Houcaris
{{Short description|Genus of radiodonts}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = {{fossilrange|Series 2|Series 2|Cambrian Series 2}}
|image = Houcaris (Feart-11-1160285-g005).jpg
|image_caption = Fossils of H. magnabasis (B)
and H. saron (D)
|taxon = Houcaris
|authority = Wu et al., 2021
|type_species = Houcaris saron
|type_species_authority = (Hou, Bergström, & Ahlberg, 1995)
|subdivision_ranks = Other species
|subdivision = * {{extinct}}H.? magnabasis
(Pates, Daley, Edgecombe, Cong, & Lieberman, 2019)
- {{extinct}}H.? consimilis
(Cong et al., 2018)
}}
Houcaris is a possibly paraphyletic radiodont genus, tentatively assigned to either Amplectobeluidae, Anomalocarididae or Tamisiocarididae, known from Cambrian Series 2 of China and the United States. The type species is Houcaris saron which was originally described as a species of the related genus Anomalocaris. Other possible species include H. magnabasis and H. consimilis. The genus Houcaris was established for the two species in 2021 and honors Hou Xianguang, who had discovered and named the type species Anomalocaris saron in 1995 along with his colleagues Jan Bergström and Per E. Ahlberg.
Species
= ''Houcaris saron'' =
20191221 Radiodonta frontal appendage Houcaris saron.png|Frontal appendage of H. saron
20191029 Outdated Anomalocaris saron.png|Outdated, chimeric reconstruction based on frontal appendage of H. saron and body of Innovatiocaris that was previously considered as whole body fossil of H. saron
H. saron, known from Maotianshan Shale in Yunnan, is first described in 1995 as Anomalocaris saron. This species is only known from frontal appendages. There is a specimen (ELRC 20001) that is previously considered as whole body fossil of this species, but later study shows that this specimen is not belonging to this species, and later given own genus Innovatiocaris.{{Cite journal|last1=Zeng|first1=Han|last2=Zhao|first2=Fangchen|last3=Niu|first3=Kecheng|last4=Zhu|first4=Maoyan|last5=Huang|first5=Diying|date=2020|title=An early Cambrian euarthropod with radiodont-like raptorial appendages|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2883-7|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=588|issue=7836|pages=101–105|doi=10.1038/s41586-020-2883-7|pmid=33149303|bibcode=2020Natur.588..101Z|s2cid=226248177|issn=1476-4687}}{{Cite journal|last1=Moysiuk|first1=Joseph|last2=Caron|first2=Jean-Bernard|date=2021|title=Exceptional multifunctionality in the feeding apparatus of a mid-Cambrian radiodont|journal=Paleobiology|language=en|volume=47|issue=4|pages=704–724|doi=10.1017/pab.2021.19|s2cid=236552819|issn=0094-8373|doi-access=free|bibcode=2021Pbio...47..704M }}{{Cite journal |last1=Zeng |first1=Han |last2=Zhao |first2=Fangchen |last3=Zhu |first3=Maoyan |date=2022-09-07 |title=Innovatiocaris, a complete radiodont from the early Cambrian Chengjiang Lagerstätte and its implications for the phylogeny of Radiodonta |url=https://doi.org/10.1144/jgs2021-164 |journal=Journal of the Geological Society |volume=180 |doi=10.1144/jgs2021-164 |s2cid=252147346 |issn=0016-7649}} Length of frontal appendage is up to at least 12 cm. Sometimes considered to belong to family Anomalocarididae{{Cite journal|last1=Van Roy|first1=Peter|last2=Daley|first2=Allison C.|last3=Briggs|first3=Derek E. G.|date=2015|title=Anomalocaridid trunk limb homology revealed by a giant filter-feeder with paired flaps|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nature14256|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=522|issue=7554|pages=77–80|doi=10.1038/nature14256|pmid=25762145|bibcode=2015Natur.522...77V|s2cid=205242881|issn=1476-4687}}{{Cite journal|last1=Liu|first1=Jianni|last2=Lerosey-Aubril|first2=Rudy|last3=Steiner|first3=Michael|last4=Dunlop|first4=Jason A|last5=Shu|first5=Degan|last6=Paterson|first6=John R|date=2018-11-01|title=Origin of raptorial feeding in juvenile euarthropods revealed by a Cambrian radiodontan|journal=National Science Review|volume=5|issue=6|pages=863–869|doi=10.1093/nsr/nwy057|issn=2095-5138|doi-access=free}} or Amplectobeluidae.{{Cite journal|last1=Vinther|first1=Jakob|last2=Stein|first2=Martin|last3=Longrich|first3=Nicholas R.|last4=Harper|first4=David A. T.|date=2014|title=A suspension-feeding anomalocarid from the Early Cambrian|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nature13010|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=507|issue=7493|pages=496–499|doi=10.1038/nature13010|pmid=24670770|bibcode=2014Natur.507..496V|s2cid=205237459|issn=1476-4687|hdl=1983/88f89453-e81f-4767-a74d-1794c33e6b34|hdl-access=free}}{{Cite journal|last1=Lerosey-Aubril|first1=Rudy|last2=Pates|first2=Stephen|date=2018-09-14|title=New suspension-feeding radiodont suggests evolution of microplanktivory in Cambrian macronekton|journal=Nature Communications|language=en|volume=9|issue=1|pages=3774|doi=10.1038/s41467-018-06229-7|pmid=30218075|pmc=6138677|bibcode=2018NatCo...9.3774L|issn=2041-1723}}
= ''Houcaris''? ''magnabasis'' =
20191221 Radiodonta frontal appendage Anomalocaris magnabasis.png|Frontal appendage of H. magnabasis
H.? magnabasis, known from Pioche Shale and Pyramid shale in Nevada, is originally described as Anomalocaris cf. saron in 2003,{{Cite journal|last=Lieberman|first=Bruce S.|date=2003|title=A new soft-bodied fauna: The Pioche Formation of Nevada|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-paleontology/article/abs/new-softbodied-fauna-the-pioche-formation-of-nevada/74A5F0DE3C3DEC6A14C9FC4EAE817E66|journal=Journal of Paleontology|language=en|volume=77|issue=4|pages=674–690|doi=10.1666/0022-3360(2003)077<0674:ANSFTP>2.0.CO;2|bibcode=2003JPal...77..674L |issn=0022-3360}} and later named as Anomalocaris magnabasis in 2019. This species is only known from frontal appendages and some partial fossils of oral cone (mouthpart) and flaps. Largest estimated length of frontal appendage is 17.5 cm. Sometimes considered to belong to family Anomalocarididae or Amplectobeluidae.
However, results from the phylogenetic analysis by McCall in 2023 suggest that H.? magnabasis does not form a monophyletic clade with other species of Houcaris, and that it is a sister taxon of the Amplectobeluidae. Thus, he tentatively referred to the species as Anomalocaris magnabasis, even though the results show that it also does not form a clade with known species of Anomalocaris.
= ''Houcaris''? ''consimilis'' =
H.? consimilis is known from the Maotianshan Shales of South China and possibly the Latham Shale of California. While this species was originally described within Ramskoeldia and a sister taxon of its type species (R. platyacantha), subsequent studies have rejected their monophyly. In 2022, this species was recovered as a basal member of the Tamisiocarididae close to H. saron by the describers of Innovatiocaris, and not monophyletic with R. platyacantha.{{Cite journal |last1=Zeng |first1=Han |last2=Zhao |first2=Fangchen |last3=Zhu |first3=Maoyan |date=2022-09-07 |title=Innovatiocaris, a complete radiodont from the early Cambrian Chengjiang Lagerstätte and its implications for the phylogeny of Radiodonta |url=https://doi.org/10.1144/jgs2021-164 |journal=Journal of the Geological Society |volume=180 |doi=10.1144/jgs2021-164 |s2cid=252147346 |issn=0016-7649}} In 2023, on the basis of phylogenetic analysis and morphological comparison, McCall suggested that it does not form a monophyletic clade with R. platyacantha, but instead with H. saron, so he included this species within the genus as Houcaris consimilis. His results also consistently recover both species as a member of the Amplectobeluidae.{{cite journal |last1=McCall |first1=Christian |title=A large pelagic lobopodian from the Cambrian Pioche Shale of Nevada |journal=Journal of Paleontology |date=13 December 2023 |volume=97 |issue=5 |pages=1009–1024 |doi=10.1017/jpa.2023.63 |bibcode=2023JPal...97.1009M |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-paleontology/article/abs/large-pelagic-lobopodian-from-the-cambrian-pioche-shale-of-nevada/11B0704C49A7730AA3E8F46EB2CA1C95}} Based on their phylogenetic analysis from the 2024 study describing Shucaris and the first-known oral cone of H? consimilis, Wu and colleagues recovered H? consimilis as an amplectobeluid, but not as a sister taxon of R. platyacantha, and rejected the tamisiocaridid affinity.{{cite journal |last1=Wu |first1=Yu |last2=Pates |first2=Stephen |last3=Liu |first3=Cong |last4=Zhang |first4=Mingjing |last5=Lin |first5=Weiliang |last6=Ma |first6=Jiaxin |last7=Wu |first7=Yuheng |last8=Chai |first8=Shu |last9=Zhang |first9=Xiangliang |last10=Fu |first10=Dongjing |title=A new radiodont from the lower Cambrian (Series 2 Stage 3) Chengjiang Lagerstätte, South China informs the evolution of feeding structures in radiodonts |journal= Journal of Systematic Palaeontology|date=16 July 2024 |volume=22 |issue=1 |doi=10.1080/14772019.2024.2364887 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2024JSPal..2264887W |hdl=10871/136118 |hdl-access=free }}
References
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{{Radiodonta}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q107260337}}
Category:Cambrian arthropods of North America
Category:Cambrian arthropods of Asia
Category:Fossil taxa described in 2021
Category:Cambrian genus extinctions
{{Cambrian-animal-stub}}