Horace Tabor

Horace Austin Warner Tabor{{Cite news |date=1899-04-11 |title=Horace Tabor |pages=6 |work=The Anaconda Standard | location=Anaconda, Montana |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/109680092/horace-tabor/ |access-date=2022-09-17}} was born on November 26, 1830, to Cornelius Dunham and Sarah Ferrin Tabor in Holland, Vermont,{{Cite web |date=2015-07-13 |title=Horace Tabor: The Silver King |url=https://www.coloradovirtuallibrary.org/digital-colorado/colorado-histories/boom-years/horace-tabor-the-silver-king/ |access-date=2022-09-16 |website=Colorado Virtual Library |language=en-US}} near the state's border with Canada.{{sfn|Gandy|1934|p=1}} His father was a farmer,{{Cite news |date=1899-04-22 |title=Horace Tabor Dies |pages=7 |work=The Earth | location=Burlington, Vermont |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/21072541/horace-tabor-dies/ |access-date=2022-09-17}} who grew a number of grains, vegetables and fruits. In the winter months, Cornelius ran the district school, which Horace attended.{{sfn|Gandy|1934|p=3, 4, 7}} The rest if the year Horace worked in the fields with his father and his brothers John and Lyman. They also raised cows, sheep, chickens and hogs. He had two sisters, Sarah and Emily.{{sfn|Gandy|1934|p=4}}{{efn|Wheeler stated that Tabor was one of five children, one girl and four boys.}} The family lived in a drafty house without conveniences, such as water, electricity or a proper stove. In the fields, they used primitive tools that required labor by man or oxen.{{sfn|Gandy|1934|pp=4–7}} His mother died in 1846 at the age of 49, having succumbed to the hard work on the farm and childbearing. Cornelius soon remarried.{{sfn|Gandy|1934|p=8}} By 1850, Betsy Tabor was his wife and five children with the Welch surname, from 11 to 19 years of age, lived with the Tabors.{{citation|title=Horace Tabor, Holland, Vermont, Work=1850 United States Federal Census, Records of the Bureau of the Census, Record Group 29 | publisher= National Archives |location= Washington, D.C.}}

At the age of 17 Horace served for two years as an apprentice granite cutter{{sfn|Gandy|1934|pp=9–10}} with his brother John in either Quincy{{sfn|Gandy|1934|p=8}} or Boston, Massachusetts. Then he began to work as a journeyman throughout New England. In 1853, he was hired by a stone contractor, William Pierce, from Augusta, Maine, to supervise stone-cutters in the construction of an insane asylum there. Tabor met Pierce's daughter, Augusta, and fell in love with her, but was unable to support a wife yet.{{sfn|Gandy|1934|pp=9–10}}{{sfn|Jackson|2016|loc=2:47 in}}

File:McConnell's historical map Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854.jpg, 1854]]

Among the events leading up to the Civil War (1861-1865), there was a fight over what states and new territories would support slavery or not. At the same time, the California Gold Rush resulted in a lot of people moving west and the railroads helped get them there. The Kansas–Nebraska Act, which created the Kansas and Nebraska Territories, passed quickly by House of Representatives and the Senate and was swiftly enacted by President Franklin Pierce. The act repealed the Missouri Compromise which aggravated the dissension between pro-slavery and anti-slavery Americans.{{sfn|Gandy|1934|pp=11–12}}

Tabor and Augusta made a plan to ready themselves for marriage. Tabor would travel ahead to westward, get established, save some money, and return to Maine to marry Augusta. Together they would return to Kansas where they would fight for the abolition of slavery.{{sfn|Gandy|1934|p=13}}

In 1855, Tabor departed with his brother John for the Kansas Territory with the New England Emigrant Aid Company to populate that territory with anti-slavery settlers.{{efn|On July 2, 1777, Vermont (where Tabor was raised) was the first colony to ban slavery.{{Cite web |title=Vermont 1777: Early Steps Against Slavery |url=https://nmaahc.si.edu/explore/stories/vermont-1777-early-steps-against-slavery |access-date=2022-09-20 |website=National Museum of African American History and Culture |language=en}}}} He worked at Fort Riley as a stonemason to earn enough money to get married.{{Cite book |last=Snodgrass |first=Mary Ellen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wULYBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA155 |title=Settlers of the American West: The Lives of 231 Notable Pioneers |date=2015-02-24 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-0-7864-9735-5 |language=en}}

File:Sacking-lawrence.jpg]]

He joined with other abolitionists, including John Brown, the firebrand who later led the raid on Harper's Ferry, to defend the town of Lawrence against pro-slavery men, which resulted in the Sacking of Lawrence.{{sfn|Gandy|1934|p=37}}

A member of the Free Soil Party,{{Cite book |title=Appletons' Cyclopedia of American Biography, 1600-1889 | volume=VI-2 |publisher=D. Appleton & Company |year=1889 |location=New York |pages=17 | editor1=Wilson, James Grant |editor2=Fiske John}} Tabor was elected to the Topeka Legislature, but that body was soon dispersed by President Pierce at the point of a bayonet.

File:Augusta Pierce Tabor.jpg]]

Tabor married Augusta Pierce, the daughter of Lucy and William Pierce, on January 31, 1857. After their marriage at her family's home in Maine, the couple farmed for two years along Deep Creek in Zeandale, Kansas (known today as Tabor Valley).{{Cite web |title=Augusta Tabor |url=https://www.historycolorado.org/sites/default/files/media/documents/2017/augusta_tabor_0.pdf |access-date=2022-09-15 |website=History Colorado}}{{Cite web |date=2020-01-16 |title=Augusta Tabor |url=https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/augusta-tabor |access-date=2022-09-16 |website=coloradoencyclopedia.org |language=en-US}} They had a son named Nathaniel Maxcy, who was also known as Maxey.

File:TaborStore-BuckskinJoeCO.jpg theme park near Canon City, Colorado]]

In 1859, the Tabors moved west during the Pike's Peak Gold Rush with other "Fifty-Niners" to Denver (in Kansas Territory at the time).{{efn|There are a couple of sources that state that the Tabors moved to Colorado in 1850, but Tabor and Augusta were not married until 1857. They moved to Colorado in 1859.}} Tabor, his wife, and son were transported by an oxen-driven covered wagon. After the six-week journey, they arrived in Colorado in April 1859.{{Cite book |last=McGrath |first=Maria Davies |url=https://history.denverlibrary.org/sites/history/files/RealPioneersColorado.pdf |title=The Real Pioneers of Colorado |publisher=The Denver Museum, Denver Public Library Western History and Genealogy |year=2001 | origyear=1934 |pages=367–368}} They were among the initial pioneers in what is now the state of Colorado.{{sfn|Jackson|2016|loc=3:11 in}} They went to several places looking to mine gold before going to California Gulch in Oro City, near present-day Leadville, in 1860. They began placer mining,{{sfn|Jackson|2016|loc=3:19 in}} and operated a small store there, but by 1861 the area was panned out.

They moved to Park County,{{efn|Augusta Tabor recorded in her journal her first impression of the South Park area: "I shall never forget my first vision of the park. I can only describe it by saying it was one of Colorado's sunsets. Those who have seen them know how glorious they are."{{cite book|first=Laura King |last=Van Dusen |title=Historic Tales from Park County: Parked in the Past|location=Charleston, South Carolina |publisher= The History Press |year= 2013| pages=30–31 |isbn =978-1-62619-161-7}}}} settling in Laurette in South Park by 1862. The town of Laurette was later called Buckskin Joe.{{Cite book |last=Tabor |first=Augusta and Horace |url=https://www.biblio.com/book/horace-w-tabor-buckskin-joe-colorado/d/1267764467 |title=Horace W. Tabor, Buckskin Joe, Colorado Territory, handwritten album from 1860 to 1862 |year=1862 |location=Laurette (Buckskin Joe), Colorado Territory}}{{efn|McGrath states that they were at California Gulch, Oro City until 1865.}} They operated a store and beginning in 1863 Tabor was the postmaster of Buckskin Joe. Tabor prospected area mines while Augusta ran the store, took in laundry, and cared for boarders. Augusta, one of the few women in the state at the time, made most of the money for the family by operating the store, boarding people, cooking and managing the mail. Called an "angel of mercy", she also cared for her neighbors. In 1863, the family's net worth was approximately $13,000 ({{inflation|US|13000|1863|fmt=eq}}).{{sfn|Jackson|2016|loc=3:38 in}} Augusta managed their bookkeeping.{{sfn|Jackson|2016|loc=7:37 in}} She felt that the area was safe and invited her unmarried sister Lillian Pierce to join them in Buckskin Joe. Lillian arrived by April 22, 1862.

They left the area in 1868,{{Cite web |title=Buckskin Joe Colorado |url=https://westernmininghistory.com/towns/colorado/buckskin-joe/ |access-date=2022-09-16 |website=Western Mining History |language=en-US}} upon hearing that there was a massive silver lode at the Printer Boy Mine in Oro City, which became part of Leadville in 1877.{{Cite web |title=Upper Printer Boy Mine, Printer Boy Hill, Leadville, Lake County, Colorado, USA |url=https://www.mindat.org/loc-47297.html |access-date=2022-09-18 |website=www.mindat.org}}{{efn|Oro City, which later became a ghost town, was located in what became the southern part of Leadville.}} The Tabors moved there, where they operated a general store and Tabor was again a postmaster from April 1, 1878, to February 4, 1879.{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y9S3i5C-RqIC&pg=PP1 |title=Mr. Wolcott, from the Committee on Post-Offices and Post-Roads, Submitted the Following Report: [To Accompany His Amendment to H. R. 10258.]: February 24, 1893 - Ordered to be Printed |date=1892 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |pages=1 |language=en}}

In 1877, Tabor was elected the first mayor of Leadville.{{sfn|Lohse|2011|pp=24, 41, 188}} Tabor hired lawman Mart Duggan, who is credited with finally bringing Leadville's violent crime rate under control.{{Cite book |last=Dumett |first=Raymond E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KiuoDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT73 |title=Mining Tycoons in the Age of Empire, 1870–1945: Entrepreneurship, High Finance, Politics and Territorial Expansion |date=2016-12-05 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-91732-2 |language=en |page=PT73}}

{{Leadville mining}}

File:Tabor Opera House - Leadville 2007.jpg, Colorado]]

When George T. Hook and August Rische were unable to pay for their supplies at the general store, Tabor accepted payment in the form of a grubstake agreement for one third of their profit on the Little Pittsburg mine.{{sfn|Lohse|2011|p=22}} Tabor entered into a number of grubstake agreements with the prospectors, knowing he would receive no monies if they did not strike silver in the mine. Augusta strongly disagreed with this approach, who felt that they should save their money.{{sfn|Jackson|2016|loc=4:14 in}} On May 3, 1878, the mine revealed massive silver lodes and kicked off the Colorado Silver Boom. Tabor used the million{{sfn|Jackson|2016|loc=3:38 in}} or more The PBS Colorado Experiences episode "The Tabors" stated that the Tabors made ten million or more dollars from the Little Pittsburg mine. ({{inflation|US|1000000|1878|fmt=eq}} per million) that he made from the sale of his interest in the Little Pittsburg mine in 1879 to invest in other holdings. He invested in the Chrysotile and the Matchless Mines, as well as mines in Cripple Creek, Aspen, the San Juan Mountains, and the southwestern United States. By 1879, he was one of the richest men in Colorado, with six million or more dollars ({{inflation|US|6000000|1879|fmt=eq}}).

Tabor owned 4,600,000 acres of land in Colorado for grazing and 175,000 acres of land in Texas for copper mining. He sought enterprises, like irrigation canals, to provide work for laborers. In Honduras, he invested in ebony and mahogoney forests as well as mining and fruit operations.

In Leadville, he donated monies for water works, rail lines, schools, and churches.{{Cite book |last1=Hillstrom |first1=Kevin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6A3LUWOktlgC&pg=PA78 |title=The Industrial Revolution in America |last2=Hillstrom |first2=Laurie Collier |date=2005 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-85109-749-4 |pages=78–80|language=en}} He established newspapers, a bank, and the Tabor Opera House in Leadville.{{Cite web |title=Tabor Bed and Dresser |url=https://www.historycolorado.org/story/stuff-history/2015/02/27/tabor-bed-and-dresser |access-date=2022-09-17 |website=History Colorado}} He displayed his philanthropy by, for example, donating the land under the Temple Israel in Leadville in 1884.{{Cite web |title=Temple Israel - Building - Building Architecture |url=http://www.jewishleadville.org/buildingarchitecture.html |access-date=2022-09-17 |website=www.jewishleadville.org}} Tabor donated the money for the Tabor Grand Opera House, built the Tabor Block and La Veta Place, and invested in real estate and other businesses in Denver. Tabor became a partner of Marshall Field of Chicago, with whom he made millions of dollars.

In 1878, Tabor was elected Lieutenant Governor of Colorado and served in that post until January 1884. He served as U.S. Senator from January 27, 1883, until March 3, 1883,{{cite web | title = Senators of the United States, 1789–2009 | work = Senate Historical Office | publisher = United States Senate | date = February 2009 | url = https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/resources/pdf/chronlist.pdf| access-date = 2009-03-15}} following the resignation of Henry M. Teller to become United States Secretary of the Interior in the administration of U.S. President Chester Arthur. He was the president of the Denver Chamber of Commerce and of the Board of

Trade in 1891.

In 1879, the Tabors moved to Denver. Tabor's relationship with his wife, who preferred to save their money, began to fall as Tabor became a reckless spender and he continued to be a gambler and speculator.{{sfn|Jackson|2016|loc=6:00 in}} The couple then lived in separate residences, Augusta resided in their Denver mansion. Tabor moved into the Windsor Hotel in the city, where he entertained women.{{sfn|Jackson|2016|loc=8:28 in}} He had an affair with Elizabeth McCourt, nicknamed Baby Doe. Requiring money to support herself, by 1882 she took in boarders and she filed a suit against Tabor for financial support. Without Augusta's knowledge, Tabor attained a divorce in Durango, Colorado, in March 1882. Augusta filed for divorce on January 2, 1883, for desertion. She was awarded two properties worth a total of $250,000 ({{inflation|US|25000|1883|fmt=eq}}) or a settlement of $400,000 ({{inflation|US|40000|1883|fmt=eq}}){{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AhIsAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA181 |title=The Colorado Law Reporter |date=1884 |publisher=Whipple & Pierson |page=181 |language=en}} in late 1883.{{Cite book |last=Temple |first=Judy Nolte |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hmab50Xq-WEC&pg=PA18 |title=Baby Doe Tabor |date=2012-11-27 |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |isbn=978-0-8061-8256-8 |pages=18–19}}

File:Baby Doe Tabor.jpg, circa 1883]]

On March 1, 1883, Tabor finally married Elizabeth "Baby Doe" McCourt in Washington, D.C., leaving him a social outcast. The marriage produced two daughters, Elizabeth Bonduel "Lily" and Rosemary "Silver Dollar" Echo. During the initial years of their marriage, the Tabors lived a life of luxury, including extensive travel.

File:Matchless mine.jpg

Tabor ran without success for governor of Colorado throughout the 1880s. Then, in 1893, the repeal of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act in the administration of President Grover Cleveland caused the value of silver to drop, which devastated Tabor's fortune. His holdings, including his mansion in Denver, were sold off and he worked in the mines. He was made postmaster of Denver in 1898 and lived in the city at the Windsor Hotel.

When he became terminally ill with appendicitis in 1899, Tabor's final request of Baby Doe was that she maintain the Matchless claim. Following his death, flags were flown at half staff and the Aspen Tribune reported that ten thousand people attended his funeral. His body was interred at Mt. Calvary Cemetery in Denver{{Cite web |title=H.A.W. Tabor - Calvary Cemetery Listings |url=https://digital.denverlibrary.org/digital/collection/p16079coll14/id/1874 |access-date=2022-09-17 |website=Denver Public Library Special Collections |language=en}} and was later reinterred at Mt. Olivet Cemetery in Jefferson County, Colorado.{{Cite news |date=1996-07-05 |title=Baby Doe Tabor was consistent to the end |pages=4 |work=The Daily Sentinel |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/109682350/baby-doe-tabor-was-consistent-to-the-end/ |access-date=2022-09-17}}

Baby Doe moved to Leadville and lived an impoverished life in the tool shed of the Matchless Mine. She froze to death in the shed in March 1935, after which she was buried alongside her husband in Mt. Olivet Cemetery.

Augusta Tabor fared better than her ex-husband. She made successful investments of her divorce settlement. On her death in 1895, she was among the wealthiest citizens of Denver, leaving half a million dollars ({{inflation|US|500000|1895|fmt=eq}}) to her son.

In Silver Dollar, the Story of the Tabors, published in 1932, author David Karsner related that William Jennings Bryan, the politician and orator, visited the Tabors in 1890 shortly after the birth of their second daughter. Hearing the baby gurgle, Bryan exclaimed: "Why Senator, that baby's laughter has the ring of a silver dollar!" The Tabors had not yet decided on a name for the girl, and this remark was the inspiration for her name: Rosemary Silver Dollar Echo Honeymaid Tabor.{{cn|date=September 2024}}

After working as a newspaper reporter in Denver, Silver Dollar moved to Chicago and, living cheaply there, wrote a novel. Karsner wrote of Star of Blood, "The best that can be said of Silver's book is that it was printed – not published." It was unpopular.

Silver Dollar worked her minor celebrity for all it was worth, but after a string of burlesque and minor acting jobs, she spiraled even lower. The one-time "Girl of the Nile," says Karsner, liked heavy drinking and "Happy Dust." Going by the name of Ruth Norman, among many other aliases, after the men who supported her, she died at the age of thirty-five in 1925 by spilling a large kettle of boiling water on herself while she was extremely intoxicated.{{cite magazine| url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,847129,00.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101122125131/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,847129,00.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=November 22, 2010 | magazine=Time | title=Cinema: The New Pictures: Jan. 2, 1933 | date=January 2, 1933}}

Tabor Lake in Pitkin County, Colorado, at the base of Tabor Peak.{{Cite web |title="Tabor Peak", Pt 13,282 : Climbing, Hiking & Mountaineering |url=https://www.summitpost.org/tabor-peak-pt-13-282/822498 |access-date=2022-09-17 |website=www.summitpost.org}}

He was a prominent silver baron who "helped shape the foundation and the future of the Centennial State."{{who|Who said this?|date=September 2024}}

His life is portrayed in the film ''Silver Dollar and the opera The Ballad of Baby Doe.

{{notelist}}

{{Reflist}}

• {{Cite book |last=Gandy |first=Lewis Cass |url=http://archive.org/details/taborsafootnoteo006387mbp |title=The Tabors, a footnote of western history |date=1934 |publisher=The Press of the Pioneers, Inc.}}
• {{Cite AV media |url=https://www.pbs.org/video/colorado-experience-tabors/ |title=The Tabors |date=November 17, 2016 |last=Jackson |first=Julie, writer and director |type=video |publisher=Rocky Mountain PBS |series=Colorado Experience |access-date=2022-09-17 |format=Documentary |via=PBS }} For more information about the documentary, see [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt8861376/?ref_=tt_rvi_tt_i_1 IMDB].
• {{Cite book |last=Lohse |first=Joyce B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IfntpNY6SJ4C&pg=PA88 |title=Baby Doe Tabor: Matchless Silver Queen |date=April 2011 |publisher=Filter Press |isbn=978-0-86541-107-4 |language=en}}

• {{cite book| first=David | last=Karsner|author-link= David Karsner | title=Silver Dollar: The Story of the Tabors | location=New York |publisher= Covici-Friede, Inc. |year= 1932 }}
• {{cite book | first=Judy Nolte |last=Temple |title=Baby Doe Tabor: The Madwoman in the Cabin |location=Norman, OK | publisher=University of Oklahoma Press | year=2007}}

• {{Internet Archive author |sname=Horace Tabor}}
• {{Find a Grave}}

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{{U.S. Senator box | state=Colorado| class=2 | before=George M. Chilcott | after=Thomas M. Bowen | years= 1883 | alongside= Nathaniel P. Hill}}

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Category:1830 births

Category:1899 deaths

Category:Colorado Mining Boom

Category:Lieutenant governors of Colorado

Category:People from Orleans County, Vermont

Category:American prospectors

Category:American miners

Category:Mayors of places in Colorado

Category:People from Leadville, Colorado

Category:People from Park County, Colorado

Category:People from Denver

Category:Colorado postmasters

Category:Colorado Republicans

Category:Republican Party United States senators from Colorado

Category:Society of Colorado Pioneers

Category:American city founders

Category:Deaths from appendicitis

Category:Kansas Republicans

Category:People of the American Old West

Category:19th-century United States senators