Homosocialization
{{short description|Process by which an LGBT person meets and relates to others of the same community}}
{{Distinguish|Homosociality}}
{{LGBTQ sidebar|expanded=culture}}
Homosocialization or LGBT socialization is the process by which LGBTQ people meet, relate and become integrated in the LGBT community, especially with people of the same sexual orientation and gender identity,{{cite book |last1= Ball |first1= Steven |last2= Lipton |first2= Benjamin |year= 2005 |chapter= Group Work with Gay Men |title= Group Work with Populations at Risk |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=LrusgW0Rl4UC |language= en |publisher= Oxford University Press |isbn= 978-0-19-515667-6 |url-access= registration |url= https://archive.org/details/groupworkwithpop0000unse_x2e6 }}{{in lang|es}} [https://hal.inria.fr/file/index/docid/872498/filename/BOIVIN-Formas_de_inclusiA_n_y_exclusiA_n_de_las_minorA_as_sexuales_2013.pdf Formas de inclusión y exclusión de las minorías sexuales en la ciudad.] Hal. 2013 helping to build their own identity as well.{{cite journal|doi=10.1080/00797308.1986.11823469|title=The Development of Sexual Identity in Homosexual Men|journal=The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child|volume=41|issue=1|pages=467–489|year=1986|last1=Isay|first1=Richard A.|pmid=3823283}}{{cite book|last= Isay |first= Richard A. |year=1989|title= Being Homosexual: Gay Men and Their Development |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=CTVOAQAAIAAJ|language= en|publisher= Avon|isbn= 9780374110123 }}
Institutions
= High schools =
Gay–straight alliances (GSAs) started to appear in schools the 1980s. They were a way for the youth of the community to overcome seclusion and stigma in the school environment. Currently registered under the parent network GLSEN, there are over 3,000 clubs in the United States.{{Cite journal|last=Mayberry|first=Maralee|date=2013-01-21|title=Gay-Straight Alliances: Youth Empowerment and Working toward Reducing Stigma of LGBT Youth|journal=Humanity & Society|language=en|doi=10.1177/0160597612454358|s2cid=147075075}}
The social climate of a school has a direct relationship to the health of the students, both physically and mentally. A 2021 survey of students revealed that 68% of people heard negative remarks; 68% felt unsafe; 32% had missed at least one day of school in the past month, markers nearly unchanged from a similar study in 2003.Kosciw, J. G., Clark, C. M., & Menard, L. (2022). The 2021 National School Climate Survey: The experiences of LGBTQ+ youth in our nation’s schools. New York: GLSEN.{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wEkj7sj4Nm0C&q=%22lgbt+social+movement%22&pg=PA133|title=Toward Positive Youth Development: Transforming Schools and Community Programs|last1=Shinn|first1=Marybeth|author2-link=Hirokazu Yoshikawa|last2=Yoshikawa|first2=Hirokazu|date=2008-04-10|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199716593|language=en}}
= Universities =
Higher education organizations that house LGBT/queer people can strengthen their systems for encouraging socialization through appropriate research within the student body.{{Cite journal|last=Renn|first=Kristen A.|date=2010-03-01|title=LGBT and Queer Research in Higher Education: The State and Status of the Field|journal=Educational Researcher|doi=10.3102/0013189X10362579|hdl=10919/87042|s2cid=18676963|hdl-access=free}} Not carrying out such research damages the life of students because an institution is unable to make sure it is keeping up-to-date on relevant issues. With continued research institutes can contribute to the bettering of life and success of their LGBT students.{{Cite journal|last=Sanlo|first=Ronni|date=2016-07-20|title=Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual College Students: Risk, Resiliency, and Retention|journal=Journal of College Student Retention: Research, Theory & Practice|volume=6|pages=97–110|doi=10.2190/FH61-VE7V-HHCX-0PUR|s2cid=144787351}}
The last three decades have seen an increase in LGBT centers on college campuses. These centers are used to help students develop their identities on and off campus, with their intention being to promote and work towards building a more accepting and informed campus environment. The centers also frequently employ professionals who work to improve the campus life experience.{{Cite journal|last1=Pitcher|first1=Erich N.|last2=Camacho|first2=Trace P.|last3=Renn|first3=Kristen A.|last4=Woodford|first4=Michael R.|date=June 2018|title=Affirming policies, programs, and supportive services: Using an organizational perspective to understand LGBTQ+ college student success.|journal=Journal of Diversity in Higher Education|volume=11|issue=2|pages=117–132|doi=10.1037/dhe0000048|s2cid=151842411|issn=1938-8934}}
Spaces
Spaces of homosocialization are those physical or virtual places frequented by LGBT people to meet other people of the LGBT community or to find partners, and where it is possible to express freely their sexual identity.{{cite journal|doi=10.21500/20115733.1929|title=Participación e incidencia de la comunidad de lesbianas, gay, bisexuales y transgeneristas en Bogotá|journal=Criterios|volume=3|issue=1|pages=229–248|year=2010|last1=Gómez P.|first1=Daniel Fernando|language=es|doi-access=free}}{{in lang|es}} [http://www.elnuevodiario.com.ni/opinion/389701-espacios-homo-socializacion-derecho-ciudad/ Espacios de homo-socialización y derecho de ciudad.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806145737/https://www.elnuevodiario.com.ni/opinion/389701-espacios-homo-socializacion-derecho-ciudad/ |date=2018-08-06 }} El Nuevo Diario. 16 April 2016.
There are numerous businesses and associations targeting gender and sexual diversity that allow the meeting and socialization of LGBT community. In many cases, they emerge in LGBT villages, where the LGBT community is concentrated. However, many places are suffering from competition among social networks and the internet to attract LGBT people.[https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2016/jan/13/end-of-gaytrification-cities-lgbt-communities-gentrification-gay-villages The 'gaytrification' effect: why gay neighbourhoods are being priced out.] The Guardian. 13 January 2016.{{cite journal|doi=10.5565/rev/athenea.1621|trans-title=Sexual practices in geolocation between men's: Bodies, pleasures, technologies|title=Práticas sexuais em geolocalização entre homens: corpos, prazeres, tecnologias|journal=Athenea Digital: Revista de Pensamiento e Investigación Social|volume=16|issue=2|pages=169–193|date=July 2016|last1=Couto|first1=Walter|last2=Morelli|first2=Fábio|last3=Galindo|first3=Dolores|last4=Lemos De Souza|first4=Leonardo|language=pt|doi-access=free}}{{in lang|es}} [http://repositorio.uniandes.edu.co/xmlui/handle/1992/6775?show=full Interseccionalidad y sexualidades disidentes Manhunt y los cazadores furtivos entre género, clase social y raza.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818004137/http://repositorio.uniandes.edu.co/xmlui/handle/1992/6775?show=full |date=2017-08-18 }} University of Los Andes (Colombia). 2013.
= Historically =
Before configuring places specifically for the LGBT community, the most regular practice for interaction in the gay community was sexual encounters in certain outdoor places, such as parks or public baths.{{cite book |last=Guasch |first=Óscar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5Av9AQAACAAJ |title=La sociedad rosa |publisher=Anagrama |year=1991 |isbn=978-84-339-1352-4 |language=es}} Although much less frequent nowadays, cruising is still a common practice, especially among men who have sex with other men.{{cite journal |last1=Boivin |first1=Renaud René |year=2013 |title=De cantinas, vapores, cines y discotecas. Cambios, rúpturas e inercias en los modos y espacios de homosocialización de la ciudad de México |journal=Revista Latino-Americana de Geografia e Genero |language=es |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=118–133 |doi=10.5212/Rlagg.v.4.i2.118133 |doi-access=free}}
== Bath houses ==
In the late 19th century and early 20th century bath houses were seen as places of safety and privacy because homosexuality was criminalized.{{Cite book |last1=Bérubé |first1=Allan |title=My desire for history: essays in gay, community, and labor history |last2=D'Emilio |first2=John |last3=Freedman |first3=Estelle B. |date=2011 |publisher=Univ. of North Carolina Press |isbn=978-0-8078-3479-4 |location=Chapel Hill, NC}} In the early 1900s these were not official spaces and were subject to police raids, but in 1960's bathhouses started being officially established as gay spaces.
== Gay/lesbian bars ==
{{See also|Gay bar}}
In the 1960s gay bars were recognized as spaces to connect with other LGBT+ people, finding friends and also partners.{{Cite journal |last=Harry |first=Joseph |date=1974 |title=Urbanization and the Gay Life |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3811549 |journal=The Journal of Sex Research |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=238–247 |doi=10.1080/00224497409550854 |jstor=3811549 |issn=0022-4499|url-access=subscription }}
= Digital =
== Social media ==
With common access to the internet many people today turn to it to connect with others, be exposed to a broader public, and for personal expression. For youths, social media has become a place where they can learn about the arts, politics, sex education, and sexuality through a common online community.{{Cite journal |last=Mccracken |first=Allison |date=2017 |title=Tumblr Youth Subcultures and Media Engagement |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cj.2017.0061 |journal=Cinema Journal |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=151–161 |doi=10.1353/cj.2017.0061 |s2cid=148589952 |issn=1527-2087|url-access=subscription }}