Hiten (spacecraft)

{{Infobox spaceflight

| name = Hiten-Hagoromo

| names_list = MUSES-A (before launch)

| image = 150px

| image_caption = Hiten spacecraft

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| mission_type =

| operator = ISAS

| Harvard_designation =

| COSPAR_ID = 1990-007A

| SATCAT = 20448

| website = [https://web.archive.org/web/20130511021112/http://www.isas.jaxa.jp/e/enterp/missions/hiten.shtml ISAS Hiten page]

| mission_duration = {{Age in years, months and days|1990|1|24|1993|4|10}}

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| launch_mass = 197 kg{{cite web|url=https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/hiten-hagoromo/in-depth/ |title=Hiten |publisher=NASA's Solar System Exploration website |access-date=November 30, 2022}}

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| launch_date = {{start date|1990|01|24|11|46|7=Z}}

| launch_rocket = Mu-3S-II (no. 5)

| launch_site = Uchinoura Space Center

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| decay_date = {{end date|1993|04|10|18|03|25|Z}}

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|interplanetary =

{{Infobox spaceflight/IP

|type = flyby

|object = Moon

|orbits =

|component =

|arrival_date = 20:04:09, March 18, 1990

|departure_date =

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|distance = {{convert|16472.4|km|abbr=on}}

}}

{{Infobox spaceflight/IP

|type = orbiter

|object = Moon

|orbits =

|component =

|arrival_date = 13:33, February 15, 1993

|departure_date =

|location =

|distance =

|periapsis = 6.52 Lunar radii

|apoapsis = 29.42 Lunar radii

|inclination = 34.7°

|apsis = selene

}}

{{Infobox spaceflight/IP

|type = impactor

|object = Moon

|orbits =

|component =

|arrival_date = 18:03:25.7, April 10, 1993

|departure_date =

|location = {{coord|34.3|S|55.6|E|globe:Moon}}

|distance =

}}

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The Hiten spacecraft (ひてん, {{IPA|ja|çiteɴ}}), given the English name Celestial Maiden and known before launch as MUSES-A (Mu Space Engineering Spacecraft A), part of the MUSES Program, was built by the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science of Japan and launched on January 24, 1990. It was Japan's first lunar probe, the first robotic lunar probe since the Soviet Union's Luna 24 in 1976, and the first lunar probe launched by a country other than the Soviet Union or the United States.{{cite web|title=Hiten|url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1990-007A|publisher=NASA NSSDCA|access-date=January 31, 2023}} The spacecraft was named after flying heavenly beings in Buddhism.

Hiten was to be placed into a highly elliptical Earth orbit with an apogee of 476,000 km, which would swing past the Moon. However, the injection took place with a delta-v deficit of 50 m/s, resulting in an apogee of only 290,000 km. The deficiency was corrected and the probe continued on its mission.

On the first lunar swing-by, Hiten released a small orbiter, Hagoromo (はごろも, named after the feather mantle of Hiten), into lunar orbit. The transmitter on Hagoromo failed, and even though ignition of Hagoromo's deceleration rockets was confirmed by ground observation, it could never be confirmed if the spacecraft had successfully inserted itself into lunar orbit or failed to capture, entering a heliocentric orbit. After the eighth swing-by, Hiten successfully demonstrated the aerobraking technique on March 19, 1991, flying by the Earth at an altitude of 125.5 km over the Pacific at 11.0 km/s. Atmospheric drag lowered the velocity by 1.712 m/s and the apogee altitude by 8665 km.{{cite web|url=http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/muses-a.htm|title=Muses A (Hiten)|website=space.skyrocket.de}} This was the first aerobraking maneuver by a deep space probe.{{rp|2}} After the ninth lunar swing-by and second aerobraking maneuver on March 30, 1991, the primary mission of the probe was concluded.

First ballistic capture into lunar orbit

Edward Belbruno and James Miller of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory heard of the failure of the Hagoromo orbiter and helped to salvage the mission by developing a so-called ballistic capture trajectory that would enable the main Hiten probe to enter lunar orbit. Belbruno had been working on numerically modelling low-energy trajectories, and heard of the probe's problems. He developed a trajectory solution and on June 22, 1990, sent an unsolicited proposal to the Japanese space agency. They responded favorably, and later implemented a version of the proposal.

The trajectory Belbruno and Miller developed for Hiten used Weak Stability Boundary Theory and required only a small perturbation to the elliptical swing-by orbit, sufficiently small to be achievable by the spacecraft's thrusters.{{cite book|last=Belbruno|first=Edward|author-link= Edward Belbruno |title=Capture Dynamics and Chaotic Motions in Celestial Mechanics: With Applications to the Construction of Low Energy Transfers|publisher=Princeton University Press|date=2004|page=224|isbn=978-0-691-09480-9|url=http://press.princeton.edu/titles/7687.html}} This course would result in the probe being captured into temporary lunar orbit using zero {{nowrap|delta-v}} (called a ballistic transfer), but required five months instead of the usual three days for a Hohmann transfer orbit.{{cite journal|last=Frank|first=Adam|date=September 1994|title=Gravity's Rim|journal=Discover|url=http://discovermagazine.com/1994/sep/gravitysrim419/}} This was the first time a satellite had used low-energy transfer to transfer to a Moon orbit. On October 2, 1991, Hiten was captured temporarily into lunar orbit.

After that, Hiten was put into a looping orbit which passed through the {{L4}} and {{L5}} Lagrange points to look for trapped dust particles: the then-tentatively observed Kordylewski clouds. The only scientific instrument on Hiten was the Munich Dust Counter (MDC); no increase over background levels was observed. On February 15, 1993, Hiten was placed into a permanent lunar orbit, where it remained until it was deliberately crashed into the lunar surface on April 10, 1993 at {{Lunar coords and quad cat|34.3|S|55.6|E}}, between the craters Stevinus and Furnerius.{{cite book|last=Hall|first=James A. III|title=Moons of the Solar System: From Giant Ganymede to Dainty Dactyl|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HgmVCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA267|access-date=January 23, 2018|date=September 19, 2015|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-319-20636-3|page=267}} Because the orbit was unstable and would have resulted in the spacecraft crashing into the far side of the Moon, it was decided to use the last fuel to move the impact location to the front side of the Moon so that it could be observed.{{cite journal |last1=Uesugi|first1=K.|date=1996|title=Results of the MUSES-A "HITEN" mission|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0273117796000907|journal=Advances in Space Research|volume=18|issue=11|pages=69–72|doi=10.1016/0273-1177(96)00090-7|bibcode=1996AdSpR..18k..69U |access-date=2021-12-17}}

References

{{reflist|30em

| refs =

{{cite book

| last = Uesugi

| first = K. T.

| date = 2003

| chapter = Space Engineering Spacecraft (MUSES) Program in ISAS Featuring Its Latest Mission 'HAYABUSA'

| title = International Conference on Recent Advances in Space Technologies, 2003

| pages = 464–471

| doi=10.1109/RAST.2003.1303961

| isbn = 0-7803-8142-4

| s2cid = 37293909

}}

{{cite web

| title = Hiten/Hagoromo

| publisher = NASA

| url = https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/hiten-hagoromo/in-depth/

| access-date = May 29, 2019

}}

{{cite web

| title = Hiten

| publisher = The Metropolitan Museum of Art

| url = https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/49258

| access-date = May 4, 2021

}}

{{cite web

| title = Hiten

| publisher = NASA

| url = https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1990-007A

| access-date = September 14, 2007

}}

{{cite web

| title = Hagoromo

| publisher = NASA

| url = https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1990-007B

| access-date = April 30, 2022

}}

[http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?Sort=Alpha&Alias=MUSES-A&Letter=M&Display=ReadMore "Deep Space Chronicle: A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958–2000"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080925050610/http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?Sort=Alpha&Alias=MUSES-A&Letter=M&Display=ReadMore |date=September 25, 2008 }} by Asif A. Siddiqi, NASA Monographs in Aerospace History No. 24.

{{cite web

| last = Foust

| first = Jeff

| author-link = Jeff Foust

| date = March 6, 2006

| title = From chaos, a new order

| publisher = The Space Review

| url = http://www.thespacereview.com/article/569/1

| access-date = March 3, 2012

}}

{{cite book

| last = Belbruno