Hlai languages

Norquest (2007) classifies the Hlai languages as follows.{{Cite thesis |last=Norquest |first=Peter K. |title=A Phonological Reconstruction of Proto-Hlai |date=2007 |degree=Ph.D. |publisher=University of Arizona |hdl=10150/194203 |hdl-access=free}} There are some 750,000 Hlai speakers.

{{tree list}}

• Proto-Hlai
• Bouhin ({{Transliteration|cmn|pinyin|Hēitǔ}} {{lang|zh-Hans|黑土}}) – 73,000
• Greater Hlai
• Ha Em 哈炎 ({{Transliteration|cmn|pinyin|Zhōngshā}} {{lang|zh-Hans|中沙}}) – 193,000
• Central Hlai
• East Central Hlai – 344,000
• Lauhut ({{Transliteration|cmn|pinyin|Bǎodìng}} {{lang|zh-Hans|保定}}) – 166,000, the basis of the literary language
• Qi 杞 (also known as Gei) – 178,000
• Tongzha ({{Transliteration|cmn|pinyin|Tōngshí}} {{lang|zh-Hans|通什}}) – 125,000
• Zandui ({{Transliteration|cmn|pinyin|Qiànduì}} {{lang|zh-Hans|堑对}}) – 29,000
• {{Transliteration|cmn|pinyin|Bǎotíng}} {{lang|zh-Hans|保亭}} – 24,000
• North Central Hlai – 136,500
• Northwest Central Hlai – 62,500
• Cun 村语 (Ngan Fon, {{Transliteration|cmn|pinyin|Gēlóng}} {{lang|zh-Hans|仡隆}}) – 60,000
• {{Transliteration|cmn|pinyin|Nàdòu}} {{lang|zh-Hans|那斗}} ({{Transliteration|cmn|pinyin|Dōngfāng}} {{lang|zh-Hans|东方}}) – 2,500
• Northeast Central Hlai – 74,000
• {{Transliteration|cmn|pinyin|Měifú}} {{lang|zh-Hans|美孚}} (Moifau) – 30,000
• {{Transliteration|cmn|pinyin|Chāngjiāng}} {{lang|zh-Hans|昌江}}
• Moyfaw ({{Transliteration|cmn|pinyin|Xīfāng}} {{lang|zh-Hans|西方}})
• {{Transliteration|cmn|pinyin|Rùn}} {{lang|zh-Hans|润}} (Zwn; also known as {{Transliteration|cmn|pinyin|Běndì}} {{lang|zh-Hans|本地}}) – 44,000
• {{Transliteration|cmn|pinyin|Báishā}} {{lang|zh-Hans|白沙}} – 36,000
• {{Transliteration|cmn|pinyin|Yuánmén}} {{lang|zh-Hans|元门}} – 8,000

{{tree list/end}}

Nadou is spoken by approximately 4,000 people in the two villages of {{Transliteration|cmn|pinyin|Nàdòu}} {{lang|zh-Hans|那斗村}} (in {{Transliteration|cmn|pinyin|Xīnlóng}} Town {{lang|zh-Hans|新龙镇}}) and {{Transliteration|cmn|pinyin|Yuè}} {{lang|zh-Hans|月村}} (in {{Transliteration|cmn|pinyin|Bāsuǒ}} Town {{lang|zh-Hans|八所镇}}), in Dongfang, Hainan. Speakers refer to themselves as {{lang|lic-Latn|lai¹¹}} and are officially classified by the Chinese government as ethnic Han Chinese.{{cite book |last=Fu |first=Changzhong 符昌忠 |date=2020 |title=Nadouyu yanjiu 那斗语研究 |location=Beijing |publisher=Minzu chubanshe 民族出版社 |oclc=1294545717}}

Jiamao language {{lang|zh-Hans|加茂}} (52,000 speakers) is a divergent Kra-Dai language with a Hlai superstratum and a non-Hlai substratum.

{{Main|Proto-Hlai language}}

The Proto-Hlai language is the reconstructed ancestor of the Hlai languages. Proto-Hlai reconstructions include those of Matisoff (1988), Thurgood (1991), Ostapirat (2004), and Norquest (2007).

The following displays the phonological features of the modern Hlai dialects:{{Cite book |last=Ostapirat |first=Weera |title=The Tai-Kadai Languages |date=2008 |publisher=Routledge |editor-last=Diller |editor-first=Anthony V. N. |location=London & New York |pages=623–652 |chapter=The Hlai Language |editor-last2=Edmondson |editor-first2=Jerold A. |editor-last3=Luo |editor-first3=Yongxian}}{{Cite book |title=Líyǔ yǔfǎ gāngyào |publisher=Zhongyang minzu daxue chubanshe |year=1994 |editor-last=Yuan |editor-first=Zhongshu 苑中树 |location=Beijing |pages=1–10 |language=zh |script-title=zh:黎语语法纲要 |trans-title=An Outline of Li Grammar}}{{Cite book |last=Ouyang |first=Jueya 欧阳觉亚 |title=Líyǔ jiǎnzhì |date=1980 |publisher=Minzu chubanshe |location=Beijing |language=zh |script-title=zh:黎语简志 |trans-title=Description of the Li language}}

• {{IPA|[ɬ]}}, {{IPA|[f]}} mainly occur word-initially among various dialects. {{IPA|[ɬ]}} may also be realized as {{IPA|[tɬ]}}.
• [{{IPA link|x}}], [{{IPA link|ɣ}}] mainly occur among the Xifang dialects.
• {{IPA|[ɣ]}} can also occur as an allophone of {{IPA|/ɡ/}}.
• {{IPA|/t͡s/}}, {{IPA|/t͡sʰ/}}, {{IPA|/z/}} are pronounced as alveolo-palatal sounds {{IPA|[t͡ɕ]}}, {{IPA|[t͡ɕʰ]}}, {{IPA|[ɕ]}}, among other various dialects.
• {{IPA|/r/}} can have allophones as {{IPA|[ɾ, dɾ]}}.
• For a brief period of time Yuanmen distinguished {{IPA|/m/}} and {{IPA|/ɱ/}} after {{IPA|*/ŋw/}} became {{IPA|/ɱ/}} which soon merged with {{IPA|/m/}}.[https://repository.arizona.edu/bitstream/handle/10150/194203/azu_etd_2517_sip1_m.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y Norquest (2007)], p. 106

• Among other Hlai dialects, {{IPA|/a, i, e, o/}} can have allophones of {{IPA|[ɐ, ɪ, ɛ, ɔ]}}.
• Vowel sounds {{IPA|/ɛ/}} and {{IPA|/ɔ/}} are common among the Baisha and Jiamao dialects.
• {{IPA|/ə/}} occurs among some dialects.

Liang & Zhang (1996:18–21){{Cite book |last=Liang |first=Min 梁敏 |title=Dòng tái yǔzú gàilùn |last2=Zhang |first2=Junru 张均如 |date=1996 |publisher=Zhongguo shehui kexue chubanshe |isbn=9787500416814 |location=Beijing |language=zh |script-title=zh:侗台语族概论 |trans-title=An Introduction to the Kam–Tai Languages}} conclude that the original homeland of the Hlai languages was the Leizhou Peninsula, and estimate that the Hlai had migrated across the Hainan Strait to Hainan Island about 4,000 years before present.

• Proto-Hlai reconstructions (Wiktionary)
• Has Hlai grammar
• Hlai people
• Proto-Hlai language

{{Reflist}}

{{Refbegin}}

• {{Cite journal |last=Ostapirat |first=Weera |year=2005 |title=The Cun Language, by Ouyang Jueya. Shanghai Far East Publishers. 1998 |url=http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/weera2005review.pdf |journal=Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=99–105}}
• {{Cite book |last=Ouyang |first=Jueya 欧阳觉亚 |title=Líyǔ diàochá yánjiū |last2=Zheng |first2=Yiqing 郑贻青 |date=1983 |publisher=Zhongguo shehui kexue chubanshe |location=Beijing |language=zh |script-title=zh:黎语调查研究 |trans-title=Li Language Investigation and Research }}

{{Refend}}

• Miyake, Marc. 2013. The other Kra-Dai numerals (Parts [http://www.amritas.com/131005.htm#10052320 1], [http://www.amritas.com/131012.htm#10062359 2]).
• Miyake, Marc. 2011. [http://www.amritas.com/110924.htm#09202204 Is Jiamao Hlai?]
• Miyake, Marc. 2008. [http://www.amritas.com/080607.htm#06072354 Hlai -ɯ].
• Miyake, Marc. 2008. Implosives on Hainan (Parts [http://www.amritas.com/080719.htm 1], [http://www.amritas.com/080726.htm 2]).
• Miyake, Marc. 2008. [http://www.amritas.com/080621.htm#06172348 Hlai initial verification].
• Miyake, Marc. 2008. [http://www.amritas.com/080614.htm#06092330 Hlai initial glides].
• Miyake, Marc. 2008. [http://www.amritas.com/080614.htm#06082323 Hlai palatal codas].
• 中国科学院少数民族语言调查第一工作队海南分队编. 1957. Guanyu huafen Liyu fangyan he chuangzuo Liwen de yijian 关于划分黎语方言和创作黎文的意见. 黎族语言文字问题科学讨论会.
• Norquest, Peter K. 2015. [https://brill.com/view/title/32092 A Phonological Reconstruction of Proto-Hlai]. Languages of Asia, Volume 13. Leiden: Brill. {{ISBN|978-90-04-30052-1}}

{{incubator|lic|language=Hlai}}

• [http://globalrecordings.net/language/10649 Bible recordings in various Hlai languages]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20150114122049/http://language.psy.auckland.ac.nz/austronesian/language.php?id=692 ABVD: Proto-Hlai word list]
• [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Swadesh_lists_for_Tai–Kadai_languages Hlai-language Swadesh vocabulary list of basic words] (from Wiktionary's [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Swadesh_lists Swadesh-list appendix])
• [https://tunhlai.com/ Hlai languages learning website] (both in Mandarin Chinese and English)

{{Languages of China}}

{{Tai-Kadai languages}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:Languages of Hainan