Housing in New Zealand

File:90–92 Chester Street1.jpg

File:Art Deco Apartments Off Symonds Street.jpg

Traditionally, residential sections were quarter acreSee The Half-Gallon Quarter-Acre Pavlova Paradise (roughly 1000 sq m), but typical section sizes have been getting much smaller since the middle of the 1900s.{{cite news |last1= Howie |first1= Cherie |title= Our shrinking backyards: Death of the quarter-acre dream |url= https://www.nzherald.co.nz/business/news/article.cfm?c_id=3&objectid=12248795 |accessdate= 20 April 2020 |work=The New Zealand Herald |date= 13 June 2019}} After a series of controversies over slum-like housing-conditions of the urban poor, from 1936 the then Labour government developed State housing – suburban housing built by the government and rented to poorer families. This housing stock was generally very well built and remains a feature in most cities, although now often privately owned.{{cite web|url= http://www.arphs.govt.nz/Publications_Reports/archive/HealthyHousing/HHIApolicyaffordability.pdf|title= Swings in National Housing Policy|publisher= Auckland Regional Public Health Service|accessdate= 31 December 2008}} Urban areas, where about 86% of New Zealand residents live,

{{cite web

|url= https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/new-zealand-population

|title= New Zealand Population 2021

|year= 2021

|publisher= World Population Review

|access-date= 25 March 2021

|quote= A substantial 86.1% of people living in New Zealand live either in or around a major city.

}}

are becoming more dense,{{cite web|url= https://www.nzherald.co.nz/business/news/article.cfm?c_id=3&objectid=11925841|title= 'Unliveable': Five townhouses less than 1m away|website=The New Zealand Herald |accessdate= 12 December 2018}} but remain very sparsely settled by international standards.

{{cite web

|url= https://chartingtransport.com/2015/11/26/comparing-the-densities-of-australian-and-european-cities/

|title= Comparing the densities of Australian, European, Canadian, and New Zealand cities

|date= March 2016

|orig-year= 2015

|website= Charting Transport

}}

Many old office-blocks and church-buildings have been converted to apartments in New Zealand's major centres.{{cite news |last1= Robb |first1= Robb |title= Departments to apartments |url= https://www.nbr.co.nz/article/departments-apartments-179911 |accessdate= 20 April 2020 |work= NBR |date= 9 October 2015 |archive-date= 9 February 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160209144738/http://www.nbr.co.nz/article/departments-apartments-179911 |url-status= dead }}{{cite news |last1= Winter |first1= Chloe |title= Former Wellington offices being converted to apartments |url= https://www.stuff.co.nz/business/industries/73017625/former-wellington-offices-being-converted-to-apartments |accessdate= 20 April 2020 |work=Stuff |date= 15 October 2015}}

{{main|Bach (New Zealand)}}

File:Bach at Anchorage, Abel Tasman trail, National Park, South Island, New Zealand - panoramio.jpg, South Island]]

Small, often very modest holiday homes or beach houses, called a "baches" (pronounced "batches") in most of the country, but "cribs" in the south of the South Island,{{Cite web|url= https://www.odt.co.nz/news/national/it-crib-or-bach|title= Is it a crib or a bach?|date= 28 December 2012|website=Otago Daily Times |language= en|access-date= 9 December 2018}} are used by tourists on a temporary basis as holiday accommodation. These are typically purpose-built houses or huts near a coast or a lake, but can also serve as a base for hunting or fishing in local rivers.{{Cite web|url= https://teara.govt.nz/en/beach-culture/page-5|title= 5. – Beach culture – Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand|last= Taonga|first= New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu|website=Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand |language= en|access-date= 12 December 2018}} They have a reputation for rustic, minimalist and mismatched internal design and furniture. However, large expensive holiday-homes are also (though less commonly) called baches.

Tents, camper-vans and caravans are also common, however, New Zealand lacks the large trailer parks of some similar countries, like Australia and South Africa.

A movement to build tiny homes has emerged.{{Cite web|url= https://www.nzgeo.com/stories/tiny-houses/|title= Tiny houses|website= New Zealand Geographic|language= en-NZ|access-date= 9 December 2018}}

New Zealand also has a large set of wilderness huts, but staying in them for more than three days at a time is discouraged.{{Cite web|url= https://www.doc.govt.nz/our-work/heritage/heritage-topics/huts/|title= Huts|website=Department of Conservation |language= en-nz|access-date= 9 December 2018}}

{{main|Homelessness in New Zealand}}

Many New Zealanders live permanently in structures which were not designed as homes; the government classifies these people as homeless. Difficulties exist in measuring homelessness statistically, and New Zealand does not typically record the phenomenon with the same accuracy as other statistics. The 2013 census produced an estimate that 1% of people in New Zealand live in "severe housing deprivation" – an increase from previous years.{{Cite news|url= https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=11992371|title= Homeless crisis: 80 per cent to 90 per cent of homeless people turned away from emergency housing|first= Derek|last=Cheng|date= 11 February 2018|work=The New Zealand Herald |access-date= 10 December 2018|language= en-NZ|issn= 1170-0777}}    

In May 2018 the government allocated $100 million to address homelessness over the following four years.

{{Cite web

|url= https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/politics/103619757/government-announces-100m-plan-to-fight-homelessness

|title= Government announces $100m plan to fight homelessness

|website=Stuff |date= 3 May 2018

|language= en|access-date= 10 December 2018

}}

When records began in 1974, new homes in New Zealand had an average floor area of {{Convert|120|m2|4=-1|abbr=on}}. Average new home sizes rose to peak at {{Convert|200|m2|4=-1|abbr=on}} in 2010, before falling to {{Convert|158|m2|4=-1|abbr=on}} in 2019.{{Cite web|date=12 February 2020|title=New homes around 20 percent smaller {{!}} Stats NZ|url=https://www.stats.govt.nz/news/new-homes-around-20-percent-smaller|access-date=2021-07-08|website=www.stats.govt.nz}}

In 1966 the New Zealand Encyclopedia recognised seven basic designs of New Zealand houses.{{Cite web|url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/22774|title=Characteristic House Types – Seven Basic Styles|last1=McLintock|first1=Alexander Hare|last2=James Garrett|first2=A. N. Z. I. A.|website=An encyclopaedia of New Zealand, edited by A. H. McLintock, 1966.|language=en|access-date=9 December 2018|last3=Taonga|first3=New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu}}{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{main|Māori culture|Wharenui}}

File:Maori Chief Tahau in whare mid1870s.jpg

At first Māori used the building methods that had been developed in tropical Polynesia, altered to fit the more nomadic lifestyle. By the 15th century Classic Māori communities slept in rectangular sleeping houses (wharepuni). The wharepuni were made of timber, rushes, tree ferns and bark, they had a thatched roof and earth floors.{{Cite web|url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/maori-housing-te-noho-whare|title=Māori housing – te noho whare – Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand|last=Taonga|first=New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu|website=Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand |language=en|access-date=10 December 2018}} These building also had a front porch which was an adaptation to New Zealand's climate and is not found in tropical Polynesia. The effect of European housing methods led to a mix of designs with Māori adopting windows and high roofs.

File:12 Drummond Street Sydenham Christchurch New Zealand Historic Totara Cottage 1876.JPG

File:Old Villa. (23211088424).jpg

Houses from this period are divided into cottages and villas. The first houses built in New Zealand were cottages.{{Cite web|url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/housing/page-3|title=3. – Housing – Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand|last=Taonga|first=New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu|website=Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand |language=en|access-date=9 December 2018}} Villas were the larger and more expensively built equivalent. The typical villa has the kitchen to the rear of the house and separate from the dining room, as food preparation was meant to occur out of sight.{{Cite news|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/|title=Design: Styles of the city|date=30 June 2000|work=The New Zealand Herald |access-date=11 December 2018|language=en-NZ|issn=1170-0777}} Villas were the main form of housing in residential areas from after 1840 up to World War I.{{cite book |last1=Laurenson |first1=Helen |title=The History of Mt Eden - The District and its People |date=1 May 2019|pages=193–203 |publisher=Epsom & Eden District Historical Society |isbn=9780473460013}}

File:Country House (34197582945).jpg

File:Art Deco bungalow in Fir St, Waterview, Auckland.JPG

The 20th century started with big Edwardian houses and neo-Georgian architecture{{Cite web|url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/domestic-architecture/page-2|title=2. – Domestic architecture – Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand|last=Taonga|first=New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu|website=Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand |language=en|access-date=10 December 2018}} From the late 1910s the Californian bungalow became more popular. the design has a lower pitched roof and ceiling height than the typical New Zealand villa and was therefore easier to heat. This coincided with the popularity of the Hollywood film industry, which incorporated American clothes, furniture, cars and houses.

As a response to American influence and nostalgia for Britain a style of houses were built which conspicuously emulated older English styles. Spanish mission style from the late 1920s with grand triple arches and twisted Baroque columns.{{Cite web|url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/1966/architecture/page-5|title=Characteristic House Types – Seven Basic Styles|last1=McLintock|first1=Alexander Hare|last2=James Garrett|first2=A. N. Z. I. A.|website=An encyclopaedia of New Zealand, edited by A. H. McLintock, 1966.|language=en|access-date=11 December 2018|last3=Taonga|first3=New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu}} Modernism (Art deco) of the 1930 was designed to be functional with smooth surfaces and a flat roof.{{Cite web|url=https://www.renovate.org.nz/art-deco/history/|title=History {{!}} BRANZ Renovate|last=Ltd|first=BRANZ|date=7 August 2010|website=History|language=en-NZ|access-date=11 December 2018}}

The 1931 Hawke's Bay earthquake showed an absence or low-level of earthquake resilience in buildings. Subsequently, earthquake standards for buildings were introduced in 1935.{{Cite web|last=McSaveney|first=Eileen|date=1 August 2017|title=Building for earthquake resistance|url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/earthquakes/page-4|access-date=2021-07-29|website=Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand |language=en}}

State housing had a big influence on the way homes were built in New Zealand from the 1940s to the late 1960s.{{Cite web|url=https://www.renovate.org.nz/1940-60s/|title=1940-60s {{!}} BRANZ Renovate|last=Ltd|first=BRANZ|date=16 July 2010|website=1940-60s|language=en-NZ|access-date=11 December 2018}}

The 1970s saw several changes to housing construction. New Zealand's metrication between 1969 and 1976 saw construction move from imperial to metric units. Imperial units still remain in colloquial use; for example, {{Convert|90x45|mm|abbr=on}} dimensional timber is still referred to as 'four-by-two'.{{Cite web|last=Salmond|first=Jeremy|date=11 March 2010|title=Four-by-two|url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/photograph/25094/four-by-two|access-date=2021-07-26|website=Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand |language=en}} In 1978, two key building standards were introduced: NZS 3604, specifying design and construction requirements for light timber-framed buildings, and NZS 4218, specifying minimum thermal insulation requirements for houses.{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2011-07-15|title=History {{!}} 1970s|url=https://www.renovate.org.nz/1970s/history/|access-date=2021-07-23|website=BRANZ Renovate|language=en-NZ}}

In the early 21st Century New Zealanders built in variety of styles that borrowed from a variety of previous influences.

In some conspicuous locations in area of natural beauty it is required by local councils to blend the house design with the surrounding environment.{{Cite web|url=https://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/arts-culture-heritage/heritage-walks-places/docswaitakererangesheritagearea/waitakere-ranges-heritage-area-bush-design-guide.pdf|title=Waitakere Ranges heritage area bush design guide|date=2017|website=www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz}}

Houses can be built to maximise the heat gained during the day from the sun and retain it overnight.{{Cite web |publisher=BRANZ|date=12 December 2018|title=Passive Design |url=http://www.level.org.nz/passive-design/|language=en-NZ |access-date=2 November 2021}}

With increased affluence and environmental concerns a small but growing number of houses are built with semi processed natural materials and traditional building methods.{{Cite web|url=https://www.earthbuilding.org.nz/natural-building-techniques/|title=Natural Building Techniques|date=2 August 2015|website=Earth Building Association of New Zealand|language=en-US|access-date=10 December 2018|archive-date=25 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230125121809/https://www.earthbuilding.org.nz/natural-building-techniques/|url-status=dead}}{{Cite web|url=http://www.earthbuilding.org.nz/|title=Earth Building Association of New Zealand|website=Earth Building Association of New Zealand|language=en-US|access-date=10 December 2018}}

Insulation in ceilings, walls and floor became mandatory for new builds and additions in 1978.{{Cite news|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10824727|title=Shivers: Minimum insulation standards a must (+competition)|date=4 August 2012|work=The New Zealand Herald |access-date=14 March 2020|language=en-NZ|issn=1170-0777}}{{Cite web|url=https://nzhistory.govt.nz/page/thermal-insulation-required-nz-homes|title=Thermal insulation required in NZ homes {{!}} NZHistory, New Zealand history online|website=nzhistory.govt.nz|access-date=14 March 2020}} Glass fibre, polyester, polystyrene, wool and paper are all used for insulation in New Zealand.{{Cite web|url=https://www.govt.nz/browse/housing-and-property/insulation-and-energy-efficiency/paying-for-home-insulation/|title=Paying for home insulation|website=New Zealand Government|language=en-NZ|access-date=10 December 2018}} Home insulation in New Zealand can be heavily subsidised by the government.

According to the 2018 New Zealand census, heat pumps were the most common form of space heating, with 47.3% of households using them as their primary heating appliance. Other common forms of space heating were electric resistance heaters (44.1%) and wood burners (32.3%).{{Cite web|url=https://www.stats.govt.nz/information-releases/2018-census-totals-by-topic-national-highlights-updated|title=2018 Census totals by topic – national highlights (updated) {{!}} Stats NZ|website=www.stats.govt.nz|access-date=12 March 2020}}

Some local councils are restricting the kind of wood and coal burners that can be used in order to improve air quality.{{Cite web|url=https://www.radionz.co.nz/news/national/359316/timaru-resident-s-firewood-spend-doubles-with-new-burner|title=Timaru resident's firewood spend doubles with new burner|date=11 June 2018|website=Radio New Zealand |language=en-nz|access-date=10 December 2018}}

{{Main|Water supply and sanitation in New Zealand}}In 2017 about 80% of New Zealanders were reliant on water purification distribution systems that supplied more than 100 people. Of these 96% met the bacteriological standards for water quality, while 81% met all the relevant standards.{{Cite web|url=https://www.health.govt.nz/publication/annual-report-drinking-water-quality-2016-2017|title=Annual Report on Drinking-water Quality 2016–2017|website=Ministry of Health NZ|language=en|access-date=9 December 2018}} The remaining 20% of New Zealanders typically live in rural areas where rain, streams and bores are commonly used as water sources.

Large properties can process or store their sewage on site.{{Cite web|url=https://www.smarterhomes.org.nz/smart-guides/water-and-waste/on-site-sewage-systems/|title=Onsite sewage systems – Smarter Homes Practical advice on smarter home essentials|date=14 December 2016|website=Smarter Homes|publisher=Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment|language=en-NZ|access-date=9 December 2018}} Grey water can be reused for purposes other than drinking. This recycling is required by some New Zealand councils.{{Cite web|url=https://www.smarterhomes.org.nz/smart-guides/water-and-waste/re-using-greywater/|title=Reusing greywater – Smarter Homes Practical advice on smarter home essentials|publisher=Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment|date=14 December 2016|website=Smarter Homes|language=en-NZ|access-date=18 December 2018}}

{{See also|Department of Building and Housing|Leaky homes crisis}}The Building Act 1991 was replaced by the Building Act 2004,{{Cite web|url=https://www.building.govt.nz/building-code-compliance/how-the-building-code-works/building-act-2004/|title=Building Act 2004|publisher=Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment|website=Building Performance|language=en-NZ|access-date=9 December 2018}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.building.govt.nz/building-code-compliance/|title=Building Code compliance|publisher=Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment|website=Building Performance|language=en-NZ|access-date=9 December 2018}} this introduced a licensing for building designers, builders and related trades. Councils were required to be subject to regular quality control procedure checks, however, council building inspectors remained unlicensed.{{Cite web|url=http://www.legalvision.co.nz/articles/failings-of-the-building-act-1991-were-these-a-cause-of-the-leaky-building-crisis-breaking-down-the-building-act-2004-what-does-it-really-mean/|title=Failings of the Building Act 1991 – Were these a cause of the leaky building crisis? Breaking down the Building Act 2004: What does it really mean? « Legal Vision – Leaky Building Lawyers|language=en-US|access-date=9 December 2018|archive-date=7 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190707065514/http://www.legalvision.co.nz/articles/failings-of-the-building-act-1991-were-these-a-cause-of-the-leaky-building-crisis-breaking-down-the-building-act-2004-what-does-it-really-mean/|url-status=dead}}

The Building Code sets out the minimum performance standards that buildings must designed and constructed to meet, but itself does not prescribe methods or solutions to meet the Code.{{Cite web|publisher=Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment|title=How the Building Code works|url=https://www.building.govt.nz/building-code-compliance/how-the-building-code-works/|access-date=2021-07-07|website=Building Performance|language=en-NZ}} Acceptable solutions and verification methods specify construction and testing methods that assure compliance with the Code.{{Cite web|publisher=Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment|title=Different ways to comply|url=https://www.building.govt.nz/building-code-compliance/how-the-building-code-works/different-ways-to-comply/|access-date=2021-07-10|website=Building Performance|language=en-NZ}} For example, constructing buildings to NZS 3604 Timber-framed buildings or NZS 4229 Concrete masonry buildings not requiring specific engineering design is an acceptable solution to comply with structural provisions of the Code.{{Cite web|last=|first=|title=Using NZS 3604|url=https://www.building.govt.nz/building-code-compliance/how-the-building-code-works/using-nzs-3604-timber-framed-buildings/|access-date=2021-07-07|website=Building Performance|language=en-NZ}}

Most alterations to homes need to be certificated, there are also limits on houses of historical importance.

While all building practices that do not comply with the Building Act are illegal, some are also specifically banned.{{Cite web|url=https://www.building.govt.nz/building-code-compliance/warnings-and-bans-on-building-products/|title=Warnings and bans on building products|publisher=Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment|website=Building Performance|language=en-NZ|access-date=9 December 2018}}

{{Main|Shallow foundation}}

Three broad categories are available for suburban house foundations concrete slab, a concrete block basement foundations and an elevated floor with a crawl space.{{Cite web|url=https://builderscrack.co.nz/blog/2015/03/04/house-foundations-pros-cons-3-different-types/|title=House Foundations – The Pros & Cons of 3 Different Types|date=4 March 2015|website=Home Ownership Tips, Guides, Tricks and Tradespeople|language=en-US|access-date=10 December 2018}} Footing depth varies with soil type and slope, with either a floating polystyrene slab or more rarely piling.

Standards are set out in NZS 3604 Timber-framed buildings and NZS 4218 Thermal insulation - Housing and small buildings regarding a building's resistance to wind, earthquake, snow, corrosion, and climate. The following table shows the respective earthquake, snow and climate zones for cities and selected large towns:{{Cite journal|last=|first=|title=Understanding New Zealand building climate and environmental zones|url=http://www.level.org.nz/site-analysis/new-zealand-climate-and-environmental-zones/|journal=BRANZ}}

File:Earthquake risk zones New Zealand.png

Earthquakes can occur anywhere in New Zealand, but the risk to building structures is highly regional, with the eastern North Island and western South Island having the highest risk.{{Cite web|url=http://www.seismicresilience.org.nz/topics/seismic-science-and-site-influences/faults/earthquake-risk-zones/|title=Earthquake risk zones » Seismic Resilience|website=www.seismicresilience.org.nz|access-date=9 December 2018}} After the 2011 Christchurch earthquake a major review changed the boundaries and construction rules.{{Cite web|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/68421102/major-changes-to-earthquake-strengthening-rules|title=Major changes to earthquake strengthening rules|website=Stuff |date=10 May 2015|language=en|access-date=11 December 2018}}{{Cite journal|last=Bull|first=William B.|date=1996|title=Prehistorical earthquakes on the Alpine fault, New Zealand|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth|language=en|volume=101|issue=B3|pages=6037–6050|doi=10.1029/95JB03062|issn=2156-2202|bibcode=1996JGR...101.6037B}}

Under NZS 3604 and NZS 4229, New Zealand is divided into four earthquake zones, with zone 1 has the lowest earthquake risk while zone 4 having the highest risk. Buildings in zones 2, 3 and 4 have to withstand 1.6 times, twice, and three times the force of zone 1 buildings respectively.{{Cite book|title=Timber-framed buildings: NZS 3604:2011|publisher=Standards New Zealand|year=2011|isbn=9781869751432|location=Wellington|pages=5.13–5.19}}

{{See also|New Zealand property bubble}}

In 2017 63% of New Zealanders lived in an owner occupied home, this includes those who have an outstanding mortgage on their property and 33% live in rental properties.{{Cite news|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/business/news/article.cfm?c_id=3&objectid=11779664|title=Home ownership rates lowest in 66 years according to Statistics NZ|first=Corazon|last=Miller|date=9 January 2017|work=The New Zealand Herald |access-date=9 December 2018|language=en-NZ|issn=1170-0777}} This is the lowest rate of home ownership since 1951. This is partly due to the increase in New Zealand house prices which since 1990 have increased faster than any other OECD country.{{Cite web|last=Andrew Coleman|date=15 May 2017|title=Why does New Zealand keep building such massive houses?|url=https://thespinoff.co.nz/society/15-05-2017/why-does-new-zealand-keep-building-such-massive-houses/|access-date=9 December 2018|website=The Spinoff }}

Housing in New Zealand has been classified as 'severely unaffordable' with a score of 6.5 under the median measure housing affordability measure.{{Cite web|date=20 January 2019|title=NZ house prices are among the most unaffordable in the world: survey|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/business/110049950/auckland-ranked-among-worlds-least-affordable-cities-in-housing-report|access-date=20 May 2021|website=Stuff |language=en}} Affordability varies depending on location, with major urban centres such as Auckland and Wellington more unaffordable than smaller cities and rural areas.{{Cite web|date=11 September 2009|title=Median Multiples|url=https://www.interest.co.nz/property/house-price-income-multiples|access-date=20 May 2021|website=interest.co.nz}}

In mid August 2022, the Human Rights Commission advocated an immediate freeze on rent increases and increasing the accommodation supplement to provide renters with relief in response to the recent cost of living crisis. The Commission had earlier released its People's Inquiry into Student Wellbeing in July 2022 which found that two thirds of tertiary students were unable to cover basic living costs including food, rent and healthcare.{{cite news |last1=Alafeshat |first1=Mohammad |title=Human Rights Commission says freeze on rent increases should return |url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/472987/human-rights-commission-says-freeze-on-rent-increases-should-return |access-date=21 August 2022 |work=Radio New Zealand |date=16 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816123545/https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/472987/human-rights-commission-says-freeze-on-rent-increases-should-return |archive-date=16 August 2022|url-status=live}}{{cite news |last1=Green |first1=Kate |title=Human Rights Commission calls for freeze on rents, increase to accommodation supplement |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/politics/129580445/human-rights-commission-calls-for-freeze-on-rents-increase-to-accommodation-supplement |access-date=21 August 2022 |work=Stuff |date=16 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816031820/http://stuff.co.nz/national/politics/129580445/human-rights-commission-calls-for-freeze-on-rents-increase-to-accommodation-supplement |archive-date=16 August 2022|url-status=live}}

{{see also|State housing in New Zealand}}

• Homelessness in New Zealand
• Housing New Zealand
• New Zealand design
• New Zealand dream

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