Housing Act of 1937#Major amendments
{{short description|Act of the United States Congress}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox U.S. legislation
| shorttitle = Housing Act of 1937
| othershorttitles =
| longtitle = An Act to provide financial assistance to the States and political subdivisions thereof for the elimination of unsafe and insanitary housing conditions, for the eradication of slums, for the provision of decent, safe, and sanitary dwellings for families of low income, and for the reduction of unemployment and the stimulation of business activity, to create a United States Housing Authority, and for other purposes.
| colloquialacronym =
| nickname =
| enacted by = 75th
| effective date = September 1, 1937
| cite public law = 75-412
| cite statutes at large = {{usstat|50|888}}
| acts amended =
| acts repealed =
| title amended =
| sections created =
| sections amended =
| leghisturl =
| introducedin = Senate
| introducedbill = {{USBill|75|S.|1685}}
| introducedby = Robert F. Wagner (D-NY)
| introduceddate = July 23, 1937
| committees = Senate Education and Labor, Senate Banking and Currency
| passedbody1 = Senate
| passeddate1 = August 6, 1937
| passedvote1 = [https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/75-1/s65 64-16]
| passedbody2 = House
| passedas2 =
| passeddate2 = August 18, 1937
| passedvote2 = [https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/75-1/h86 275-86]
| conferencedate = August 19, 1937
| passedbody3 = House
| passeddate3 = August 20, 1937
| passedvote3 = Agreed
| passedbody4 = Senate
| passeddate4 = August 21, 1937
| passedvote4 = Agreed
| signedpresident = Franklin D. Roosevelt
| signeddate = September 1, 1937
| amendments =
| SCOTUS cases =
}}
The Housing Act of 1937 ({{USStatute|75|412|50|888|1937|09|01}}), formally the "United States Housing Act of 1937" and sometimes called the Wagner–Steagall Act, provided for subsidies to be paid from the United States federal government to local public housing agencies (LHAs) to improve living conditions for low-income families.
File:Discuss amendments to housing act. Washington, D.C., Dec. 1. Federal Housing Administrator Stewart McDonald (right) discusses with Senator Robert F. Wagner, author of Wagner Housing Act, the LCCN2016872690.jpg, author of The Wagner Housing Act]]
The act created the United States Housing Authority within the U.S. Department of the Interior. The act builds on the National Housing Act of 1934, which created the Federal Housing Administration. Both the 1934 Act and the 1937 Act were influenced by American housing reformers of the period, with Catherine Bauer Wurster chief among them. Bauer drafted much of this legislation and served as a Director in the United States Housing Authority, the agency created by the 1937 Act to control the payment of subsidies, for two years.
The sponsoring legislators were Representative Henry B. Steagall, Democrat of Alabama, and Senator Robert F. Wagner, Democrat of New York.
Although initially controversial, it gained acceptance and provisions of the Act have remained, but in amended form.
Actions
The Housing Act of 1937 sought to eliminate what President Franklin Delano Roosevelt described as "habitations which not only fail to provide the physical benefits of modern civilization but breed disease and impair the health of future generations."{{Cite web |title=FDR and Housing Legislation |publisher=Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum |date=n.d. |url=https://www.fdrlibrary.org/housing |access-date=2022-08-21 |language=en-US}} The legislation outlined four goals: providing housing, renewing existing living areas, decreasing density and the construction of sustainable communities.{{Cite web |date=n.d. |title=US Housing Act of 1937, As Amended |url=https://www.hud.gov/sites/documents/DOC_10010.PDF |publisher=U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development |access-date=10 January 2023}} In order to deflect accusations of socialism and to protect private developers from competition, the act required the demolition of the same number of units of housing as would be built. Furthermore, it severely restricted the income of people who could reside in the new housing.{{Cite web |last=McCarty |first=Maggie |date=January 3, 2014 |title=Introduction to Public Housing |url=https://sgp.fas.org/crs/misc/R41654.pdf |publisher=Congressional Research Service |id=7-5700; R41654 |access-date=10 January 2023}} It also limited the amount that could be spent to build the housing to $5000 per unit, which was very low even at that time. These construction projects were carried out by local housing authorities with the federal government providing the funding. Between 1939 and 1943, 160,000 units were constructed. Only 10,000 more units were constructed by 1948.{{cite journal |last1=McDonald |first1=John F. |title=Public Housing Construction and the Cities: 1937–1967 |journal=Urban Studies Research |date=1 November 2011 |volume=2011 |pages=1–12 |doi=10.1155/2011/985264 |url=https://downloads.hindawi.com/archive/2011/985264.pdf |issn=2090-4185 |id=985264|doi-access=free }}
Outcomes
While the Housing Act of 1937 looked to solve American housing issues, it became marred by inequalities and problems. The main problem that rose from the legislation was the power given to the local governments. The Federal government let the local governments and voters decide on where and how to use the federal funding. This led to local governments maintaining segregationist housing policies as well as allowing many public housing locations to become neglected.{{Cite web |title=1937: Housing Act (Wagner-Steagall Act) |url=https://www.bostonfairhousing.org/timeline/1937-Housing-Act.html |access-date=2022-08-21 |publisher=Fair Housing Center of Greater Boston |date=n.d.}}
Major amendments
The Housing Act of 1949, enacted during the Harry Truman administration set new postwar national goals for decent living environments; it also funded "slum clearance" and the urban renewal projects and created many national public housing programs. In 1965, the Public Housing Administration, the U.S. Housing Authority, and the House and Home Financing Agency were all swept into the newly formed and reorganized United States Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). {{cite web |title=A Brief History of HUD |url=https://archives.hud.gov/hud50/hud50.hud.gov/hud_history_timeline/index.html |website=HUD Archives |access-date=10 April 2024}}
The Housing and Community Development Act of 1974 was a United States federal law, which, among other provisions, amended the Housing Act of 1937 to create Section 8 housing,{{USStat|88|662}} authorized "Entitlement Communities Grants" to be awarded by HUD, and created the National Institute of Building Sciences.{{Cite web |url=https://www.nibs.org/index.php/about/ |title=Our Story |date=n.d. |publisher=National Institute of Building Sciences |access-date=2022-01-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091005013553/https://www.nibs.org/index.php/about/ |archive-date=2009-10-05 |url-status=live}}
In 1998, the Quality Housing and Work Responsibility Act (QHWRA) was passed by Congress and signed by President Bill Clinton. Following the frame of welfare reform, QHWRA developed new programs to transition families out of public housing, developed a home ownership model for Section 8, and expanded the HOPE VI program to replace traditional public housing units.{{cite web |title=United States Housing Act of 1937 as Amended by the Quality Housing and Work Responsibility Act of 1998 as of 3/2/19991 |url=http://archives-financialservices.house.gov/banking/usha1937.pdf |publisher=U.S. House Committee on Financial Services |access-date=29 March 2020 |archive-date=September 27, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180927005427/http://archives-financialservices.house.gov/banking/usha1937.pdf |url-status=dead }}
The QHWRA combined Section 8's Existing Housing Certificate Program and Rental Voucher Program into the new Housing Choice Vouchers Program. The law specifies that at least 75% of a public housing agency's Housing Choice Vouchers be given to families making at or below 30% of the area median income.{{cite journal |url=https://www.huduser.gov/periodicals/cityscpe/vol9num3/ch4.pdf |title=Income Targeting of Housing Vouchers: What Happened After the Quality Housing and Work Responsibility Act? |last=Dawkins |first=Casey J. |journal=Cityscape: A Journal of Policy Development and Research |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=69–94 |year=2007 |jstor=20868632 |issn=1936-007X}}
Lauch Faircloth sponsored an amendment that effectively capped the number of public housing units, a rule that came to be known as the Faircloth Limit. This limited funding for the construction or operation of all units to the total number of units as of October 1, 1999. It requires public housing agencies to remove or consolidate existing units in order to receive funding for construction of any new units.{{cite web |title=Guidance on Complying With the Maximum Number of Units Eligible for Operating Subsidy Pursuant to Section 9(g)(3)(A) of the Housing Act of 1937 (aka the Faircloth Limit) |publisher=United States Department of Housing and Urban Development |url=https://www.hud.gov/sites/documents/FRCLTH-LMT.PDF |date=n.d. |access-date=10 January 2023}}
See also
References
{{Reflist}}
Further reading
- Allen, Ryan, and David Van Riper. "The new deal, the deserving poor, and the first public housing residents in New York City." Social Science History 44.1 (2020): 91–115.
- Clement, Bell. "Wagner-Steagall and the DC Alley Dwelling Authority: A Bid for Housing-Centered Urban Redevelopment, 1934–1946." Journal of the American Planning Association 78.4 (2012): 434–448.
- Heathcott, Joseph. "The strange career of public housing: Policy, planning, and the American metropolis in the twentieth century." Journal of the American Planning Association 78.4 (2012): 360–375.
- Hunt, Bradford D., [http://jph.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/4/3/195 “Was the 1937 U.S. Housing Act a Pyrrhic Victory?”] Journal of Planning History 4, no. 3 (2005): 195–221.
- Radford, Gail, [https://books.google.com/books?id=n4M8tMsM8UoC "Modern Housing for America: Policy Struggles in the New Deal Era]" (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996).
- Vale, Lawrence J., [https://books.google.com/books?id=D855PFwzHzoC "From the Puritans to the Projects: Public Housing and Public Neighbors"] (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard Press, 2000).
- Vale, Lawrence J., [https://books.google.com/books?id=959NYT6JtzwC “Reclaiming Public Housing: A Half Century of Struggle in Three Public Neighborhoods”] (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard Press, 2002).
- von Hoffman, Alexander. "The lost history of urban renewal." Journal of Urbanism 1.3 (2008): 281–301. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/240955404_The_lost_history_of_urban_renewal]
- Wurster, Catherine Bauer, "Modern Housing," (Boston, New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1934).
External links
{{Wikisource|United States National Housing Act of 1937}}
- [https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/42/chapter-8 As codified in 42 USC chapter 8] of the United States Code from LII
- [https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/COMPS-10348/uslm/COMPS-10348.xml United States Housing Act of 1937] as amended ([https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/COMPS-10348/pdf/COMPS-10348.pdf PDF]/[https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/COMPS-10348/ details]) in the GPO [https://www.govinfo.gov/help/comps Statute Compilations collection]
{{US housing by state}}
Category:United States federal housing legislation