Hualong One
{{short description|Chinese nuclear reactor design}}
File:HPR1000, reactor coolant system.png (red), steam generators (purple), pressurizer (blue), and pumps (green) in the three coolant loop Hualong One design]]
The Hualong One ({{lang-zh |c=华龙一号 |p=Huálóng yī hào |l=China Dragon №1}}) is a Chinese Generation III{{cite web |title=China's first Hualong One nuclear reactor starts commercial operation |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-nuclearpower-idUSKBN29Z071 |website=Reuters |date=29 January 2021 |access-date=31 January 2021}} pressurized water nuclear reactor jointly developed by the China General Nuclear Power Group (CGN) and the China National Nuclear Corporation (CNNC). The CGN version, and its derived export version, is called HPR1000.{{cite web |title=Nuclear Power in China |url=https://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-a-f/china-nuclear-power.aspx |website=World Nuclear Association |date=January 2021 |access-date=31 January 2021}} It is commonly mistakenly referred to in media as the "ACPR1000" and "ACP1000", which are in fact earlier reactors design programs by CGN and CNNC.
Unit 5 of the Fuqing Nuclear Power Plant was the first Hualong One to enter commercial service on 30 January 2021.{{cite web |author=China National Nuclear Corporation |title=World's first Hualong One reactor put into commercial operation |url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/worlds-first-hualong-one-reactor-put-into-commercial-operation-301218440.html |website=Cision - PR Newswire |date=30 January 2021 |access-date=31 January 2021}}{{cite web|last=Conca|first=James|title=China Will Lead The World In Nuclear Energy, Along With All Other Energy Sources, Sooner Than You Think|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jamesconca/2021/04/23/china-will-lead-the-world-in-nuclear-energy-along-with-all-other-energy-sources-sooner-than-you-think/|access-date=2021-09-30|website=Forbes|language=en}}
Design
File:HPR1000, cooling systems schemata.png
Hualong One is jointly developed by the China National Nuclear Corporation (CNNC) and China General Nuclear Power Group (CGN), based on the three-loop ACP1000 of CNNC and ACPR1000 of CGN, which in turn are based on the French M310.
=Merger of ACP-1000 and ACPR-1000 into Hualong One=
Since 2012, CNNC has been progressively merging its ACP-1000 nuclear power station design with the CGN ACPR-1000 design, while allowing some differences, under direction of the Chinese nuclear regulator.{{cite web | url=https://www.world-nuclear-news.org/E-Chinas-new-nuclear-baby-0209141.html | title=China's new nuclear baby - World Nuclear News }} Both are three-loop designs originally based on the same French M310 design used in Daya Bay with 157 fuel assemblies, but went through different development processes (CNNC's ACP-1000 has a more domestic design with 177 fuel assemblies while CGN's ACPR-1000 is a closer copy with 157 fuel assemblies).{{cite web |url=http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Country-Profiles/Countries-A-F/China--Nuclear-Power/ |title=Nuclear Power in China |publisher=World Nuclear Association |date=24 September 2013 |access-date=30 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103023128/http://world-nuclear.org/info/Country-Profiles/Countries-A-F/China--Nuclear-Power/ |archive-date=3 November 2013 |url-status=live}} In early 2014, it was announced that the merged design was moving from preliminary design to detailed design. Power output will be 1150 MWe, with a 60-year design life, and would use a combination of passive and active safety systems with a double containment. CNNC's 177 fuel assembly design was retained.
Initially the merged design was to be called the ACC-1000,{{cite web |url=http://en.cgnpc.com.cn/n1508/n1509/c577234/content.html |title=CGN Chairman He Yu Makes Proposal for Promoting Export of China-designed Nuclear Power Technology ACC1000 |publisher=CGN |date=6 March 2014 |access-date=7 April 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408221247/http://en.cgnpc.com.cn/n1508/n1509/c577234/content.html |archive-date=8 April 2014}}{{cite web |url=http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Country-Profiles/Countries-A-F/China--Nuclear-Power/ |title=Nuclear Power in China |publisher=World Nuclear Association |date=April 2014 |access-date=7 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103023128/http://world-nuclear.org/info/Country-Profiles/Countries-A-F/China--Nuclear-Power/ |archive-date=3 November 2013 |url-status=live}}{{cite news |url=http://www.neimagazine.com/features/featurechinese-reactor-design-evolution-4272370/ |title=Chinese reactor design evolution |author=Caroline Peachey |publisher=Nuclear Engineering International |date=22 May 2014 |access-date=23 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228044848/https://www.neimagazine.com/features/featurechinese-reactor-design-evolution-4272370/ |archive-date=28 December 2019 |url-status=live}} but ultimately it was named Hualong One. In August 2014 the Chinese nuclear regulator review panel classified the design as a Generation III reactor design, with independently owned intellectual property rights.{{cite news |url=http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/E-Chinas-new-nuclear-baby-0209141.html |title=China's new nuclear baby |publisher=World Nuclear News |date=2 September 2014 |access-date=9 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190908021134/http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/E-Chinas-new-nuclear-baby-0209141.html |archive-date=8 September 2019 |url-status=live}}{{cite web |url=http://en.cgnpc.com.cn/n1508/n1509/c755899/content.html |title=Independent Gen-III Hualong-1 reactor technology passes national review |publisher=CGN |date=22 August 2014 |access-date=9 March 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402175249/http://en.cgnpc.com.cn/n1508/n1509/c755899/content.html |archive-date=2 April 2015}} As a result of the success of the merger, ACP-1000 and ACPR-1000 designs are no longer being offered.
After the merger, both companies retain their own supply chain and their versions of the Hualong One will differ slightly (units built by CGN will retain some features from the ACPR1000) but the design is considered to be standardised. CNNC version emphasizes more passive safety due to influence from Westinghouse AP1000, with increased containment volume and two active safety trains, while CGN version has three active safety trains due to influence from Areva EPR.{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.egypro.2017.12.734 |title=Global developments in advanced reactor technologies and international cooperation |year=2017 |last1=Nian |first1=Victor |journal=Energy Procedia |volume=143 |pages=605–610 |doi-access=free }} Some 90% of its components will be made domestically.{{cite web |url=https://www.world-nuclear-news.org/NN-Chinese-reactor-design-passes-safety-review-0812145.html |title=Chinese reactor design passes safety review - World Nuclear News}}{{cite web |url=https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-a-f/china-nuclear-power.aspx |title=Nuclear Power in China |website=World Nuclear Association |date=February 2022 |access-date=20 March 2022}}
The Hualong One power output will be 1170 MWe gross, 1090 MWe net, with a 60-year design life, and would use a combination of passive and active safety systems with a double containment. It has a 177 assembly core design with an 18-month refuelling cycle. The power plant's utilisation rate is as high as 90%. CNNC has said its active and passive safety systems, double-layer containment and other technologies meet the highest international safety standards.{{cite web|url=https://www.neimagazine.com/news/newschina-to-begin-construction-of-hualong-two-in-2024-8673029|title = China to begin construction of Hualong Two in 2024 - Nuclear Engineering International}}
According to CNNC, the Hualong One has a construction cost of CNY17,000 per kW.{{cite web |url=https://www.neimagazine.com/news/newschina-to-begin-construction-of-hualong-two-in-2024-8673029 |title=China to begin construction of Hualong Two in 2024 - Nuclear Engineering International}}
A the end of August 2014, Chinese regulators were satisfied that Hualong One was a Generation III design and that intellectual property rights were fully held in China.{{cite web |url=http://en.cgnpc.com.cn/n1508/n1509/c755899/content.html |title=Independent Gen-III Hualong-1 reactor technology passes national review |publisher=CGN |date=22 August 2014 |access-date=9 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402175249/http://en.cgnpc.com.cn/n1508/n1509/c755899/content.html |archive-date=2 April 2015 |url-status=dead}}
Chinese media reports that all core components are manufactured in China and that 17 universities and research institutions, 58 state-owned enterprises and over 140 private firms across China worked on Hualong One's development to ensure all core components were able to be produced domestically.{{cite web |title=First nuclear unit with Hualong One reactor starts commercial operation |url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2021-01/30/c_139709773.htm |website=Xinhuanet |date=30 January 2021 |access-date=31 January 2021}}
=EU approval=
In November 2021, the European Utility Requirements (EUR) organisation formally certified the Hualong One (HPR1000) as compliant after a four-step process which began in August 2017. The requirements covered a broad range of conditions for nuclear power plants to operate efficiently and safely.{{cite web|url=https://world-nuclear-news.org/Articles/CGNs-Hualong-One-design-certified-for-European-use|title=CGN's Hualong One design certified for European use : Regulation & Safety - World Nuclear News}}
=UK approval=
In February 2022, UK regulators announced that the Hualong One (HPR1000) had passed the four-step Generic Design Assessment (GDA) which started in August 2017 and was thus suitable for construction in the UK, possibly in the Bradwell B nuclear power station project. The Office for Nuclear Regulation issued a Design Acceptance Confirmation (DAC) and the UK Environment Agency issued a Statement of Design Acceptability (SoDA).{{cite web|url=https://www.world-nuclear-news.org/Articles/Regulators-complete-review-of-UK-HPR1000-design|title = UK regulators approve China's UK HPR1000 design : Regulation & Safety - World Nuclear News}}
Construction
The first units to be constructed will be Fuqing 5 and 6 (Fujian Province), followed by Fangchenggang 3 and 4 (Guangxi), Zhangzhou 1 and 2 (Fujian), Taipingling 1 and 2 (Guangdong), and San'Ao 1 and 2 (Zhejiang). Fuqing 5 began commercial operation on 30 January 2021.[https://world-nuclear-news.org/Articles/First-Hualong-One-begins-commercial-operation First Hualong One begins commercial operation] CGN's first Hualong One reactor (HPR1000) was connected to the grid on 10 January 2023.{{cite news |url=https://www.world-nuclear-news.org/Articles/CGN-s-first-Hualong-One-reactor-starts-supplying-e |title=CGN's first Hualong One reactor starts supplying electricity |publisher=World Nuclear News |date=11 January 2023 |access-date=11 January 2023}} China's State Council approved the construction of six Hualong One units for Ningde (5 & 6), Shidaowan (1 & 2), and Zhangzhou (3 & 4).
There are five{{cite web|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/energy/2015-04/22/c_127718744.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704033208/http://www.xinhuanet.com/energy/2015-04/22/c_127718744.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 4, 2018|title=中国为巴基斯坦建5座核反应堆 投150亿美元-新华网|work=Xinhua News Agency|access-date=4 July 2018}} Hualong One reactors planned for Pakistan, four reactors are planned at Karachi Nuclear Power Complex[http://www.thenews.com.pk/article-131648-China-commits-$6.5-billion-for-nuclear-power-project-in-Karachi China commits $6.5 billion for nuclear power project in Karachi]{{Cite web |url=http://www.worldcrunch.com/culture-society/local-fallout-from-pakistan-039-s-nuclear-energy-bet/nuclear-power-electricity-security-fishing-fukushima-activism-nuclear-disaster/c3s15373/ |title=Local Fallout From Pakistan's Nuclear Energy Bet |access-date=2018-05-31 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304113224/http://www.worldcrunch.com/culture-society/local-fallout-from-pakistan-039-s-nuclear-energy-bet/nuclear-power-electricity-security-fishing-fukushima-activism-nuclear-disaster/c3s15373/ |url-status=dead }}[http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/NN-Construction-cleared-for-Chinas-first-Hualong-One-units-1604154.html Construction cleared for China's first Hualong One units] and one reactor at Chashma Nuclear Power Plant, out of which two are under construction at Karachi.[http://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy-defence/article/2121532/china-build-third-hualong-one-nuclear-reactor-pakistan China ‘to build third Hualong One nuclear reactor’ in Pakistan]
Construction of another Hualong One reactor was planned to start in 2020 in Argentina,{{cite news |url=http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/NN-Hualong-One-selected-for-Argentina-0502154.html |title=Hualong One selected for Argentina |publisher=World Nuclear News |date=5 February 2015 |access-date=9 March 2015}}{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-nuclear-idUSKBN0M20ID20150306 |title='Made in China' nuclear reactors a tough sell in global market |author=Charlie Zhu and David Stanway |publisher=Reuters |date=6 March 2015 |access-date=9 March 2015}}{{cite news |url=http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/NN-Argentina-and-China-sign-contract-for-two-reactors-1805175.html |title=Argentina and China sign contract for two reactors |publisher=World Nuclear News |date=18 May 2017 |access-date=19 May 2017}} but was stalled during negotiation.{{cite web|title=Retoman negociaciones con China para la construcción de Atucha III|url=https://www.baenegocios.com/economia/Retoman-negociaciones-con-China-para-la-construccion-de-Atucha-III-20210406-0069.html|access-date=2021-09-30|website=BAE Negocios|language=es-ES}} The project was reactivated in 2021 and expected to start construction in mid 2022, with completion date by 2028.{{cite web|date=2021-08-20|title=Argentina seeks new China-backed nuclear power plant|url=https://dialogochino.net/en/climate-energy/45420-argentina-seeks-new-china-backed-nuclear-power-plant/|access-date=2021-09-30|website=Dialogo Chino|language=en-US}}
=China=
{{main|Nuclear power in China}}
{{mw-datatable}}
| class="wikitable sortable mw-datatable" | ||||
| Name
! Unit No. ! Status ! Construction start ! Grid connection | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| rowspan=2 | Changjiang | 3 | {{partial|Under construction}} | {{dts|31 March 2021}} | |
| 4 | {{partial|Under construction}} | {{dts|28 December 2021}} | ||
| rowspan=4 | Fangchenggang | 3 | {{yes|Operational}} | {{dts|24 December 2015}} | 25 March 2023 |
| 4 | {{yes|Operational}} | {{dts|23 December 2016}} | 9 April 2024 | |
| 5 | {{partial|approved for construction}} | |||
| 6 | {{partial|approved for construction}} | |||
| rowspan=2 | Fuqing | 5 | {{yes|Operational}} | {{dts|7 May 2015}} | {{dts|27 November 2020}} |
| 6 | {{yes|Operational}} | {{dts|22 December 2015}} | {{dts|1 January 2022}} | |
| rowspan=2 | San'ao | 1 | {{partial|Under construction}} | {{dts|31 December 2020}} | |
| 2 | {{partial|Under construction}} | {{dts|31 December 2021}} | ||
| rowspan=2| Taipingling | 1 | {{partial|Under construction}} | {{dts|26 December 2019}} | |
| 2 | {{partial|Under construction}} | {{dts|15 October 2020}} | ||
| rowspan=3| Zhangzhou | 1 | {{yes|Operational}} | {{dts|16 October 2019}} | {{dts|1 January 2025}}{{Cite web |title=First unit of China's Zhangzhou nuclear power project starts commercial operations |url=http://www.chinaview.cn/20250102/0d0eae4fd2f540a8b5477abd09a98280/c.html |access-date=2025-01-03 |website=www.chinaview.cn |language=en}} |
| 2 | {{partial|Under construction}} | {{dts|4 September 2020}} | ||
| 3 | {{partial|Under construction}} | {{dts|22 February 2024}} | ||
| rowspan=2| Lufeng | 5 | {{partial|Under construction}} | {{dts|8 September 2022}} | |
| 6 | {{partial|Under construction}} | {{dts|26 August 2023}} | ||
| rowspan=2| Shidaowan | 1 | {{partial|Under construction}} | {{dts|29 July 2024}} | {{dts|2029}} |
| 2 | {{partial|Under construction}} | {{dts|29 July 2024}}{{cite web | title=Construction starts on two new Chinese units | website=world-nuclear-news.org | date=2024-07-29 | url=https://www.world-nuclear-news.org/Articles/Construction-starts-on-two-new-Chinese-units}} | {{dts|2029}} | |
| rowspan=2| Taishan | 3 | {{partial|approved for construction}}{{cite web|url=https://www.world-nuclear-news.org/articles/ten-new-reactors-approved-in-china|title=Ten new reactors approved in China|work=World Nuclear News|publisher=WNA|accessdate=2025-04-29}} | ||
| 4 | {{partial|approved for construction}} | |||
| rowspan=2| Sanmen | 5 | {{partial|approved for construction}} | ||
| 6 | {{partial|approved for construction}} | |||
| rowspan=2| Xiapu | 4 | {{partial|approved for construction}} | ||
| 5 | {{partial|approved for construction}} |
=Pakistan=
{{main|Nuclear power in Pakistan}}
| class="wikitable sortable mw-datatable" | ||||
| Name
! Unit ! Status ! Construction start ! Grid connection | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| rowspan=2 | Karachi | 2 | {{yes|Operational}} | {{dts|20 August 2015}}{{Cite web |title=Karachi 2 - World Nuclear Association |url=https://world-nuclear.org/nuclear-reactor-database/details/Karachi-2 |access-date=2025-01-03 |website=world-nuclear.org |language=en}} | {{dts|18 March 2021}} |
| 3 | {{yes|Operational}} | {{dts|31 May 2016}}{{Cite web |title=Karachi 3 - World Nuclear Association |url=https://world-nuclear.org/nuclear-reactor-database/details/Karachi-3 |access-date=2025-01-03 |website=world-nuclear.org |language=en}} | {{dts|4 March 2022}} | |
| rowspan=1 | Chashma | 5 | {{partial|Under construction}} | {{dts|31 December 2024}}{{Cite web |title=Chashma Nuclear Power Plant 5 - World Nuclear Association |url=https://world-nuclear.org/nuclear-reactor-database/details/Chashma-Nuclear-Power-Plant-5 |access-date=2025-01-03 |website=world-nuclear.org |language=en}} |
International marketing
In December 2015, CGN and CNNC agreed to create Hualong International Nuclear Power Technology Co as a joint venture to promote the Hualong One in overseas markets,{{cite news |url=http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/C-Chinese-firms-join-forces-to-market-Hualong-One-abroad-31121502.html |title=Chinese firms join forces to market Hualong One abroad |work=World Nuclear News |date=31 December 2015 |access-date=6 February 2016}} which was officially launched in March 2016.{{cite news |url=http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/C-Hualong-One-joint-venture-officially-launched-1703164.html |title=Hualong One joint venture officially launched |publisher=World Nuclear News |date=17 March 2016 |access-date=17 March 2016}}
On 19 January 2017, the United Kingdom Office for Nuclear Regulation (ONR) started their Generic Design Assessment process for the Hualong One, expected to be completed in 2021, in advance of possible deployment at the Bradwell nuclear power station site.{{cite news |url=http://www.neimagazine.com/news/newsuk-gda-reports-good-progress-for-ap1000-and-uk-abwr-5770316 |title=UK GDA reports good progress for AP1000 and UK ABWR |publisher=Nuclear Engineering International |date=23 March 2017 |access-date=28 March 2017}}
On 16 November 2017, the ONR and the Environment Agency announced they are progressing to the next phase of their Generic Design Assessment of the UK HPR1000 reactor.
Step 2 formally commenced on this day and is planned to take about 12 months.
The targeted timescale for the UK HPR1000 GDA process is about five years from the start of Step 1.{{cite web|url=http://world-nuclear-news.org/RS-Regulators-start-technical-assessment-of-UK-HPR-1000-16111701.html|title=Regulators start technical assessment of UK HPR 1000|website=world-nuclear-news.org|access-date=2017-11-17}}
Hualong Two
CNNC plans to start building a follow-on version, named Hualong Two, by 2024. It will be a more economical version using similar technology, reducing build time from 5 years to 4, and reducing costs by around a fourth from 17,000 yuan per kW to 13,000 yuan per kW. {{cite news |url=https://www.neimagazine.com/news/newschina-to-begin-construction-of-hualong-two-in-2024-8673029 |title=China to begin construction of Hualong Two in 2024 |publisher=Nuclear Engineering International |date=15 April 2021 |access-date=2 February 2022}}{{cite web |url=https://www.nasdaq.com/articles/china-to-start-building-hualong-two-nuclear-reactor-in-2024-2021-04-14 |title=China to start building Hualong Two nuclear reactor in 2024 |website=NASDAQ |date=14 April 2021 |access-date=20 March 2022}}
See also
References
{{reflist}}
{{Nuclear power in the PRC}}
{{Nuclear fission reactors}}