Login
Login

Hoagland solution

{{Short description|Hydroponic nutrient solution}}

The Hoagland solution (HS) is a hydroponic nutrient solution that was newly developed by Hoagland and Snyder in 1933,{{cite journal|title=Nutrition of strawberry plant under controlled conditions. (a) Effects of deficiencies of boron and certain other elements, (b) susceptibility to injury from sodium salts|author=Hoagland, D.R.|author2=Snyder, W.C.|journal=Proceedings of the American Society for Horticultural Science|year=1933|volume=30|pages=288–294}} modified by Hoagland and Arnon in 1938,{{cite book|author=Hoagland|author2=Arnon|name-list-style=amp|title=The water-culture method for growing plants without soil|date=1938|publisher=Berkeley, Calif. : University of California, College of Agriculture, Agricultural Experiment Station|oclc=12406778|edition=Circular (California Agricultural Experiment Station), 347.}} and revised by Arnon in 1950.{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/watercultureme3450hoag|title=The water-culture method for growing plants without soil|author=Hoagland|author2=Arnon|name-list-style=amp|date=1950|publisher=(Circular (California Agricultural Experiment Station), 347. ed.). Berkeley, Calif. : University of California, College of Agriculture, Agricultural Experiment Station. (Revision)|access-date=1 October 2014}} It is one of the most popular standard solution compositions for growing plants, in the scientific world at least, with more than 21,000 citations listed by Google Scholar.{{cite web|title=The water-culture method for growing plants without soil|url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=The%20water-culture%20method%20for%20growing%20plants%20without%20soil&author=Hoagland&publication_year=1950|website=Google Scholar|access-date=3 February 2020}} The Hoagland solution provides all essential elements for plant nutrition and is appropriate for supporting normal growth of a large variety of plant species.{{Cite journal|author=Smith, G. S.|author2=Johnston, C. M.|author3=Cornforth, I. S. |date=1983|title=Comparison of nutrient solutions for growth of plants in sand culture|journal= The New Phytologist|volume=94|issue=4|pages=537–548|doi=10.1111/j.1469-8137.1983.tb04863.x|issn=1469-8137|doi-access=free}}

Modifications

The artificial solution described by Dennis Hoagland in 1933, known as Hoagland solution (0), has been modified several times, mainly to add ferric chelates to keep iron effectively in solution,{{cite journal|author=Jacobson, L. |title=Maintenance of Iron Supply in Nutrient Solutions by a Single Addition of Ferric Potassium Ethylenediamine Tetra-Acetate|journal=Plant Physiology|year=1951|volume=26|issue=2|pages=411–413|pmc=437509|doi=10.1104/pp.26.2.411|pmid=16654380}} and to optimize the composition and concentration of trace elements other than iron, some of which are not generally credited with a function in plant nutrition.{{cite journal|title=Microelements in culture-solution experiments with higher plants |author=Arnon, D.I. |journal=American Journal of Botany|year=1938|volume=25|issue=5|pages=322–325|doi=10.2307/2436754|jstor=2436754 }} In Hoagland's nutrient recipes of 1938, referred to as Hoagland solution (1, 2), the number of trace elements was subsequently reduced to the generally accepted essential elements (B, Mn, Zn, Cu, Mo, Fe, and Cl). Later research confirmed that their concentrations had been adjusted for optimal plant growth.{{cite journal|author1=van Delden, S.H. |author2=Nazarideljou, M.J. |author3=Marcelis, L.F.M. |title=Nutrient solutions for Arabidopsis thaliana: a study on nutrient solution composition in hydroponics systems |journal=Plant Methods |volume=16 |issue=72 |pages=1–14|doi=10.1186/s13007-020-00606-4|year=2020|pmid=32612669 |pmc=7324969 |doi-access=free}}

In Arnon's revision of 1950, only one concentration (Mo 0.011 ppm) was changed compared to 1938 (Mo 0.048 ppm), while the concentration of macronutrients of the Hoagland solutions (0), (1), and (2) remained the same since 1933, with the exception of calcium (Ca 160 ppm) in solution (2). The main difference between solution (1) and solution (2) is the different use of nitrate-nitrogen and ammonium-nitrogen based stock solutions to prepare the respective Hoagland solution of interest. Accordingly, the original 1933 and the modified concentrations of 1938 and 1950 for each essential element and sodium are shown below,{{cite journal|author1=Nagel, K.A. |author2=Lenz, H. |author3=Kastenholz, B. |author4=Gilmer, F. |author5=Averesch, A. |author6=Putz, A. |author7=Heinz, K. |author8=Fischbach, A. |author9=Scharr, H. |author10=Fiorani, F. |author11=Walter, A. |author12=Schurr, U. |title=The platform GrowScreen-Agar enables identification of phenotypic diversity in root and shoot growth traits of agar grown plants |journal=Plant Methods |volume=16 |issue=89 |pages=1–17|doi=10.1186/s13007-020-00631-3|pmc=7310412|year=2020|pmid=32582364 |doi-access=free}} the calculation of the latter values being derived from Tables 1 and 2:

{{div col|colwidth=20em}}

  • N 210 ppm
  • P 31 ppm
  • S 64 ppm
  • Cl 0.14 ppm / 0.65 ppm
  • B 0.11 ppm / 0.5 ppm
  • Na 0 ppm / 0.023 ppm / 1.2 ppm*
  • Mg 48.6 ppm
  • K 235 ppm
  • Ca 200 ppm / 160 ppm
  • Mn 0.11 ppm / 0.5 ppm
  • Zn 0.023 ppm / 0.05 ppm
  • Cu 0.014 ppm / 0.02 ppm
  • Mo 0.018 ppm / 0.048 ppm / 0.011 ppm
  • Fe 1 ppm / 2.9 ppm* / 5 ppm**

{{div col end}}

Applications

Plant nutrients are usually absorbed from the soil solution.{{Cite news|url= https://plantlet.org/importance-of-soil-solution/|title= Importance of soil solution|work= Plantlet|access-date= Aug 26, 2020|language= en-US}} The Hoagland solution, originally intended to imitate a (nutrient-) rich soil solution,{{cite journal|last1=Arrhenius|first1=O.|title=Absorption of nutrients and plant growth in relation to hydrogen ion concentration|journal=Journal of General Physiology|date=1922|volume=5|issue=1|pages=81–88|doi=10.1085/jgp.5.1.81|pmc=2140552|pmid=19871980}} has high concentrations of N and K so it is very well suited for the development of large plants like tomato and bell pepper.{{Cite journal|author=Genzel, F.|author2=Dicke, M. D.|author3=Junker-Frohn, L. V.|author4=Neuwohner, A.|author5=Thiele, B.|author6=Putz, A.|author7=Usadel, B.|author8=Wormit, A.|author9=Wiese-Klinkenberg, A.|date=2021|title=Impact of moderate cold and salt stress on the accumulation of antioxidant flavonoids in the leaves of two Capsicum cultivars|journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry|volume=69|issue=23|pages=6431–6443|pmid=34081868|doi=10.1021/acs.jafc.1c00908|s2cid=235335939 |doi-access=free}} For example, a half-strength macronutrient solution (1) of Hoagland can be combined with a full micronutrient solution of Long Ashton or Hewitt and a tenth-strength ferric EDTA solution of Jacobson to fertilize tomato seedlings.{{Cite journal|author=He, F.|author2=Thiele, B.|author3=Watt, M.|author4=Kraska, T.|author5=Ulbrich, A.|author6=Kuhn, A. J.|date=2019|title=Effects of root cooling on plant growth and fruit quality of cocktail tomato during two consecutive seasons|journal=Journal of Food Quality|volume=Article ID 3598172|pages=1–15|doi=10.1155/2019/3598172|doi-access=free}} Due to relatively high concentrations in the aqueous stock solutions (cf. Tables 1 and 2) the Hoagland solution is very good for the growth of plants with lower nutrient demands as well, such as lettuce and aquatic plants, with the further dilution of the preparation to {{frac|1|4}} or {{frac|1|5}} of the original or a modified HS.{{cite web|title=The Hoaglands Solution for Hydroponic Cultivation|url=http://scienceinhydroponics.com/2009/02/the-hoaglands-solution-for-hydroponic-cultivation.html|website=Science in Hydroponics|access-date=1 October 2014}}

Components

Salts, acids and complex ions to make up the Hoagland hydroponic solution formulations (1) and (2):Epstein E. (1972). Mineral Nutrition of Plants: Principles and Perspectives. John Wiley & Sons, New York, pp. 412.

{{div col}}

  1. Potassium nitrate, KNO3
  2. Calcium nitrate tetrahydrate, Ca(NO3)2•4H2O
  3. Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate, MgSO4•7H2O
  4. Potassium dihydrogen phosphate, KH2PO4 or
  5. Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, (NH4)H2PO4
  6. Boric acid, H3BO3
  7. Manganese chloride tetrahydrate, MnCl2•4H2O
  8. Zinc sulfate heptahydrate, ZnSO4•7H2O
  9. Copper sulfate pentahydrate, CuSO4•5H2O
  10. Molybdic acid monohydrate, H2MoO4•H2O or
  11. Sodium molybdate dihydrate, Na2MoO4•2H2O
  12. Ferric tartrate or Iron chelate (Fe-EDDHA−)* or Iron(III)-EDTA−**

{{div col end}}

=Components for Hoagland solution (1)=

To prepare the stock solutions and a full Hoagland solution (1)

class="wikitable"

|+Table 1

! rowspan=2|Component

!colspan=2|Quantities in solution

g/L

!mL/L

colspan="3" | Macronutrients
2M KNO32022.5
2M Ca(NO3)2•4H2O4722.5
2M MgSO4•7H2O4931
1M KH2PO41361
colspan="3" | Micronutrients
H3BO32.861
MnCl2•4H2O1.811
ZnSO4•7H2O0.221
CuSO4•5H2O0.081
H2MoO4•H2O, or0.091
Na2MoO4•2H2O0.121
colspan="3" | Iron
C12H12Fe2O18, or
Sprint 138 iron chelate*		5
15		1
1.5

=Components for Hoagland solution (2)=

To prepare the stock solutions and a full Hoagland solution (2)

class="wikitable"

|+Table 2

! rowspan=2|Component

!colspan=2|Quantities in solution

g/L

!mL/L

colspan="3" | Macronutrients
2M KNO32023
2M Ca(NO3)2•4H2O4722
2M MgSO4•7H2O4931
1M NH4H2PO41151
colspan="3" | Micronutrients
H3BO32.861
MnCl2•4H2O1.811
ZnSO4•7H2O0.221
CuSO4•5H2O0.081
H2MoO4•H2O0.021
colspan="3" | Iron
C12H12Fe2O18, or
Sprint 138 iron chelate*		5
15		1
1.5

=Alternatives for some components=

==Micronutrients==

Sprint 138 iron chelate is produced as Na-Fe-EDDHA (C18H16FeN2NaO6), while Hoagland's original solution formulations contain ferric tartrate (C12H12Fe2O18), but no sodium ions. Synthesizing a sodium-free ferric EDTA complex (C10H12FeN2O8−) in a laboratory is sometimes preferred to buying ready-made products. Variable micronutrients (e.g., Co, Ni) and rather non-essential elements (e.g., Pb, Hg) mentioned in Hoagland's 1933 publication (known as "A-Z solutions a and b"{{cite journal|title=Über die Wirkung der A-Z-Lösungen nach Hoagland und einiger ihrer Bestandteile auf das Pflanzenwachstum|author=Schropp, W.|author2=Arenz, B.|journal=Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science|year=1942|volume=26|issue=4–5|pages=198–246|doi=10.1002/jpln.19420260403}}) are no longer included in his later circulars. Most of these metallic elements, as well as organic compounds, are not necessary for normal plant nutrition.{{cite journal | title=A revised medium for rapid growth and bio assays with tobacco tissue cultures | journal=Physiologia Plantarum | year=1962 | volume=15 | issue=3 | doi=10.1111/j.1399-3054.1962.tb08052.x |pages= 473–497 | last1=Murashige | last2=Skoog | first1=T | first2=F| s2cid=84645704 }} As an exception, there is evidence that, for example, some algae require cobalt for the synthesis of vitamin B12.{{cite journal|title=Methylcobalamin – a form of vitamin B12 identified and characterised in Chlorella vulgaris|author=Kumudha, A.|author2=Selvakumar, S.|author3=Dilshad, P.|author4=Vaidyanathan, G.|author5=Thakur, M.S.|author6=Sarada, R.|journal=Food Chemistry|year=2015|volume=170|pages=316–320|pmid=25306351|doi=10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.08.035}}

See also

References

{{Reflist}}

External links

  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20120304025304/http://amadeus.biosci.arizona.edu/~jdhall/Protocols/PlantNutrientSolution.doc Modified composition of the Hoagland solution]
  • [http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/deceased-members/20001777.html National Academy of Sciences: A Biographical Memoir of Dennis Robert Hoagland by Walter P. Kelley]
  • [http://www.bdsoft.de/demo/index.htm?/demo/biologie/lexikon/a/a-z-loesung.htm "A-Z solution", Supplementary Nutrient Solution (Solution A), according to Hoagland and Snyder (1933)]
  • [http://scienceinhydroponics.com/2009/02/the-hoaglands-solution-for-hydroponic-cultivation.html The Hoaglands Solution for Hydroponic Cultivation]

{{Plant nutrition}}

Category:Hydroponics