Hodiernal tense

{{Short description|Grammatical tense indicating "today"}}{{Refimprove|date=December 2009}}

A hodiernal tense (abbreviated {{sc|hod}}) is a grammatical tense for the current day. (Hodie or hodierno die is Latin for 'today'.)Cicero, Philippic IV; Livy, 27; Seneca, Epistulae Morales 80.

Hodiernal tenses refer to events of today (in an absolute tense system) or of the day under consideration (in a relative tense system).Comrie (1985) Tense, p.87.

Hodiernal past tense refers to events of earlier today (or earlier than the reference point of the day under consideration), while hodiernal future tense refers to events of later today (or later than the reference point of the day under consideration). A post-hodiernal tense is a future tense for events that will occur after today or the day under consideration, while pre-hodiernal is a past tense for events that occurred before today or the day under consideration.

Languages which include or included hodiernal tenses include Mwera and Classical French (it is suggested that in 17th-century French, the passé composé served as a hodiernal past).[https://books.google.com/books?id=aOvU6m-f1IwC&dq=Hodiernal&pg=PA101 The evolution of grammar: tense, aspect, and modality in the languages of the world]; Joan L. Bybee, Revere Dale Perkins, William Pagliuca; University of Chicago Press, 1994 Mwotlap (Vanuatu) has a hodiernal future, which is the only absolute tense of its TAM system.See pp.258-269 of: {{citation

|last=François

|first=Alexandre

|author-link=Alexandre François

|year=2003

|title=La sémantique du prédicat en mwotlap (Vanuatu)

|series=Collection Linguistique de la Société de Linguistique de Paris

| volume =

| publisher = Peeters

| place = Leuven-Paris

|isbn=90-429-1271-5

|url=http://alex.francois.free.fr/AFpub_books_e.htm

}}.

The term 'hodiernal past' was first used in publications in 1968.Google ngrams.

It should not be confused with diurnal, a subtype of periodic tense encoding that an action takes place during the day, whether in the past, the present or the future.{{cite journal

|last=Jacques

|first=Guillaume

|author-link=Guillaume Jacques

|year=2023|title=Periodic tense markers in the world’s languages and their sources

|journal=Folia Linguistica |volume=57|issue=3|pages=539–562|doi=10.1515/flin-2023-2013|url=https://shs.hal.science/halshs-04239547}}