking World of the Nation's Top Crafters of Longbows and Recurves |location=New York City |publisher=Skyhorse Publishing |page=73 |isbn=978-1-60239-046-1}}

• Archery
• Arash
• Kyūdō, Japanese archery
• Yabusame, Japanese horseback archery
• Gungdo, Korean archery
• Turkish archery
• Chinese archery
• Archery in India

{{Reflist}}

• {{cite web |url=http://www.uiowa.edu/~osa/learn/ancient/archery.htm |title=American Indian Archery Technology |first=Tim |last=Weitzel |website=The Office of the State Archaeologist, The University of Iowa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131001130833/http://www.uiowa.edu/~osa/learn/ancient/archery.htm |archive-date=2013-10-01}}
• {{cite book |last1=Crombie |first1=Laura |title=Archery and Crossbow Guilds in Medieval Flanders |date=2016 |publisher=Boydell and Brewer |location=Woodbridge}}

• {{cite journal |last=Alofs |first=Eduard |title=Studies on Mounted Warfare in Asia I: Continuity and Change in Middle Eastern Warfare, c. ce 550–1350–What Happened to the Horse Archer? |journal=War in History |volume=21 |number=4 |date=2014 |pages=423–444 |doi=10.1177/0968344513517664|s2cid=163010878 }}
• {{cite journal |last=Alofs |first=Eduard |title=Studies on Mounted Warfare in Asia II: The Iranian Tradition–The Armoured Horse Archer in the Middle East, c. ce 550–1350 |journal=War in History |volume=22 |number=1 |date=2015 |pages=4–27 |doi=10.1177/0968344513518333|s2cid=162976652 }}
• {{cite journal |last=Callanan |first=Martin |title=Melting snow patches reveal Neolithic archery |journal=Antiquity |volume=87 |number=337 |date=September 2013 |pages=728–745 |doi=10.1017/S0003598X00049425|s2cid=130099119 }}
• {{cite journal |last=Gunn |first=Steven |title=Archery practice in early Tudor England |journal=Past & Present |number=209 |date=2010 |pages=53–81 |doi=10.1093/pastj/gtq029}}
• {{cite journal |last=Jackson |first=Antoinette |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26384874 |title=A Rural Community and a Train Stop: Archery, Georgia, and the Jimmy Carter National Historic Site |journal=Urban Anthropology and Studies of Cultural Systems and World Economic Development |volume=45 |number=3 |date=2016 |pages=265–301|jstor=26384874 }}
• {{cite journal |last=Johnes |first=Martin |title=Archery, romance and elite culture in England and Wales, c. 1780–1840 |journal=History |date=April 2004 |volume=89 |number=294 |pages=193–208 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-229X.2004.00297.x}}
• {{cite journal |first1=Jürgen |last1=Junkmanns |first2=Johanna |last2=Klügl |first3=Werner H. |last3=Schoch |first4=Giovanna |last4=Di Pietro |first5=Albert |last5=Hafner |name-list-style=amp |title=Neolithic and Bronze Age archery equipment from alpine ice-patches: A review on components, construction techniques and functionality |journal=Journal of Neolithic Archaeology |number=21 |date=December 2019 |pages=283–314 |doi=10.12766/jna.2019.10}}
• {{cite journal |last=Kaegi |first=Walter Emil Jr. |title=The contribution of archery to the Turkish conquest of Anatolia |journal=Speculum |volume=39 |number=1 |date=1964 |pages=96–108 |publisher=Medieval Academy of America |doi=10.2307/2850132|jstor=2850132 |s2cid=161246352 }}
• {{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/chapterintheevol017966mbp |last=Klopsteg |first=Paul E. |author-link=Paul E. Klopsteg |date=1963 |title=A Chapter in the Evolution of Archery in America |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=Smithsonian Institution}}
• {{cite book |last=Laubin |first=Reginald |date=1980 |title=American Indian Archery |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press}}
• {{cite book |last=Roth |first=Erik |date=2011 |title=With a Bended Bow: Archery in Mediaeval and Renaissance Europe |publisher=The History Press}}
• {{cite journal |author1=Gwang Ok |author2=Seokgyu Choi |author3=Hee Surk Jeong |name-list-style=amp |title='The Disturbance of War': The Ancient Origin and Development of Korean Archery |journal=International Journal of the History of Sport |volume=27 |number=3 |date=2010 |pages=523–536 |doi=10.1080/09523360903556824|s2cid=161376479 }}
• {{cite book |last=Selby |first=Stephen |date=2000 |title=Chinese Archery |publisher=Hong Kong University Press}}
• {{cite journal |last=Sutherland |first=Caroline |title=Archery in the Homeric epics |journal=Classics Ireland |volume=8 |date=2001 |pages=111–120 |doi=10.2307/25528380|jstor=25528380 }}
• {{cite book |last=Wadge |first=Richard |date=2012 |title=Archery in Medieval England: Who Were the Bowmen of Crecy? |publisher=The History Press}}
• {{cite book |date=1992 |title=The Traditional Bowyers Bible, Volume 1 |publisher=The Lyons Press |isbn=1-58574-085-3}}
• {{cite book |date=1992 |title=The Traditional Bowyers Bible, Volume 2 |publisher=The Lyons Press |isbn=1-58574-086-1}}
• {{cite book |date=1994 |title=The Traditional Bowyers Bible, Volume 3 |publisher=The Lyons Press |isbn=1-58574-087-X}}
• {{cite book |date=2008 |title=The Traditional Bowyers Bible, Volume 4 |publisher=The Lyons Press |isbn=978-0-9645741-6-8}}

• {{cite web |url=http://www.archerylibrary.com |title=Archery Library}} Online Archery Books with historical content.

{{Prehistoric technology}}

{{Archery| state=uncollapsed}}