Hoxhaism

{{Short description|Variant of Marxism–Leninism}}

{{Primary sources|date=November 2022}}

File:Hoxha Translated Works.jpg, for whom the ideology is named.]]

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Hoxhaism ({{IPAc-en|UK|ˈ|h|ɒ|dʒ|ə|.|ɪ|z|əm}} {{respell|HOJ|ə|iz|əm}}, {{IPAc-en|US|ˈ|h|ɔː|dʒ|-}} {{respell|HAWJ|-}}) is a variant of Marxism–Leninism developed in the late 1970s as a result of a schism in the anti-revisionist movement, namely between the Chinese Communist Party and the Party of Labour of Albania. The ideological dispute between the two parties brought about the Sino-Albanian split.{{cite book|publisher=Filiquarian Publishing, LLC. |title=Communism for Know-It-Alls |page=23 |year=2008}} The ideology is named after Enver Hoxha, the first secretary of the Party of Labour from 1941 to 1985 and leader of the People's Socialist Republic of Albania from 1944 to 1985.

The term Hoxhaism is rarely used by the organizations associated with it, as they view Hoxha's theoretical contributions to Marxism–Leninism as an augmentation of anti-revisionism rather than a distinct ideology. Hoxhaists typically identify themselves with Marxism–Leninism or Stalinism.{{Cite web |last= |date=2010-02-27 |title=Revolutionary Spirit: The Marxist-Leninist Guide to Leftist Factions |url=http://revolutionaryspiritapl.blogspot.com/2010/02/variants-of-revisionism-marxism_27.html |access-date=2023-01-08 |website=Revolutionary Spirit}}{{Cite book |publisher=Institute of Marxist-Leninist Studies at the Central Committee of the Party of Labour of Albania |year=1982 |title=Enver Hoxha: Selected Works. Volume IV: February 1966 - July 1975. |page=234-235 |url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/hoxha/works/ebooks/sw/vol4.pdf}}

== Overview ==

Hoxhaism demarcates itself by a strict defense of the legacy of Joseph Stalin, the organization of the Soviet Union under Stalin, and fierce criticism of virtually all other communist groupings as revisionist.{{cite book |author-last=Pridham |author-first=Geoffrey |title=The Dynamics of Democratization: A Comparative Approach |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |year=2000 |isbn=9780826450388 |page=70}}{{cite journal|author-last=Hoxha |author-first=Enver |author-link=Enver Hoxha |date=August 1979 |title=The Marxist-Leninist Movement and the World Crisis of Capitalism |url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/hoxha/works/marxist-leninist.htm |journal=Institute of Marxist-Leninist Studies at the Central Committee of the Party of Labour of Albania}} Currents such as Eurocommunism are regarded as anti-communist movements.

Hoxha was critical of the United States and Yugoslavia, condemning the latter as social imperialist. After the death of Stalin and the Sino-Albanian split, he extended his social imperialist critique to the Soviet Union and China. Hoxha condemned the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968, before withdrawing Albania from the Warsaw Pact in response.{{cite book|author-last=Hoxha |author-first=Enver |author-link=Enver Hoxha |title=Imperialism and the Revolution |chapter=I: The strategy of imperialism and modern revisionism |url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/hoxha/works/imp_rev/imp_ch1.htm |location=Tirana, Albania |date=1978}} Hoxhaism asserts the right of nations to pursue socialism by different paths dictated by the conditions in those countries, although Hoxha personally held the view that Titoism was "anti-Marxist" in overall practice.{{cite web |date=11 June 2011 |title=A Brief Guide to Hoxhaism |url=http://theredstarvanguard.wordpress.com/2011/06/11/a-brief-guide-to-hoxhaism/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525232358/http://theredstarvanguard.wordpress.com/2011/06/11/a-brief-guide-to-hoxhaism/ |archive-date=25 May 2014 |access-date=23 May 2014 |publisher=The Red Star Vanguard}}{{cite web|url=http://oktobernet.dk/artikler_marxistisk_bibliotek/enver_hoxha/eurocommunism.htm |title=Enver Hoxha: Eurocommunism is Anticommunism |author-last=Hoxha |author-first=Enver |author-link=Enver Hoxha |access-date=23 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140523064452/http://oktobernet.dk/artikler_marxistisk_bibliotek/enver_hoxha/eurocommunism.htm |archive-date=23 May 2014 |url-status=live}}{{cite web|author-last=Hoxha |author-first=Enver |author-link=Enver Hoxha |date=1960 |title=Reject the Revisionist Theses of the XX Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the Anti-Marxist Stand of Krushchev's Group! Uphold Marxism-Leninism! |url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/hoxha/works/nov1960.htm |publisher=Naim Frasheri Publishing House}}{{Cite web |title=Yugoslav "Self-Administration" |url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/hoxha/works/1978/yugoslavia/01.htm |access-date=2025-02-22 |website=www.marxists.org}}

Following the fall of communism in Albania in 1991, Hoxhaist parties formed the International Conference of Marxist–Leninist Parties and Organizations (Unity & Struggle) in 1994, and its publication Unity and Struggle.{{Cite web |title=Communist Declaration to the Workers of the World |url=https://www.revolutionarydemocracy.org/rdv1n2/mldecl.htm |access-date=2023-01-24 |website=www.revolutionarydemocracy.org}}