History of slavery in the United States by state

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File:Status of slavery in the United States 1776–1865.jpg

File:Abolition of slavery in the United States as of 1800.jpg

File:US-SlaveryPercentbyState1790-1860.svg

Following the creation of the United States in 1776 and the ratification of the U.S. Constitution in 1789, the legal status of slavery was generally a matter for individual U.S. state legislatures and judiciaries (outside of several historically significant exceptions including the Northwest Ordinance of 1787, the 1808 Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves, the 1820 Missouri Compromise, the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, the Dred Scott v. Sandford decision of 1857, et al.)

As such, slavery flourished in some states (mostly southern), and withered on the vine in others (mostly northern). On the whole, the former Thirteen Colonies abolished slavery relatively slowly, if at all, with several Northern states using gradual emancipation systems in which freedom would be granted after so many years of life or service. (Vermont and New York had clear and absolute freedom dates; Massachusetts and New Hampshire were de facto free states with total abolition from the American Revolution forward.)

For many years after the establishment of the republic, new states were admitted in pairs, so-called free state–slave state twins, so that some states entered the Union with guaranteed "free soil" while their twin permitted the continuation and expansion of America's peculiar institution. Fifteen states (in order of admission, Delaware, Georgia, Maryland, South Carolina, Virginia, North Carolina, Kentucky, Tennessee, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Missouri, Arkansas, Florida, and Texas) never sought to end slavery, and thus bondage and the slave trade continued in those places, and there was even a movement to reopen the transatlantic slave trade. With the admission of California, Oregon, and Iowa as free states, and the prospective admission of Kansas Territory (likely as a free state), with the commensurate increasing political power of free-state legislators in the United States Congress, the political status quo began to disintegrate. This shift convinced the Slave Power's most influential and vocal leaders that secession was the only way to retain long-term control of both their wealth held in slaves and their political power. (Under the Three-Fifths Compromise brokered at the 1787 Constitutional Convention, enslaved people were considered additional population for purposes of apportionment. The prospective end of slavery would have thus deprived slave owners of the disproportionate representation of their interests in the national legislature, relative not just the people they enslaved but to free white male voters in other states.) Ultimately, a massive and devastating four-year-long war resolved the interstate conflict over slavery, and when rebel state governments were finally overwhelmed by force of arms, various civilian and military representatives of the U.S. government emancipated those people who remained legally enslaved. Slavery in the United States was legally abolished nationwide within the 36 newly reunited states under the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, effective December 18, 1865. Slavery in the Indian Territory was abolished in 1866 a series of treaties with each of the Five Civilized Tribes, agreements known today as the Reconstruction Treaties.{{Cite journal |last1=Grinde |first1=Donald A. |last2=Taylor |first2=Quintard |date=Summer 1984 |title=Red vs Black: Conflict and Accommodation in the Post Civil War Indian Territory, 1865–1907 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1183929 |journal=American Indian Quarterly |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=211 |doi=10.2307/1183929 |jstor=1183929|url-access=subscription }}

The federal district, which is legally part of no state and under the sole jurisdiction of the U.S. Congress, permitted slavery until the American Civil War. For the history of the abolition of the slave trade in the district and the federal government's one and only compensated emancipation program, see slavery in the District of Columbia.

Color key:

{{color box|#a9ade6;}}{{nbsp}}United States-allegiance during the American Civil War

{{color box|#bfc1c2}}{{nbsp}}Confederate States allegiance during the American Civil War

{{color box|white}}{{nbsp}}Dual allegiance, disputed allegiance, or new state during the American Civil War

class="wikitable sortable"

|+ States admitted prior to 1865

StateCivil War allegianceDate ratified 13th Amendment{{cite web |last=U.S. Government Printing Office |first=112th Congress, 2nd Session, SENATE DOCUMENT No. 112–9 |date=2013 |title=The Constitution of the United States Of America Analysis And Interpretation Centennial Edition Interim Edition: Analysis Of Cases Decided By The Supreme Court Of The United States To June 26, 2013s |url=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GPO-CONAN-2013/pdf/GPO-CONAN-2013.pdf |access-date=February 17, 2014 |page=30 |archive-date=2014-02-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225114303/http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GPO-CONAN-2013/pdf/GPO-CONAN-2013.pdf |url-status=live }}

! Prior state-wide abolition

! Notes

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| Alabama {{main|History of slavery in Alabama}}

CSA{{Date table sorting|1865|12|02}}

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| Arkansas {{main|History of slavery in Arkansas}}

| CSA

{{Date table sorting|1865|04|14}}

|

|

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| California {{main|History of slavery in California|Forced labor in California}}

USA{{Date table sorting|1865|12|20}}

| {{Date table sorting|1850|09|09}} (statehood){{Cite web |title=California Admission Day September 9, 1850 |url=https://www.parks.ca.gov/ |access-date=2023-08-24 |website=CA State Parks |language=en |archive-date=2017-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171023212933/https://www.parks.ca.gov/ |url-status=live }}

|

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| Connecticut {{main|History of slavery in Connecticut}}

USA{{Date table sorting|1865|05|04}}

| {{Date table sorting|1784}} (gradual)
1848 (full){{Cite journal |last=Menschel |first=David |date=October 2001 |title=Abolition without Deliverance: The Law of Connecticut Slavery 1784–1848 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/797518 |journal=The Yale Law Journal |volume=111 |issue=1 |pages=183–222 |doi=10.2307/797518 |jstor=797518 |access-date=2023-08-24 |archive-date=2023-08-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824032049/https://www.jstor.org/stable/797518 |url-status=live }}

| Connecticut passed partial abolition laws and time-delayed manumission laws beginning in 1784.

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| Delaware {{main|History of slavery in Delaware}}

| USA

{{Date table sorting|1901|02|19}}

|

| Delaware was a slave state but did not secede to the Confederacy.

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| Florida {{main|History of slavery in Florida}}

CSA{{Date table sorting|1865|12|28}}

|

|

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| Georgia {{main|History of slavery in Georgia}}

| CSA

{{Date table sorting|1865|12|06}}

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|

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| Illinois {{main|History of slavery in Illinois}}

USA{{Date table sorting|1865|02|01}}

| {{Date table sorting|1848|04|01}}{{Cite web |last=Jaffe |first=Logan |date=2020-06-19 |title=Slavery Existed in Illinois, but Schools Don't Always Teach That History |url=https://www.propublica.org/article/slavery-existed-in-illinois-but-schools-dont-always-teach-that-history |access-date=2023-08-24 |website=ProPublica |language=en}}

| Chattel slavery was prohibited in Illinois at statehood under the terms of the Northwest Ordinance; indentured servitude was not prohibited until the Second Illinois Constitution of 1848.

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| Indiana {{main|History of slavery in Indiana}}

USA{{Date table sorting|1865|02|06}}

| {{Date table sorting|1816|12|11}} (statehood){{Cite web |last=IHB |date=2020-12-15 |title=Being Black in Indiana |url=https://www.in.gov/history/for-educators/download-issues-of-the-indiana-historian/indiana-emigrants-to-liberia/being-black-in-indiana/ |access-date=2023-08-24 |website=Indiana Historical Bureau |language=en |archive-date=2023-08-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816154936/https://www.in.gov/history/for-educators/download-issues-of-the-indiana-historian/indiana-emigrants-to-liberia/being-black-in-indiana/ |url-status=live }}

|

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| Iowa {{main|History of slavery in Iowa}}

USA{{Date table sorting|1866|01|17}}

|{{Date table sorting|1846|12|28}} (statehood){{Cite web |title=Making of Iowa, Chapter 30, Iowa and Slavery |url=http://iagenweb.org/history/moi/moi30.htm |access-date=2023-08-24 |website=iagenweb.org |archive-date=2023-08-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824035856/http://iagenweb.org/history/moi/moi30.htm |url-status=live }}

|

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| Kansas {{main|History of slavery in Kansas|Bleeding Kansas}}

USA{{Date table sorting|1865|02|07}}

| {{Date table sorting|1861|01|29}} (statehood){{Cite web |title=When Kansas Became a State Spring 1961 (Vol. 27, No. 1), pages 1 to 21 Transcribed by Jim Scheetz; digitized with permission of the Kansas Historical Society |url=https://www.kshs.org/p/when-kansas-became-a-state/13159 |access-date=2023-08-24 |website=www.kshs.org |archive-date=2023-08-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824040445/https://www.kshs.org/p/when-kansas-became-a-state/13159 |url-status=live }}

|

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| Kentucky {{main|History of slavery in Kentucky}}

Dual government{{Date table sorting|1976|03|18}}

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|

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| Louisiana {{main|History of slavery in Louisiana}}

CSA{{Date table sorting|1865|02}}

|

| Louisiana ratified the Thirteenth Amendment on either Feb. 15 or 16.

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| Maryland {{main|History of slavery in Maryland}}

USA{{Date table sorting|1865|02|03}}

| {{Date table sorting|1864|11|01}}{{Cite web |last=Floyd |first=Joni |title=Research Guides: Slavery & Freedom in Maryland: Home |url=https://lib.guides.umd.edu/c.php?g=326561&p=2193469 |access-date=2023-08-24 |website=lib.guides.umd.edu |language=en |archive-date=2023-08-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824040737/https://lib.guides.umd.edu/c.php?g=326561&p=2193469 |url-status=live }}

|

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| Massachusetts {{main|History of slavery in Massachusetts}}

USA{{Date table sorting|1865|02|07}}

|{{Date table sorting|1783}} (supreme court)

|Massachusetts was for intents and purposes a free state with total abolition from the American Revolution forward.{{Cite journal |last=Paul Finkelman |date=2008 |title=Regulating the African Slave Trade |url=http://muse.jhu.edu/content/crossref/journals/civil_war_history/v054/54.4.finkelman.html |journal=Civil War History |language=en |volume=54 |issue=4 |pages=379–405 |doi=10.1353/cwh.0.0034 |issn=1533-6271|url-access=subscription }}

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| Maine

USA{{Date table sorting|1865|02|07}}

|{{Date table sorting|1820|03|15}} (statehood){{Cite web |title=History of Maine (part 5) |url=https://www.maine.gov/legis/general/history/hstry5.htm |access-date=2023-08-24 |website=www.maine.gov |archive-date=2023-08-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824041326/https://www.maine.gov/legis/general/history/hstry5.htm |url-status=live }}

|The pre-statehood District of Maine was legally a part of Massachusetts; Maine was admitted as Missouri's free-state "twin" under the Missouri Compromise.

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| Michigan {{main|History of slavery in Michigan}}

USA{{Date table sorting|1865|02|02}}

| {{Date table sorting|1837|01|26}} (statehood){{Cite web |title=Timeline of Michigan History |url=https://www.legislature.mi.gov/documents/publications/manual/2003-2004/2003-mm-0003-0019-Chron.pdf |access-date=2023-08-24 |archive-date=2023-03-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320095230/http://www.legislature.mi.gov/documents/publications/manual/2003-2004/2003-mm-0003-0019-Chron.pdf |url-status=live }}

|

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| Minnesota {{main|History of slavery in Minnesota}}

USA{{Date table sorting|1865|02|23}}

| {{Date table sorting|1858|05|11}} (statehood){{Cite web |title=Minnesota Secretary Of State – Admission of Minnesota into the Union 1858 |url=https://www.sos.state.mn.us/about-minnesota/minnesota-government/admission-of-minnesota-into-the-union-1858/ |access-date=2023-08-24 |website=www.sos.state.mn.us}}

|

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| Missouri {{main|History of slavery in Missouri|Missouri Compromise}}

Dual government{{Date table sorting|1865|02|06}}

|

|

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| Mississippi {{main|History of slavery in Mississippi}}

| CSA

{{Date table sorting|2013|02|07}}{{Cite web |last=Waldron |first=Ben |date=2013-02-19 |title=Mississippi Officially Abolishes Slavery, Ratifies 13th Amendment |url=http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/headlines/2013/02/mississippi-officially-abolishes-slavery-ratifies-13th-amendment |access-date=2023-08-24 |website=ABC News |language=en |archive-date=2023-06-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621062243/https://abcnews.go.com/blogs/headlines/2013/02/mississippi-officially-abolishes-slavery-ratifies-13th-amendment |url-status=live }}

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| Nevada

USA{{Date table sorting|1865|02|16}}

| {{Date table sorting|1864|10|31}} (statehood){{efn|Abolition ordinance passed July 1864, and abolition clause included in original state constitution{{Cite web |last=Ford |first=Matt |date=2014-04-24 |title=Why Nevada, Home of Cliven Bundy, Abolished Slavery Twice |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2014/04/why-nevada-home-of-cliven-bundy-abolished-slavery-twice/361175/ |access-date=2023-08-24 |website=The Atlantic |language=en |archive-date=2023-08-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824023119/https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2014/04/why-nevada-home-of-cliven-bundy-abolished-slavery-twice/361175/ |url-status=live }}}}

| Nevada was admitted to the Union during the Civil War, thus its state nickname is Battle-Born.

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| New Hampshire {{main|History of New Hampshire#Slavery in New Hampshire}}

| USA

{{Date table sorting|1865|06|30}}

|

| The legal status of slavery in New Hampshire has been described as "ambiguous,"{{Cite journal |last=Fernald |first=Jody |date=2007-01-01 |title=Slavery in New Hampshire: Profitable godliness to racial consciousness |url=https://scholars.unh.edu/thesis/68 |journal=Master's Theses and Capstones |access-date=2023-08-24 |archive-date=2023-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423215808/https://scholars.unh.edu/thesis/68/ |url-status=live }} and abolition legislation was minimal or non-existent.{{Cite web |title=1779 Petition for Liberation from Slavery |url=https://www.nhradicalhistory.org/story/1779-petition-for-liberation-from-slavery/ |access-date=2023-08-24 |website=NH Radical History |date=April 28, 2021 |language=en-US}} New Hampshire never passed a state law abolishing slavery.{{Cite web |date=2023-07-12 |title=Slavery Persisted in New England Until the 19th Century |url=https://www.history.com/news/slavery-new-england-rhode-island |access-date=2023-08-24 |website=HISTORY |language=en |archive-date=2023-08-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824045521/https://www.history.com/news/slavery-new-england-rhode-island |url-status=live }} That said, New Hampshire was a free state with no slavery to speak of from the American Revolution forward.

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| New Jersey {{main|History of slavery in New Jersey}}

USA{{Date table sorting|1866|01|23}}

| {{Date table sorting|1804}} (gradual)
April 18, 1846{{Cite journal |last=Gigantino |first=James J. |date=2014 |title="The Whole North Is Not Abolitionized": Slavery's Slow Death in New Jersey, 1830–1860 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24486906 |journal=Journal of the Early Republic |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=411–437 |doi=10.1353/jer.2014.0040 |jstor=24486906 |s2cid=143925591 |issn=0275-1275|url-access=subscription }}

| New Jersey had some gradual manumission laws prior to 1846, resulting in a "continuum" of servitude statuses that persisted until the Civil War.

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| New York {{main|History of slavery in New York (state)}}

| USA

{{Date table sorting|1865|02|03}}

| {{Date table sorting|1799}} (gradual)
July 4, 1827 (full){{Cite web |title=Assembly Passes Legislation Recognizing Abolition Commemoration Day and Juneteenth in New York State |url=https://nyassembly.gov/Press/files/20200722b.php |access-date=2023-08-24 |website=nyassembly.gov |archive-date=2023-06-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604203340/https://nyassembly.gov/Press/files/20200722b.php |url-status=live }}

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| North Carolina {{main|History of slavery in North Carolina}}

CSA{{Date table sorting|1865|12|04}}

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|

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| Ohio {{main|Slavery in New France|Northwest Ordinance#Prohibition of slavery|Black Laws of 1804 and 1807}}

USA{{Date table sorting|1865|02|10}}

| {{Date table sorting|1803|02|19}} (statehood)

|

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| Oregon {{main|History of African Americans in Oregon}}

| USA

{{Date table sorting|1865|12|11}}

| {{Date table sorting|1859|02|14}} (statehood){{Cite web |title=State of Oregon: Black in Oregon – National and Oregon Chronology of Events |url=https://sos.oregon.gov/archives/exhibits/black-history/Pages/context/chronology.aspx |access-date=2023-08-24 |website=sos.oregon.gov |archive-date=2023-08-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824030348/https://sos.oregon.gov/archives/exhibits/black-history/Pages/context/chronology.aspx |url-status=live }}{{efn|Only free state admitted with an "exclusionary clause"; see Oregon black exclusion laws}}

|

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| Pennsylvania {{main|History of slavery in Pennsylvania}}

USA{{Date table sorting|1865|02|08}}

|{{Date table sorting|1780|03|01}} (gradual){{Cite web |last=Owens |first=Cassie |date=2019-02-27 |title=Pennsylvania officially abolished slavery in 1780. But many black Pennsylvanians were in bondage long after that. |url=https://www.inquirer.com/news/black-history-month-pennsylvania-gradual-abolition-slavery-indenture-emancipation-20190227.html |access-date=2023-08-24 |website=Philadelphia Inquirer |language=en |archive-date=2023-08-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824045521/https://www.inquirer.com/news/black-history-month-pennsylvania-gradual-abolition-slavery-indenture-emancipation-20190227.html |url-status=live }}
1847 (full)

| Pennsylvania's gradual emancipation system meant that enslavement and indentured servitude continued until 1847.

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| Rhode Island {{main|History of Rhode Island#Slavery in Rhode Island}}

USA{{Date table sorting|1865|02|02}}

| {{Date table sorting|1784}} (gradual)
1843 (full){{Cite web |title=In 1843, slavery was banned in Rhode Island |url=https://www.newportri.com/story/lifestyle/columns/2018/05/28/looking-back-at-our-history-in-1843-slavery-was-banned-in-rhode-island/12119944007/ |access-date=2023-08-24 |website=Newport Daily News |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-08-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824051521/https://www.newportri.com/story/lifestyle/columns/2018/05/28/looking-back-at-our-history-in-1843-slavery-was-banned-in-rhode-island/12119944007/ |url-status=live }}

|Rhode Island passed gradual emancipation laws after the American Revolution.

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| South Carolina {{main|History of slavery in South Carolina}}

| CSA

{{Date table sorting|1865|11|13}}

|

|

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| Tennessee {{main|History of slavery in Tennessee}}

| CSA

{{Date table sorting|1865|04|07}}

| {{Date table sorting|1864|10|24}} (Moses speech declaration by military governor of Tennessee Andrew Johnson),{{Cite web |last= |first= |last2= |first2= |title="The Moses of the Colored Men" Speech – Andrew Johnson National Historic Site (U.S. National Park Service) |url=https://www.nps.gov/anjo/learn/historyculture/moses-speech.htm |access-date=2023-08-24 |website=www.nps.gov |language=en |archive-date=2023-04-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425230522/https://www.nps.gov/anjo/learn/historyculture/moses-speech.htm |url-status=live }} and state constitutional amendment certified February 27, 1865{{Cite news |date=1865-03-06 |title=Tennessee |pages=3 |work=The Recorder |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-recorder-tennessee/137567055/ |access-date=2023-12-28 |archive-date=2023-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228215331/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-recorder-tennessee/137567055/ |url-status=live }}

|

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| Texas {{main|History of slavery in Texas}}

CSA{{Date table sorting|1870|02|17}}

| {{Date table sorting|1865|06|19}} (Juneteenth declaration by U.S. Army){{Cite web |title=The Historical Legacy of Juneteenth |url=https://nmaahc.si.edu/explore/stories/historical-legacy-juneteenth |access-date=2023-08-24 |website=National Museum of African American History and Culture |language=en |archive-date=2023-06-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230618092505/https://nmaahc.si.edu/explore/stories/historical-legacy-juneteenth |url-status=live }}

|

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| Vermont {{main|History of slavery in Vermont}}

USA{{Date table sorting|1865|03|09}}

| {{Date table sorting|1791|03|04}} (statehood){{Cite web |title=July 2, 1777: Vermont Officially Abolished Slavery |url=https://www.zinnedproject.org/news/tdih/vermont-abolished-slavery/ |access-date=2023-08-24 |website=Zinn Education Project |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-08-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824053304/https://www.zinnedproject.org/news/tdih/vermont-abolished-slavery/ |url-status=live }}

| Constitution of the Vermont Republic abolished slavery effective July 2, 1777.

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| Virginia {{main|History of slavery in Virginia}}

CSA{{Date table sorting|1865|02|09}}

|

|

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| West Virginia {{main|History of slavery in West Virginia}}

Dual government{{Date table sorting|1865|02|03}}

|

| The Appalachian counties of Virginia separated from the rest of the state during the Civil War. Gradual emancipation was written in West Virginia state constitution of 1863.{{Cite web |last=Wills |first=Matthew |date=2023-02-14 |title=Emancipation Comes to West Virginia |url=https://daily.jstor.org/emancipation-comes-to-west-virginia/ |access-date=2023-08-24 |website=JSTOR Daily |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-08-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824053936/https://daily.jstor.org/emancipation-comes-to-west-virginia/ |url-status=live }}

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| Wisconsin

USA{{Date table sorting|1865|02|24}}

| {{Date table sorting|1848|05|29}} (statehood)

|

Slavery in states admitted after 1865

See also

Explanatory footnotes

{{notelist}}

References

{{Reflist}}

Further reading

  • {{Cite book |last1=Jewett |first1=Clayton E. |title=Slavery in the South: A State-by-State History |last2=Allen |first2=John O. |year=2004 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-313-32019-4 |language=en-us}}
  • {{cite book |last=Rael |first= Patrick |title=Eighty-Eight Years: The Long Death of Slavery in the United States, 1777–1865 |location=Athens, Ga. |publisher=University of Georgia Press |year=2015 |isbn=9780820348292}}
  • {{Cite book |last=Rothman |first=Adam |title=Slave Country: American Expansion and the Origins of the Deep South |year=2007 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-04291-9 |doi=10.4159/9780674042919}}
  • {{cite book |last=Various |title=Slavery in the States: Selected Essays (1893–1914) |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/008989896 |location=New York |publisher=Negro Universities Press |year= 1969 |lccn=68055929 |isbn=

978-08371-2085-0 |oclc=52010 }} (CT, MO, NC, NJ, NY, RI)

*

Category:Slavery in the United States