Hudud Ordinances

The ordinances follow the classical mainly Hanafi jurisprudence doctrine. One non-classical feature is that Hadd punishments can only be carried out after an appeal to the Federal Shariat Court has failed.{{cite book|last1=Peters|first1=Rudolph|title=Crime and Punishment in Islamic Law: Theory and Practice from the Sixteenth ...|date=2005|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=156|isbn=9781139445344|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7EAsmttzXjcC&pg=PA156 |access-date=18 November 2014}}

The Federal Shariat Court, which has "exclusive jurisdiction" to examine whether or not a law is in accordance with the injunctions of Islam, was created along with the Ordinances.Lau, "Twenty-Five Years of Hudood Ordinances", 2007: p.1294

Under the ordinances, tazir punishments often involve flogging.

Officially known as "The Offences Against Property (Enforcement Of Hudood) Ordinance (VI of 1979)."

• Offences Against Property liable to hadd must be
• theft of something nisab level of value, i.e. property worth more than 4.457 grams of gold (about USD $258 {{as of|2022|January|18|lc=y}})
• from a place where the property was protected.Kennedy, Islamization of Laws and Economy, 1996: p.56
• evidence must be from a confession by the accused, or at least two Muslim adult male witnesses who are `tazkiyah-al-shuhood`, (truthful and non-sinners).
• Punishment for "theft liable to hadd";
• first offence: "amputation of his right hand from the joint of the wrist";
• second offence: "amputation of his left foot up to the ankle";
• third offence: imprisonment for life;

{{cite web|title=The Offences Against Property (Enforcement of Hudood) Ordinance|url=http://www.refworld.org/docid/4dd101512.html|website=refworld|access-date=18 November 2014|date=10 February 1979|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129060713/http://www.refworld.org/docid/4dd101512.html|archive-date=2014-11-29|url-status=live}}

• Theft liable to tazir: Whoever commits theft, which, is not liable to 'hadd' or
• for which there is no confession or evidence provided by two qualifying Muslim adult male witnesses, or
• for which 'hadd' may not be imposed or enforced under this Ordinance;
• Punishment for theft liable to tazir: is stipulated in the Pakistan Penal Code (Act XLV of 1860).

For robbery liable to hadd, the right hand of the offender and his left foot should be amputated by a surgeon.{{cite book|last=Michael Heng Siam-Heng, Ten Chin Liew|title=State and Secularism: Perspectives from Asia§General Zia-ul-Haq and Patronage of Islamism|year=2010|publisher=World Scientific|location=Singapore|isbn=9789814282383 |pages=360|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9cCtsWb9hoYC&q=zia+ul+haq&pg=PA202}}

Officially known as "The Offence of Zina (Enforcement of Hudood) Ordinance (VII of 1979)" refers to fornication, adultery and zina bil jabbar (rape). The most controversial of the four ordinances,Lau, "Twenty-Five Years of Hudood Ordinances", 2007: p.1302 it has several distinct categories of sexual offences and assigned punishments for each:

• zina liable to hadd; punishable by
• stoning to death for the adulterer
• public whipping of 100 lashes for a fornicator
• zina liable to tazir; punishable by
• imprisonment for up to ten years
• zina-bil-jabr liable to hadd;
• zina-bil-jabr liable to tazir;

Further Zina offenses are (or as of 1991 were)Kennedy, Islamization of Laws and Economy, 1996: p.80

• kidnapping
• sodomy
• enticement
• attempted rape
• abetment of zina crime
• deceitful marriage
• conspiracy to engage in prostitution

Under hadd, eyewitnesses evidence of the act of penetration by "at least four Muslim adult male witnesses", about whom "the court is satisfied", that "they are truthful persons and abstain from major sins (kabair)" (tazkiyah al-shuhood). Because of this stringent standard, no accused has ever been found guilty and stoned to death in Pakistan,{{cite web|title=Frequently Asked Questions about Stoning|url=http://www.violenceisnotourculture.org/faq_stoning|access-date=18 November 2014|quote=Stoning to death has been introduced as a legal form of punishment for the "adultery of married persons" (zina al-mohsena) in Afghanistan, Iran, Nigeria (about one-third of the 36 states), Pakistan, Sudan, and the United Arab Emirates. Some of these countries have since repealed the law of stoning. While the penalty has never been carried out in Nigeria, or by the state in either Pakistan or Iraq|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129025158/http://www.violenceisnotourculture.org/faq_stoning|archive-date=29 November 2014}}As of 1991, only a handful of hadd cases were brought before the district courts, and only two hadd convictions (both property cases) survived appeal before the Federal Shariat Court. Both of these were later overturned by the Supreme Court. (source: {{cite book|last1=Kennedy|first1=Charles|title=Islamization of Laws and Economy, Case Studies on Pakistan|date=1996|publisher=Institute of Policy Studies, The Islamic Foundation|ref=CKILE|page=76}}) and punishments have been awarded only under the Tazir provision of the Hudood Ordinance which uses circumstantial evidence.

The ordinance also abolished Pakistan's statutory rape law.{{cite book|title=Prison Bound: The Denial of Juvenile Justice in Pakistan|date=1999|publisher=Human Rights Watch|page=18|isbn=9781564322425|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ej3oZB3XypUC&q=hudood&pg=PA42|access-date=29 January 2015|quote=Because the promulgation of the Zina Ordinance entailed the abolition of Pakistan's statutory rape law, girls as young as twelve have been prosecuted for having extra-marital intercourse under circumstances that would previously have mandated statutory rape charges against their assailant.}}

The 2006 Act has now removed zina bil jabbar from the Zina Hudood Ordinance and inserted sections 375 and 376 for Rape and Punishment respectively in the Pakistan Penal Code to replace it.

{{cite web|title=The Offence of Zina (Enforcement Of Hudood) Ordinance, 1979.|url=http://www.pakistani.org/pakistan/legislation/zia_po_1979/ord7_1979.html|website=pakistani.org|access-date=19 November 2014|date=2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141121185836/http://www.pakistani.org/pakistan/legislation/zia_po_1979/ord7_1979.html|archive-date=2014-11-21|url-status=live}}

Officially known as: "The Offence of Qazf (Enforcement of Hudood) Ordinance of 1979". It described the offence of false accusation of Zina (fornication and adultery) either written, verbal or "by visible representations", with intent to cause harm, and without producing four witnesses in support of the accusation before the Court, or who "according to the finding of the Court", a witness has given false evidence of the commission of zina or rape, or when a complainant has made a false accusation of rape;

{{cite web|title=THE OFFENCE OF QAZF (ENFORCEMENT OF HADD) ORDINANCE (VIII OF 1979)|url=http://www.refworld.org/topic,50ffbce5220,50ffbce524a,4db99a162,0,,DECREEES,.html|website=refworld|access-date=21 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129080538/http://www.refworld.org/topic,50ffbce5220,50ffbce524a,4db99a162,0,,DECREEES,.html|archive-date=2014-11-29|url-status=live}}

• Proof of "qazf liable to hadd" includes the accused confessing to it in court, the accused committing qazf in court, or if two Muslim adult male witnesses (other than the victim of the qazf) testify that the defendant committed qazf. (If the accused is a non-Muslim, the witnesses may be non-Muslims.)
• Punishment of "qazf liable to hadd" will be a whipping numbering 80 stripes.
• "Qazf liable to Tazir" applies whenever
• proof in any of the forms mentioned above is not available,
• or when the perpetrator has committed 'qazf' against any of his descendants,
• or when the victim of qazf has died during the "pendency of the proceedings";
• punishment of "qazf liable to tazir" shall be imprisonment for up to two years, a whipping of up to 40 stripes, and may also include a fine.

Officially known as: "The Prohibition (Enforcement of Hadd) Order of 1979", described the offence of producing, importing, selling, owning, possessing or consuming alcohol.

{{cite web|title=The Prohibition (Enforcement Of Hadd) Order, 1979. President's Order No. 4 of 1979|url=http://www.pakistani.org/pakistan/legislation/zia_po_1979/po4_1979.html|website=pakistan.org|access-date=19 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140824045813/http://www.pakistani.org/pakistan/legislation/zia_po_1979/po4_1979.html|archive-date=2014-08-24|url-status=live}}

• Producing, bottling, selling alcohol is punishable by imprisonment of up to five years, or flogging of up to 30 stripes, and may also be fined.
• Owning or possessing is punishable by imprisonment of up to two years, or flogging of up to 30 stripes, and may also be fined.
• Drinkers liable to hadd are adult Muslims who "takes intoxicating liquor by mouth" if they confess to drinking or evidence is given by "two Muslim adult male witness" of good character.

{{cite news|last1=Haider|first1=Murtaza|title=Alcohol consumption in Pakistan: Don't mix sin with crime|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1141153|access-date=19 November 2014|publisher=Dawn.com|date=Oct 29, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141117091825/http://www.dawn.com/news/1141153|archive-date=2014-11-17|url-status=live}}

• They "shall be punished" with flogging of "eighty stripes".
• Drinkers liable to tazir include
• non-Muslim citizens of Pakistan who have been drinking (unless it is "part of a ceremony prescribed by his religion"):
• non-Muslim, non-citizens of Pakistan, who have been drinking in a public place;
• Muslims for whom "the offence stands proved by the evidence on the record" but not by hadd evidence of two Muslim witnesses, etc.
• these drinkers shall be punished by imprisonment of up to three years, flogging of up to 30 stripes, or both.
• Owning or possessing heroin, cocaine, opium or coca leaf is also punishable with imprisonment, flogging and fines.

"The Execution of the Punishment of Whipping Ordinance of 1979" was developed to regulate the punishment of whipping/flogging.

It specifies that whips shall be made of leather, or a cane or a branch of a tree, be no longer than 1.22 meters and no thicker than 1.25 cm. Convict shall be medically examined before flogging to determine if the flogging should be "applied in such manner and with such intervals" that it does not kill the offender being flogged. Flogging may be postponed if the offender is ill, pregnant, or if the weather is too cold, etc. Stripes shall not be applied to "the head, face, stomach or chest or the delicate parts of the body of the convict," and should not lacerate the skin of the convict.{{cite web|title=Execution Of The Punishment Of Whipping Ordinance, 1979|url=http://legaladvicepk.com/execution-of-the-punishment-of-whipping-ordinance-1979-1285.html|publisher=Legal Advice PK|access-date=19 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129024959/http://legaladvicepk.com/execution-of-the-punishment-of-whipping-ordinance-1979-1285.html|archive-date=29 November 2014|url-status=dead}}

In 1996 the Abolition of Whipping Act (passed by Benazir Bhutto's Pakistan People's Party), forbade sentences/punishments of whipping offenders except when imposed as a hadd punishment.{{cite book|title=Prison Bound: The Denial of Juvenile Justice in Pakistan|publisher=Human Rights Watch|date=1999|page=46|isbn=9781564322425|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ej3oZB3XypUC&q=Abolition+of+Whipping+Act+1996&pg=PA46|access-date=29 January 2015}}

It has "greatly reduced" the instances of corporal punishment.{{cite book|last1=Peters|first1=Rudolph|title=Crime and Punishment in Islamic Law: Theory and Practice from the Sixteenth ...|date=2005|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=160|isbn=9781139445344|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7EAsmttzXjcC&q=hudood+ordinance+pakistan&pg=PA156}}

In the two and a half decades the law was unchanged, several Pakistani government appointed commissions recommended the Zina Ordinance's repeal (such as the National Commission for the Status of Women in 2003, the Special Committee to Review the Hudood Ordinances, 1979, Commission of Inquiry for Women).

See MUHAMMAD KHALUD MASUD, [http://cii.gov.pk/publications/h.report.pdf HUDOOD ORDINANCE 1979 (PAKISTAN): AN INTERIM BRIEF REPORT] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140824204624/http://cii.gov.pk/publications/h.report.pdf |date=2014-08-24 }} 126-66 (2006)| accessed 18 November 2014| (discussing the findings of commissions and organizations that have reviewed the Zina Ordinance and recommended reform or repeal)

Moeen H. Cheema, Cases and Controversies: Pregnancy as Proof of Guilt Under Pakistan's Hudood Laws, 32 BROOK. J. INT'L L. 121, 128 n.20 (2006)

(discussing the commissions that have recommended the repeal of the Hudood Ordinances).Lau, "Twenty-Five Years of Hudood Ordinances", 2007: p.1297-8

Critics of the law alleged that while no one had actually been executed by stoning or had their hand or foot amputated in punishment as a result of the law,Lau, "Twenty-Five Years of Hudood Ordinances", 2007: p.1305 the ordinance made it dangerous to file rape charges as the women could be punished under tazir if they failed to prove an allegation of rape. In 1979, before the ordinances went into effect there were 70 women held in Pakistani prisons by 1988, there were 6000. In 2004, eighty-eight of the two hundred and forty-six women held at the Karachi Central Jail were held under the Hudood Ordinance's Zina laws all most all the women were working class, factory and domestic workers, and almost all were there because of a complaint filed by a family member saying they had committed Zina.

[http://www.hrcp-web.org/pdf/ar_2004/2-2.pdf Jails and prisoners, State of Human Rights 2004, HRCP] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020232626/http://www.hrcp-web.org/pdf/ar_2004/2-2.pdf |date=2007-10-20 }} 1500 women are "believed to be in jail in March" in 2003 according to the HRCP report.

[http://asiapacific.amnesty.org/apro/aproweb.nsf/pages/svaw_hudoo Hudood Ordinance - The Crime And Punishment For Zina] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103152201/http://asiapacific.amnesty.org/apro/aproweb.nsf/pages/svaw_hudoo |date=2012-11-03 }} amnesty.org

In 2003 the National Commission on Status of Women estimated 1500 women were in prison, but according to another report (statistics compiled by the Society for Advancement of Community Health Education and Training (SACHET) and Lawyers for Human Rights and Legal Aid (LHRLA) Team for Karachi Women Prison) 7000 women and children were kept in extremely poor conditions in 75 jails in 2003-2004 (sources: [http://siteresources.worldbank.org/PAKISTANEXTN/Resources/293051-1146639350561/CGA-Companion-Paper-1.pdf Violence against Women and Impediments in Access to Justice] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020155425/http://siteresources.worldbank.org/PAKISTANEXTN/Resources/293051-1146639350561/CGA-Companion-Paper-1.pdf |date=2012-10-20 }}

[http://www.wluml.org/node/1933 Pakistan: Pakistani religious law challenged] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124073352/http://www.wluml.org/node/1933 |date=2010-11-24 }})

{{cite web |url=http://newpol.org/content/voices-prison-and-call-repeal-hudood-laws-pakistan |title=Voices from Prison and a Call for Repeal: The Hudood Laws of Pakistan |website=New Politics|access-date=18 November 2014|date=Winter 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129021719/http://newpol.org/content/voices-prison-and-call-repeal-hudood-laws-pakistan|archive-date=2014-11-29|url-status=live}}

According to legal scholar Martin Lau

While it was easy to file a case against a woman accusing her of adultery, the Zina Ordinance made it very difficult for a woman to obtain bail pending trial. Worse, in actual practice, the vast majority of accused women were found guilty by the trial court only to be acquitted on appeal to the Federal Shariat Court. By then they had spent many years in jail, were ostracized by their families, and had become social outcasts.{{Cite web|url=http://www.commonlii.org/pk/other/PKLJC/reports/47.html|title = Punishment for the Offence of Gang Rape - PKLJC 47}}

A study by Charles Kennedy of the Hudood Ordinances based on random stratified sample of cases tried by the Federal Shariat Court (FSC) from 1980–84, found 88% of cases heard by the FSC were Zina Ordinance-related, that the court acquitted over half (52%) of the appellates (an "extraordinarily high" number), and "fully upheld" less than one in five (19%) of the convictions. Around 90% of the cases were overturned based on misappreciation of the facts, not misappreciation of the law.

Kennedy, Islamization of Laws and Economy, 1996: p.56-8 The average time that defendants had to wait for disposition of their cases (in jail unless they were granted bail) after the "First Information Report" in district and sessions courts was around eighteen months.Kennedy, Islamization of Laws and Economy, 1996: p.58 However the acquitted defendants still had to contend with high legal fees, social consequences facing even acquitted defendants, and time in jail until their appeal was heard unless they were granted bail.Kennedy, Islamization of Laws and Economy, 1996: p.65Kennedy, Islamization of Laws and Economy, 1996: p.78

The study that found the ordinance was used to file "nuisance or harassment suits against disobedient daughters or estranged wives."Kennedy, Islamization of Laws and Economy, 1996: p.64 Three common patterns in the cases were:

1. a man and a woman are accused of zina by the father or older brother of the accused woman, the complainant(s) not consenting to the marriage or relationship;
2. a complainant accuses his "former" spouse of zina when she remarries;
3. a girl bring charges of rape against her 'boyfriend' after she is confronted by her relatives with alleged evidence of possible wrongdoing or dishonor.

Kennedy states that "clearly the perception that Zia's program significantly discriminated against women's rights is fundamentally flawed".Kennedy, Islamization of Laws and Economy, 1996: p.79 84% of those convicted in district and sessions courts under Hudood law were men, and 90% of those whose convictions were upheld by the FSC were men,Kennedy, Islamization of Laws and Economy, 1996: p.62 the law cannot be accused of gender bias. He does not argue with statements such as "eight out of every ten women in jail today are those charged with the offence of Zina".Javaid Iqbal, 'Crimes against Women in Pakistan` in PLD 1988 J 195 quoted in The Role of Islam in the Legal System of Pakistan, Martin Lau, (BRILL, 2006) p.121 He also states "it is undoubtedly the case" that the Hudood Ordinances, or at least their implementation, "discriminated against Pakistan's lower socioeconomic classes". Only 2% of those convicted were middle-class (and none upper-class).Kennedy, Islamization of Laws and Economy, 1996: p.77

Human rights attorney Sadakat Kadri replies that "Kennedy reached that mistaken view" because he compared male and female "conviction statistics as though they were alike, ignoring the fact that most men would have been rapists, whereas the women would all have been rape victims or alleged consenting adulterers."

{{cite book|last1=Kadri|first1=Sadakat|title=Heaven on Earth: A Journey Through Shari'a Law from the Deserts of Ancient Arabia ...|date=2012|publisher=macmillan|isbn=9780099523277|page=227|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ztCRZOhJ10wC&q=Heaven+on+Earth%3A+A+Journey+Through+Shari%27a+Law}}

{{main|Women's Protection Bill}}

Attention to the Ordinance and suggestions for revising it were given by a number of government appointed commissions, a several-weeks-long televised debate on the subject of "No debate on Hudood Allah (Allah's laws as prescribed in Quran and Sunnah)-is the Hudood Ordinance (Man's

interpretation of Allah's law) Islamic?" on Geo television channel, and a 2005 University of Karachi Department of Public Administration workshop.

{{cite news|title=KARACHI: KU workshop urges review of Hudood laws|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/157864/karachi-ku-workshop-urges-review-of-hudood-laws|access-date=19 November 2014|publisher=dawn.com|date=23 September 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150130043418/http://www.dawn.com/news/157864/karachi-ku-workshop-urges-review-of-hudood-laws|archive-date=2015-01-30|url-status=live}}

In 2006, then President Pervez Musharraf again proposed reform of the ordinance.

The Hindu, [http://www.hindu.com/2006/07/03/stories/2006070304171400.htm "Musharraf wants Hudood laws amended"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060704234805/http://www.hindu.com/2006/07/03/stories/2006070304171400.htm |date=2006-07-04 }}

On November 15, 2006, the "Protection of Women (Criminal Laws Amendment) Act" was passed in the National Assembly, allowing rape to be prosecutable under civil law. The bill was ratified by the Senate on 23 November 2006,

{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6178214.stm | work=BBC News | title=Pakistan senate backs rape bill | date=23 November 2006 | access-date=2006-11-25 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070216155542/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6178214.stm | archive-date=2007-02-16 | url-status=live }}

and became law after President Musharraf signed it on 1 December 2006.

{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/221508|title=Musharraf signs women's bill|date=2 December 2006|website=DAWN.COM|access-date=5 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010122318/https://www.dawn.com/news/221508|archive-date=2017-10-10|url-status=live}}

The bill

• returns a number of offenses from the Zina Ordinance to the Pakistan Penal Code, where they had been before 1979;
• since rape, unlike zina and qazf, is not mentioned in the Quran, rape is now excluded from Islamic criminal law.
• reformulates and redefines the offenses of zina and qazf (the wrongful accusation of zina);
• no complaint of adultery or rape can be converted into one of fornication;
• creates an entirely new set of procedures governing the prosecution of the offenses of adultery and fornication.Lau, "Twenty-Five Years of Hudood Ordinances", 2007: p.1308
• adds to the Pakistan Penal Code a new offense of false accusation of fornication, so that an accusation of fornication runs the risk of a lengthy prison sentence if his complaint does not result in a conviction;
• adultery is the only offense retained in the Zina Ordinance. A complaint of adultery must be made to a judge with at least four witnesses testifying under oath that they witnessed the act of penetration.Lau, "Twenty-Five Years of Hudood Ordinances", 2007: p.1308-12

Legal experts have claimed that the original law was not so unbalanced as its opponents claimed or that the reforms will be impossible to enforce.

{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6152520.stm | work=BBC News | title=Strong feelings over Pakistan rape laws | date=15 November 2006 | access-date=2006-11-16 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070228100938/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6152520.stm | archive-date=2007-02-28 | url-status=live }}

Human rights groups and activists in Pakistan have also criticized the bill, with one group complaining: "The so-called Women's Protection Bill is a farcical attempt at making the Hudood Ordinance palatable".

{{cite web|title=Pakistan: Women's protection Bill a farce|url=http://www.wluml.org/node/3194|website=wluml.org|publisher=women living under Muslim laws|access-date=19 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006122929/http://www.wluml.org/node/3194|archive-date=2013-10-06|url-status=live}}

The concern is that thousands of rapes go unreported as victims fear that they would be treated as criminals.

{{cite news | url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article638381.ece | location=London | work=The Times | first=Zahid | last=Hussain | title=Musharraf retreats on rape law | date=14 September 2006 | access-date=2010-01-13 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604143659/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article638381.ece | archive-date=2011-06-04 | url-status=dead }}

In contrast Martin Lau has said that the Act "cannot be dismissed as a mere window dressing undertaken to satisfy a Western audience."Lau, "Twenty-Five Years of Hudood Ordinances", 2007: p.1314

On 7 October 2016, Pakistan's parliament unanimously passed new anti-rape and anti-honour killing bills. The new laws introduced harsher punishments for the perpetrators of such crimes.{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/latest/818463/pakistans-parliament-unanimously-passes-anti-rape-anti-honour-killing-bills|title=Pakistan's parliament unanimously passes anti-rape, anti-honour killing Bills|date=7 October 2016|work=Scroll.in}} According to the new anti-rape bill, DNA testing was made mandatory in rape cases. Sabotaging or disrupting the work of a police officer or Government official could result in imprisonment of 1 year under the new law. Government officials who are found taking advantage of their official position to commit act of rape (e.g. custodial rape) are liable to imprisonment for life and a fine.{{cite web|url=https://pcsw.punjab.gov.pk/Criminal%20Law%20%28Amendment%29|title=Criminal Law (Amendment) (Offense of Rape) Act 2016|work=The Punjab Commission on Status of Women|access-date=4 August 2020}} According to the new law, anyone who rapes a minor or a mentally or physically disabled person will be liable for the death penalty or life imprisonment.{{cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1288569|title=Anti-honour killing, anti-rape bills finally passed|date=7 October 2016|work=Dawn News}}

The recording of the statement of the female survivor of rape or sexual harassment shall be done by an Investigating Officer, in the presence of a female police officer, or a female family member of the survivor. Survivors of rape shall be provided legal aid (if needed) by the Provincial Bar Council.{{Citation needed|date=August 2020}} The new law also declares that trials for offences such as rape and related crimes shall be conducted in-camera and also allows for the use of technology such as video links to record statements of the victim and witnesses, to spare them the humiliation or risk entailed by court appearances. The media will also be restricted from publishing or publicising the names or any information that would reveal the identity of a victim, except when publishing court judgements. The trial for rape shall conclude within three months. However, if the trial is not completed within three months then the case shall be brought to the notice of the Chief Justice of the High Court for appropriate directions. The new bill also ensures that sex workers are also included in the law's protection.

UN Women Executive Director, Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka, hailed the Government of Pakistan's decision to pass the anti-rape and anti-honour killing bills.{{cite web|url=https://www.unwomen.org/en/news/stories/2016/10/ed-statement-on-pakistan-anti-honour-killings-anti-rape-bill|title=Statement by UN Women Executive Director Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka congratulating the Government of Pakistan on passage of anti-honour killing and anti-rape bills|date=11 October 2016|work=unwomen.org}}

• Hudood
• Pakistan penal code
• Women related laws in Pakistan

• Khan, Shahnaz. Zina and the Moral Regulation of Pakistani Women, Feminist Review, Volume: 75 issue: 1, page(s): 75-100, Issue published: December 1, 2003; Sage Journals, {{doi|10.1057/palgrave.fr.9400111}}

{{Reflist}}

• {{cite journal|last1=Lau|first1=Martin|title=Twenty-Five Years of Hudood Ordinances- A Review|journal=Washington and Lee Law Review|date=1 September 2007|volume=64|issue=4|page=1292|url=http://scholarlycommons.law.wlu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1207&context=wlulr|access-date=18 November 2014|ref=ML252007}}
• {{cite book|last1=Kennedy|first1=Charles|title=Islamization of Laws and Economy, Case Studies on Pakistan|date=1996|publisher=Institute of Policy Studies, The Islamic Foundation|ref=CKILE}}

{{IslamismSA}}

Category:1979 in law

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