Hrvoje Vukčić Hrvatinić

Image:Realm of Hrvoje Vukčić Hrvatinić.png

In the year 1380 he was made Grand Duke of Bosnia by Bosnian King Stjepan (Stephen) Tvrtko I of House of Kotromanić, granting him a seat in Lašva. In 1387 Hrvoje's first action as Grand Duke was leading a squadron of Bosnian troops to Croatia to raise the siege of Bishop Ivan Horvat in Zagreb. After the death of king Louis I he participated in the battles of succession between Sigismund of Luxembourg and Ladislaus of Naples. He sided with Ladislaus with the promise of becoming ban of Croatia and Dalmatia in 1391. During the reign of King Stephen Dabiša of Bosnia, he participated in the fights against the Ottoman Turks in Bosnia in 1392 - earning Dabiša's eternal gratitude. Hrvoje became Dabiša's main guarantee of staying at the throne - as he declared that he is a faithful servant of the Hungarian King in all cases but those that might damage King Dabiša in 1393. In the heat of internal struggles in Bosnia in 1397 during the reign of Queen Jelena Gruba Hrvoje invited the Ottomans to offer assistance. As an opposer of Queen Jelena, he participated in the selection of Stephen Ostoja as the new King of Bosnia in May 1398. Opposing King Sigismund's Hungarian pretensions, Hrvoje greatly influenced King Ostoja.{{sfn|Fine|1994|p=398}}{{sfn|Ančić|1997|loc=NN}}

File:Jajce fortress gate.jpg coat of arms]]

Duke Hrvoje opposed King Sigismund's rule in Bosnia and actively worked to bring Ladislaus of Naples as the new King of Hungary - that would leave Bosnia alone since 1389, and the same year King Sigismund invaded Bosnia. Duke Hrvoje defeated his forces before they reached the City of Vrbas and chased them across the river Una, invading and conquering the župa of Dubica. King Sigismund counterattacked in the fall by assaulting Bosnia. Here, Duke Hrvoje led the forces for King Stephen Ostoja, together with Duke Sandalj Hranić and Duke Pavle Radenović. By the end of 1402, Duke Hrvoje made all Dalmatian cities with the exception of Dubrovnik to recognize King Ladislaus' rule.

After the crowning of Ladislaus as the Croatian-Hungarian King in Zadar in 1403, and in political maneuvering against his arch political rival and enemy, the King Sigismund, he made Hrvoje his deputy for Dalmatia territory, as promised, calling him his Vicar General for the regions of Sclavonia (in partibus Sclavonie).{{sfn|Fine|2010|p=127 :| ps= Quote: "Ladislav of Naples, who in the first years of the fifteenth century laid claim to the Hungarian throne, made Hrvoje his deputy for this Dalmatian territory, calling him his Vicar General for the regions of Slavonia (in partibus Sclavonie). Thus, like Venice, the Neapolitans still considered the region simply "Slavonia," and Hrvoje seems to have had no objections to the nomenclature."}}{{sfn|Fine|1994|p=398 :| ps= Quote: "Ladislas of Naples, hoping to retain both this territory and Hrvoje's support, gave his blessing to Hrvoje's ambitions and recognized him as his deputy for this region.}} He was also named Duke of Split, and given possessions on the islands of Brač, Hvar and Korčula. From then on he carried the title of "Grand Duke of Bosnia and Knez of Donji Kraji, Duke of Split, regent of Dalmatia and Croatia", or as title visible on coins duke was able to mint in Split read in {{langx|la|Dux Spaleti, Dalmatie Croatieque regius viceregens ac Bosne supremus vojvoda}}.{{sfn|Sulejmanagić|2012|pp=54–85}} In 1406 Hrvoje Vukčić Hrvatinić fortified and strengthened Prozor Fortress over the Vrlika valley in Croatia, also given to him by Ladislaus of Naples.

He continually exerted his influence over Bosnia affairs. He came into conflict with King Ostoja and participated in the plot to remove him from the throne and replacing him with Tvrtko II Kotromanić in 1404. Together with Tvrtko II he formed a movement against Hungary and Sigismund of Luxembourg. After Sigismund's military intervention in 1408 and the massacre of the Bosnian army, he allied himself with Sigismund. However, Hungary's victory in Bosnia and the retaking of the throne by King Ostoja weakened him severely. He soon lost control over the islands he had been given, as well as Split. At this point, he sought help from the Ottoman Empire. The Hungarian army was defeated at Lašva in 1415, but this would open the door to Ottoman expansion into Bosnia. Hrvoje died the following year and was buried in the crypt of a his private underground chapel, located in the southern quarter within the walls of Jajce. His widow, Jelena Nelipčić, re-married to King Ostoja.{{Clear}}

Hrvoje was the eldest son of Duke Vukac Hrvatinić. He had three brothers: Vuk (who was Ban of Croatia), Dragiša and Vojislav, and a sister, Resa Vukčić, who was married to Batalo Šantić . He was married to Jelena Nelipčić,{{sfn|Lovrenović|1987|pp=183–193}} granddaughter of the powerful Croatian noble Ivan I Nelipac (Prince Nelipić) and sister of Ivan III Nelipac (Ivaniš Nelipić). He is first mentioned in 1376 as being prince and knight during the reign of Hungarian king Louis I. The territories over which he reigned were the Donji Kraji ({{trans|Lower Edges}}) in Medieval Bosnia, facing Croatia and Slavonia westwards.

There exist several variations of his coat of arms which had with the title of herceg. The family signature symbol was an arm brandishing a sword, but its position on the coat of arms (shield and crest) changed depending on his alliance with Ladislaus of Anjou (addition of golden fleur-de-lis and crosses, blue bend, and silver color of the shield), and Sigismund of Luxembourg (addition of a Roude Léiw, and two red Árpád stripes with white color of the shield).{{sfn|Sulejmanagić|2012|pp=64–78}}{{sfn|Sulejmanagić|2015|pp=54–63}} In the Illyrian armorials (16th century) there's another variation of his coat of arms with the Anjou showcasing a wrong combination of colors, and wrongly identified as the coat of arms of the family.{{sfn|Sulejmanagić|2015|pp=44–45, 55, 58}}

File:Coa hrvoje vukcic hrvatinic b-big.png|Hrvoje's herceg's coat of arms received with the title from Ladislaus of Anjou.{{sfn|Sulejmanagić|2015|pp=33–68}}

File:Hrvoje Vukcic Grb.jpg|Hrvoje's herceg's coat of arms (as depicted in Hrvoje's Missal) received from Sigismund of Luxembourg.{{sfn|Sulejmanagić|2015|pp=33–68}}

During this time the Hval Manuscript and Hrvoje's Missal were written in Bosnian cyrillic and Glagolitic alphabets, respectively. The Hval Manuscript is now kept at the University of Bologna while Hrvoje's Missal is kept at the Topkapı Palace Museum Manuscript Library in Istanbul).

• Hrvoje's Missal
• Prozor Fortress

{{reflist}}

{{more footnotes needed|date=May 2016}}

{{refbegin}}

• {{cite book|last=Ančić|first=Mladen|title=Putanja klatna: Ugarsko-hrvatsko kraljevstvo i Bosna u 14. stoljeću|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Om1pAAAAMAAJ|year=1997|publisher=Acad. Scientiarum et Artium Croatica|isbn=978-953-154-308-8}}
• {{cite book | last=Fine |first=John V. A. Jr. |title=The Bosnian Church: a New Interpretation: a Study of the Bosnian Church and Its Place in State and Society from the 13th to the 15th Centuries |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8sDYAAAAMAAJ |date=1975 |publisher=East European Quarterly |isbn=978-0-914710-03-5}}
• {{cite book | last=Fine |first=John V. A. Jr. |author-link=John Van Antwerp Fine Jr. |title = The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest | publisher = University of Michigan Press| place =Ann Arbor | date = 1994 | isbn = 978-0-472-08260-5 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Hh0Bu8C66TsC}}
• {{cite book |last1=Fine |first1=John V. A. (Jr ) |title=When Ethnicity Did Not Matter in the Balkans: A Study of Identity in Pre-Nationalist Croatia, Dalmatia, and Slavonia in the Medieval and Early-Modern Periods |date=2010 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |isbn=978-0-472-02560-2 |page=127 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wEF5oN5erE0C&q=Vuk%C4%8Di%C4%87 |access-date=8 May 2020 |language=en |quote=Ladislav of Naples, who in the first years of the fifteenth century laid claim to the Hungarian throne, made Hrvoje his deputy for this Dalmatian territory, calling him his Vicar General for the regions of Slavonia (in partibus Sclavonie). Thus, like Venice, the Neapolitans still considered the region simply "Slavonia," and Hrvoje seems to have had no objections to the nomenclature.}}
• {{cite book|last=Klaić|first=Nada|title=Srednjovjekovna Bosna: politički položaj bosanskih vladara do Tvrtkove krunidbe, 1377. g|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fm5pAAAAMAAJ|year=1989|publisher=Grafički zavod Hrvatske|isbn=978-86-399-0104-2}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Lovrenović |first1=Dubravko |author1-link=Dubravko Lovrenović |title=Jelena Nelipčić, splitska vojvotkinja i bosanska kraljica |journal=Radovi Zavoda za hrvatsku povijest |date=28 September 1987 |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=183–193 |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/clanak/86666 |access-date=3 January 2024 |publisher=Filozofski fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu |location=Zagreb |language=hr |issn=0353-295X}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Lovrenović |first1=Dubravko |title=HRVOJE VUKČIĆ HRVATINIĆ I SPLITSKA KOMUNA 1403-1413. |journal=Prilozi |date=1987a |issue=23 |pages=37–45 |url=https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=1063486 |access-date=3 January 2024 |language=Bosnian |issn=0350-1159}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Lovrenović |first1=Dubravko |title=VITEZ, HERCEG I PATAREN (IDEOLOŠKI STEREOTIPI I ŽIVOTNA STVARNOST) |journal=Forum Bosnae |date=2000 |issue=07-08 |pages=257–294 |url=https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=155067 |access-date=3 January 2024 |language=Bosnian |issn=1512-5122}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Sulejmanagić |first1=Amer |title=Novac Hrvoja Vukčića Hrvatinića |journal=Numizmatičke Vijesti |date=30 November 2012 |volume=54 |issue=65 |pages=54–85 |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=280466 |access-date=8 May 2020 |trans-title=Coins minted by Duke Hrvoja Vukčića Hrvatinića |language=sh |issn=0546-9422}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Sulejmanagić |first1=Amer |title=Grbovi Vukčića Hrvatinića |journal=Povijesni Prilozi |date=23 July 2015 |volume=48 |issue=48 |pages=33–68 |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=216468 |access-date=10 March 2019 |publisher=hrčak - portal hrvatskih znanstvenih časopisa |language=bs, hr |issn=0351-9767}}
• {{cite book|last=Šišić|first=Ferdo|title=Vojvoda Hrvoje Vukčić Hrvatinić i njegovo doba. (1350-1416): s jednim tlorisom i zemljovidom te s četiri redoslovne table|url=https://archive.org/details/vojvodahrvojevu01igoog|year=1902|publisher=Izdanje "Matice hrvatske"}}

{{refend}}

{{S-start}}

{{S-mil|}}

{{S-bef|before=Hrana Vuković|years=?-1380}}

{{S-ttl|title=Grand Duke of Bosnia|years=1380–1388
1392-1416}}

{{S-aft|after=Vlatko Vuković|years=1388–1392}}

{{End}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Vukcic, Hrvoje}}

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Category:1350s births

Category:1416 deaths

Category:Bosnian magnates

Category:Grand dukes of Bosnia

Category:Order of the Dragon

Category:Burials in Catacombs of Jajce

Hrvatinić