Hrusish languages#Reconstruction

George van Driem (2014) and Bodt & Lieberherr (2015) use the name Hrusish, while Anderson (2014) prefers Southeast Kamengic.

Anderson (2014) considers Hrusish to be a branch of Tibeto-Burman. However, Blench and Post (2011) suggest that the Hruso languages likely constitute an independent language family.{{citation | first1 = Roger | last1 = Blench | first2 = Mark | last2 = Post | title = (De)classifying Arunachal languages: Reconstructing the evidence | url = http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/South%20Asia/NEI/General/Lingres/Declassifying%20Arunachal.pdf | year = 2011 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130526230734/http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/South%20Asia/NEI/General/Lingres/Declassifying%20Arunachal.pdf | archive-date = 2013-05-26 }}

Bodt's & Lieberherr's (2015:69){{cite journal | surname1 = Bodt | given1 = Timotheus Adrianus | surname2 = Lieberherr | given2 = Ismael | year = 2015 | title = First notes on the phonology and classification of the Bangru language of India | journal = Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area | volume = 38 | issue = 1 | pages = 66–123 | doi = 10.1075/ltba.38.1.03bod | doi-access = free }} internal classification of the Hrusish languages is as follows.

{{tree list}}

• Hrusish
• Hruso (ʁuso, Aka)
• Miji-Bangru
• Western Miji (Đəmmai, Sadʑalaŋ)
• Eastern Miji (Nəmrai, Wadu Baŋru)
• Bangru (Tadə Baŋru, Tadʑu Baŋru, Ləwjɛ, Ləvai)

{{tree list/end}}

The following comparative vocabulary table of Hrusish vocabulary items (Bangru, Miji, and Hruso) is from Anderson (2014), with additional Bangru data from Li (2003).Li Daqin [李大勤]. 2003. "A sketch of Bengru" [崩如语概况]. Minzu Yuwen 2003(5), 64-80. Anderson's (2014) Hruso data is from Anderson's own field notes and from Simon (1970).Simon, I. M. 1970. Aka language guide. Shillong: NEFA. 1993 Reprint Itanagar. Anderson's (2014) Miji data is from his own field notes as well as Simon (1979)Simon, I. M. 1979/1974. Miji Language Guide. Shillong. (Govt. Arunachal). and Weedall (2014).Weedall, Christopher. 2014. Sajolang-English lexicon. m.s. Bangru data is from Ramya (2011, 2012).Ramya, Tame. 2011. An Ethnographic Study Bangrus of in Kurung Kumey District, Arunachal Pradesh. M Phil. Thesis. Rajiv Gandhi University, Itanagar.Ramya, Tame. 2012. Sociolinguistic profile of the Bangru languages of Arunachal Pradesh. Presented at ICOLSI, Shillong. m.s.

Proto-Hrusish has been reconstructed in by Bodt & Lieberherr (2015). Bodt & Lieberherr (2015:101) note that Proto-Hrusish displays a sound change from Proto-Tibeto-Burman *s- to t-, which they note had also occurred in Bodo-Garo, Kuki-Chin, Tangkhulic, Central Naga, and Karbi languages. The Proto-Tibeto-Burman *-l and -r have also been lost in Proto-Hrusish.

Reconstructed Proto-Hrusish forms from Bodt & Lieberherr (2015) are given below.

{{refbegin|20em}}

• *nə-paŋ 'aconite'
• *si-ni 'ant'
• *pri 'awake'
• *{{transl|sit|italic=no|bə-ru(d͡ziŋ)}} 'axe'
• *mə-niŋ 'bad'
• *bra 'bamboo (big)'
• *{{transl|sit|italic=no|(g)o-prja}} 'bark (tree)'
• *sə-t͡saŋ 'bear'
• *majk 'bee'
• *mə-doʔ 'big (thick, wide)'
• *bə-dow 'bird'
• *taʔ 'bite'
• *kam 'bitter'
• *jaC 'blood'
• *mə-muC 'body'
• *lu 'boil (water)'
• *mə-ri-jaŋ 'bone'
• *gə-raj 'bow'
• *mə-nuŋ 'breast; milk'
• *{{transl|sit|italic=no|(nam)sjaj}} 'broom'
• *su 'cane; rope'
• *{{transl|sit|italic=no|dowC}} 'chicken'
• *mə-ga-daʔ 'chin'
• *gi-le 'cloth'
• *majməwŋ 'cloud'
• *ku 'cook'
• *su 'cow'
• *kraC 'cry'
• *taj 'cut'
• *ga 'day'
• *mə-ruk 'deep'
• *θəj 'die'
• *taC 'dig'
• *ni-t͡ɕi 'dirty'
• *ru 'do'
• *piŋ 'door'
• *tai-mə 'dream'
• *tuŋ 'drink'
• *t͡ɕa 'eat'
• *do-riŋ 'egg'
• *sə-giC 'eight'
• *(a/mə)ko 'elder brother'
• *mə-hi-laŋ 'empty'
• *t͡səj 'excrete, defecate'
• *mə-jaʔ 'eye'
• *mə-rəŋ 'far'
• *mə-baC 'fat (n)'
• *ri 'fear'
• *mejʔ 'few'
• *rəj 'fight'
• *mə-guC-t͡ɕoʔ 'finger'
• *maj 'fire'
• *laC 'fireplace'
• *trV 'fish'
• *bə-ŋu 'five'
• *mə-boC 'flower'
• *mə-d͡ʑoC 'friend'
• *d͡ʑuC 'frog'
• *θai 'fruit'
• *bə-ləj 'four'
• *liŋ 'full'
• *kikmuŋ 'garlic, onion'
• *bəj 'give'
• *se-preN 'goat'
• *rajC 'grind, crush'
• *mə-luŋ 'guts'
• *go-pu 'hair'
• *mə-gaŋ-lo 'hard'
• *mə-guC 'hand, arm'
• *du 'have, exist'
• *mə-go-kuŋ 'head'
• *mə-luŋ-wəwC 'heart'
• *mə-ləj 'heavy'
• *mə-su 'horn'
• *nam 'house'
• *kə-na 'how many'
• *niC 'human'
• *bə-luŋ 'hundred'
• *noC 'ill'
• *bəw-luŋ 'insect'
• *suN 'iron'
• *gə-d͡ʑuk 'itch'
• *dəgraŋ 'kick'
• *gajC 'kill'
• *vaj-t͡suŋ 'knife'
• *ni 'know'
• *toC 'laugh'
• *mə-rajC 'leaf'
• *lə-wajC 'leech'
• *laj 'leg'
• *laŋ 'lift'
• *mə-lə-taŋ 'light'
• *t͡ɕi 'liquor'
• *rej 'listen, hear'
• *siŋ 'live, grow up'
• *mə-θin 'liver'
• *mə-pjaŋ 'long'
• *gaŋ 'look, see'
• *saC 'louse'
• *daj 'make; do'
• *niC 'man (male)'
• *su 'meat'
• *lu 'month'
• *lu 'moon'
• *mə-nuŋ 'mouth; language'
• *lu-lV 'mortar'
• *me-naj 'mother'
• *mə-mjiŋ 'name'
• *mə-nej 'near'
• *ta- 'negative imperative'
• *mə-gə-nu 'new'
• *nə-gaC 'night'
• *sə-tiŋ 'nine'
• *mə-ɕoʔ 'old'
• *a-ken 'one'
• *an 'paddy rice'
• *bə-laC 'pestle'
• *jowʔ 'pig'
• *go-kuN 'pillow'
• *nə-dəj; *pro 'rain'
• *t͡ɕaʔ 'red'
• *gə-leC 'ring'
• *lam-baŋ 'road'
• *mə-kriŋ 'root'
• *mə-də-rəw 'round'
• *lu 'salt'
• *sə-gə-raj 'sand'
• *mə-θai 'seed'
• *laC 'sell'
• *mə-ljak 'seven'
• *{{transl|sit|italic=no|k(r)iC}} 'sew'
• *mə-nuŋ 'short'
• *mə-ma 'sister (elder)'
• *d͡ʑuC 'sit, stay'
• *reC 'six'
• *mə-prja 'skin'
• *nə-də-laŋ 'sky'
• *d͡ʑV 'sleep'
• *maj-kən 'smoke (n)'
• *bəw 'snake'
• *dəren 'snow'
• *mə-lə-prjuC 'soft, smooth'
• *naʔ 'soil'
• *təwC 'speak'
• *d͡ʑuŋ 'spear'
• *məsu 'spicy'
• *jeʔ 'spittle'
• *gu 'stand'
• *lə-t͡ɕuŋ 'star'
• *kə 'steal'
• *t͡ɕuŋ 'storehouse, granary'
• *mə-gə-raŋ 'straight'
• *bə-nuŋ 'suck'
• *d͡ʑuʔ 'sun'
• *bə-ljaC 'swallow'
• *mə-jaŋ 'sweet'
• *liŋ 'swell'
• *wa '(swidden) field'
• *d͡ʑaC 'swim'
• *mə-lə-mrjaj 'tail'
• *ləw 'take'
• *t͡ɕaC 'tell'
• *rəŋ 'ten'
• *paj-t͡ɕi 'that'
• *pu-t͡ɕi 'that (lower)'
• *mə-lu 'thigh'
• *huŋ 'this'
• *gə-θəm 'three'
• *gə-d͡ʑuC 'thorn'
• *bə-laj 'tongue'
• *mə-taC 'tooth'
• *{{transl|sit|italic=no|(g)o-naj}} 'tree'
• *gə-niC 'two'
• *an-lə-giN 'uncooked rice'
• *pen 'vegetable'
• *mu 'vomit'
• *daj 'walk'
• *t͡ɕaC 'hot, warm'
• *wi 'water'
• *kua-suʔ 'waterfall'
• *traj 'weave'
• *tiŋ 'what'
• *kəʔ 'where'
• *mə-gə-raN 'white'
• *θu 'who'
• *low 'wind'
• *gə/mə-t͡ɕəwC 'wing'
• *d͡ʑVru 'with'
• *{{transl|sit|italic=no|(g)o}} 'wood'
• *nəməraj 'woman'
• *də-niŋ 'year'
• *də-gaC 'yesterday'
• *mə-nuŋ 'younger sibling'
• *na(-jaŋ) '{{gcl|1SG}}'
• *ni '{{gcl|2SG}}'
• *ʔi '{{gcl|3SG}}'
• *ka-ni '{{gcl|1PL}}'
• *d͡ʑV '{{gcl|2PL}}'
• *na '{{gcl|3PL}}'

{{Refend}}

• Hrusish comparative vocabulary lists (Wiktionary)

• Abraham, Binny, Kara Sako, Elina Kinny, Isapdaile Zeliang. 2018. [https://www.sil.org/resources/publications/entry/75982 Sociolinguistic Research among Selected Groups in Western Arunachal Pradesh: Highlighting Monpa]. SIL Electronic Survey Reports 2018-009.

{{Reflist}}

• Anderson, Gregory D.S. 2014. On the classification of the Hruso (Aka) language. Paper presented at the 20th Himalayan Languages Symposium, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
• {{cite journal | surname1 = Bodt | given1 = Timotheus Adrianus | surname2 = Lieberherr | given2 = Ismael | year = 2015 | title = First notes on the phonology and classification of the Bangru language of India | journal = Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area | volume = 38 | issue = 1 | pages = 66–123 | doi = 10.1075/ltba.38.1.03bod | doi-access = free }}
• George van Driem (2001) Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region. Brill.

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Category:Languages of India

Category:Proposed language families