Hugo Claus

{{Infobox writer

| name = Hugo Claus

| image = Hugo claus gent 1984.jpg

| caption = Claus in Ghent, 1984

| pseudonym = Dorothea van Male; Jan Hyoens; Thea Streiner

| birth_name = Hugo Maurice Julien Claus

| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1929|4|5}}

| birth_place = Bruges, Belgium

| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2008|3|19|1929|4|5}}

| death_place = Antwerp, Belgium

| occupation = Playwright, novelist, poet, painter, film director

| notableworks = The Sorrow of Belgium

| spouse = {{ill|Elly Overzier|nl}}
Veerle de Wit

| image_size = 260

}}

Hugo Maurice Julien Claus ({{IPA|nl|ˈɦyɣoː ˈklʌus}}; 5 April 1929 – 19 March 2008) was a leading Belgian author who published under his own name as well as various pseudonyms. Claus' literary contributions spanned the genres of drama, novels, and poetry; he also left a legacy as a painter and film director. He wrote primarily in Dutch, although he also wrote some poetry in English. He won the 2000 International Nonino Prize in Italy.

His death by euthanasia, which is legal in Belgium, led to considerable controversy.

Life

Hugo Claus was born on 5 April 1929 at Sint-Janshospitaal in Bruges, Belgium.[http://www.trouw.nl/achtergrond/deverdieping/article1798837.ece/Een_virtuoze_alleskunner.html "Een virtuoze alleskunner"] (19 March 2008). De Verdieping. Retrieved 18 June 2010. {{in lang|nl}} He was the eldest of four sons born to Jozef Claus and Germaine Vanderlinden. Jozef worked as a printer but was also fond of theatre.

Hugo was educated at a boarding school led by nuns in Aalbeke and experienced the German occupation of Belgium during World War II. The experience was formative, and would later be adapted by Claus into his semi-autobiographical The Sorrow of Belgium (1983). Many of Claus' teachers were Flemish nationalists who were sympathetic to fascism, and Claus joined the pro-German youth wing of the Flemish National Union. His father was also briefly detained after the Liberation for collaborationism.Coetzee, J. M. (24 February 2007). [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2007/feb/24/poetry.jmcoetzee "Stepping Stones".] The Guardian. Retrieved 17 June 2010. A sympathizer of the political left at a more mature period in his life, Claus lauded the socialist model after a visit to Cuba in the 1960s.

Claus' prominence in literary circles and his debut as a novelist came in 1950, with the publication of his De Metsiers at age twenty-one. His first published poems had in fact been printed by his father as early as 1947.Bloom, Ono (20 March 2008). [http://www.trouw.nl/achtergrond/deverdieping/article1798909.ece "De Vlaamse leeuw is dood: In memoriam Hugo Claus 1929 – 2008"]. De Verdieping. Retrieved 18 June 2010. {{in lang|nl}} He lived in Paris from 1950 until 1952, where he met many of the members of the CoBrA art movement.{{cite web |url=http://www.ua.ac.be/main.aspx?c=*CLAUS&n=24725 |title=Introduction – Studie- en documentatiecentrum Hugo Claus |publisher=University of Antwerp |author=eorges Wildemeersch |access-date=12 February 2009}}

From February 1953 until the beginning of 1955, Hugo Claus lived in Italy where his girlfriend {{ill|Elly Overzier|nl}} (born in 1928) acted in a few films. They were married on 26 May 1955, and had a son, Thomas, on 7 October 1963.

File: HugoClaus1961.jpg, Amsterdam, 1961]]

In the early 1970s, he had an affair with actress Sylvia Kristel, who was 23 years younger, with whom he had a son, Arthur, in 1975. They lived in the Raamgracht 5–7 building in Amsterdam. The relationship ended in 1977, when she left him for actor Ian McShane.{{cite news | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7308618.stm | work=BBC News | title=Author Claus dies by euthanasia | date=21 March 2008}}

He was a "contrarian", of "anarchist spirit".{{Citation needed|date=June 2010}} Journalist Guy Duplat recalls that Claus had organized in Knokke the election of a "Miss Knokke Festival", which was a typical beauty contest, except for the Claus ruling that the members of the all-male jury would have to be naked.

=Literary career=

Hugo Claus was considered to be one of the most important contemporary Belgian authors.[http://www.rtbf.be/info/societe/ARTICLE_168325 Radio-Television Belge RTBF (French)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080320120924/http://www.rtbf.be/info/societe/ARTICLE_168325 |date=20 March 2008 }}{{cite web|url=https://www.ledevoir.com/2008/03/20/181368.html|title=Le Devoir|access-date=11 October 2018|archive-date=21 March 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080321155945/http://www.ledevoir.com/2008/03/20/181368.html|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=http://www.la-croix.com/|title=La Croix – Actualité à la Une en France, en Europe et dans le Monde|website=La Croix}} Claus published the novel Schola Nostra (1971) under the pseudonym Dorothea Van Male. He also used the pseudonyms Jan Hyoens and Thea Streiner. The 1962 De verwondering (The Astonishment) and the 1983 Het verdriet van België (The Sorrow of Belgium) rank among Claus' most significant works as a novelist.Brems, Hugo (2007). "Claus, Hugo (1929–)". In Bernard A. Cook (Ed.), Europe Since 1945: An Encyclopedia, Volume 1 (pp. 204–205). London: Taylor & Francis. {{ISBN|0-8153-1336-5}}. Lee views Het verdriet van België as a postmodern critique of national identity.Lee, M. (2002). National Identity and Its Construction: The Codification of Flemish Identity Illustrated through Het verdriet van België by Hugo Claus. Dutch Crossing: A Journal of Low Countries Studies, 26(2), 212–232.

Most prolific in literary endeavours as a dramatist, Claus wrote 35 original pieces and 31 translations from English, Greek, Latin, French and Spanish plays and novels. His dramatic sketch Masscheroen was first staged at Knokke Casino and featured an all-nude cast: three naked men were given the task of portraying the Christian Holy Trinity of God the Father, God the Son, and the Holy Spirit; the work also made light of the Holy Virgin, a Belgian saint, and the Three Wise Men.Willinger, David (2007). "Introduction". In Hugo Claus, The Sacrament and Other Plays of Forbidden Love (pp. 11–80). Selinsgrove, Pennsylvania: Susquehanna University Press. {{ISBN|978-1-57591-110-6}} Attacked as blasphemous and deleterious to the public's moral well-being, the light-hearted play's performance triggered a notable legal case in which Claus was prosecuted: convicted on charges of public indecency, Claus was ordered to pay a ten-thousand-Belgian franc fine and serve a four-month prison sentence. The prison term was reduced to a suspended sentence after a public outcry.

Claus also wrote the script of a satirical comic strip, "De Avonturen van Belgman" ("The Adventures of Belgian Man") in 1967, which spoofed the Belgian bi-lingual troubles. The strip itself was drawn by artist Hugoké (Hugo de Kempeneer).{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/d/de-kempeneer_hugo.htm|title=Hugoké|website=lambiek.net|access-date=December 3, 2024}}{{cite web|url=http://bluesonline.weebly.com/de-avonturen-van-belgman.html|title=De avonturen van Belgman|website=Blues Online}} In 1985, Claus also wrote a series of satirical poems about Pope John Paul II's upcoming visit to Belgium that year, titled Een Weerzinwekkend Bezoek. The poems were illustrated with cartoons by GAL.{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/g/gal2.htm|title=Gal|website=lambiek.net|access-date=December 3, 2024}}

Hugo Claus' name had been put forward many times for the Nobel Prize in Literature, on which he would casually comment "this prize money would suit me fine".[http://blogrtbf.typepad.com/matin_premiere/2008/03/2003---revue-de.html Revue de la presse belge (French)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080420155214/http://blogrtbf.typepad.com/matin_premiere/2008/03/2003---revue-de.html |date=20 April 2008 }}

=Painting and film=

As a painter, Claus was a participant in the CoBrA art movement from 1950. He had developed friendships with some of its members and illustrated a book by Pierre Alechinsky in 1949.{{cite web |url=http://www.jaski.nl/CoBrAKunstenaars/HugoClaus/tabid/188/Default.aspx |title=Hugo Claus |publisher=Jaski Art Gallery |access-date=12 February 2009 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070206125235/http://www.jaski.nl/CoBrAKunstenaars/HugoClaus/tabid/188/Default.aspx |archivedate=6 February 2007}} He collaborated with key figures in the movement including Karel Appel and Corneille{{cite web |url=http://www.researchportal.be/en/project/hugo-claus-s-position-as-poet-painter-in-flemish-dutch-experimentalism-1947-1955--(UA_4543)/ |title=Hugo Claus's position as poet-painter in Flemish/Dutch experimentalism (1947–1955) |publisher=University of Antwerp |access-date=12 February 2009}} and participated in some exhibitions. He later used his experiences of this time in his book Een zachte vernieling (Mild Destruction).{{cite web |url=http://www.nlpvf.nl/book/book2.php?Book=657 |title=Hugo Claus: Mild Destruction (Een zachte vernieling) |publisher=NLPVF – Foundation for the Production and Translation of Dutch Literature |access-date=12 February 2009}}

Claus directed seven films between 1964 and 2001. His film Het sacrament was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1990 Cannes Film Festival.{{cite web|url=http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/193/year/1990.html |title=Festival de Cannes: The Sacrament |access-date=7 August 2009 |work=festival-cannes.com |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004074037/http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/193/year/1990.html |archivedate=4 October 2012}}

=Death=

Claus suffered from Alzheimer's disease and requested his life to be terminated through euthanasia, a legal procedure in Belgium, at the Middelheim Hospital in Antwerp on 19 March 2008.{{cite web|url=http://www.standaard.be/cnt/dmf19032008_071|title=Hugo Claus overleden|last=svh|website=De Standaard|date=18 March 2008 }}

Bert Anciaux, then Flemish Minister of Culture,{{Cite news|url=https://www.vlaanderen.be/nl/vlaamse-regering/regeringen-peeters|title=Regeringen Peeters|date=10 September 2014|work=Vlaanderen.be|access-date=3 March 2018|language=nl-BE}} stated "I knew him well enough to know that he wanted to depart with pride and dignity."[http://tf1.lci.fr/infos/culture/livres/0,,3782747,00-hugo-claus-ets-mort-belges-sont-chagrin-.html LCI (French)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080321010954/http://tf1.lci.fr/infos/culture/livres/0,,3782747,00-hugo-claus-ets-mort-belges-sont-chagrin-.html |date=21 March 2008 }} Former Belgian Prime Minister Guy Verhofstadt said that he imagined the onset of Alzheimer's must have been "inevitable and unbearable torture". "I can live with the fact that he decided thus," he said, "because he left us as a great glowing star, right on time, just before he would have collapsed into a Stellar black hole."

His death by euthanasia has received criticism from the Roman Catholic Church and the Belgian Alzheimer League.{{cite web|url=http://www.alzheimerliga.be/|title=Welkom – Alzheimer Liga vzw|website=www.alzheimerliga.be}} The Roman Catholic Church criticized the media coverage; Belgian Cardinal Godfried Danneels referred to Claus' euthanasia in his Easter Homily.{{cite web|url=http://www.standaard.be/cnt/7q1pp3tn|title=Kardinaal Danneels: 'de dood omzeilen is geen heldendaad'|website=De Standaard|date=25 March 2008 }} The Belgian Alzheimer League respects Claus' decision, but believes the media coverage of his death neglects other options for Alzheimer's patients.{{Citation needed|date=June 2010}}

Prizes

File:Hugo Claus - De aarde danst op haar wolken - Geregracht 1, Leiden.JPG ]]

Amongst others:

1950 – {{ill|Leo J. Krynprijs|nl}} for {{ill|De Metsiers|nl}}
1952 – Arkprijs van het Vrije Woord for De Metsiers
1964 – August Beernaertprize for De verwondering
1965 – Henriëtte Roland Holst-prize for all his plays
1967 – Edmond Hustinxprize for all his plays
1979 – Constantijn Huygens Prize
1985 – Cestoda-prize
1986 – Herman Gorterprize for Alibi
1986 – Prijs der Nederlandse Letteren
1994 – Prijs voor Meesterschap for his complete oeuvre
1994 – VSB Poetry Prize for De Sporen
1997 – Libris Prize for De Geruchten
1998 – Aristeion Prize for De Geruchten
2000 – International Nonino Prize for La sofferenza del Belgio

Bibliography

Claus wrote over a thousand pages of poetry, more than sixty plays, over twenty novels and several essays, film scripts, libretti and translations. Only a small part of this œuvre has been translated into English:

Prose:
The Duck Hunt, 1955 (De Metsiers, 1950)
Sister of Earth, 1970 (De Metsiers, 1950)
The Sorrow of Belgium, 1990 (Het verdriet van België, 1983) ({{ISBN|1-58567-238-6}})
The Swordfish, 1996 (De Zwaardvis, 1989) ({{ISBN|0-7206-0985-2}})
Desire, 1997 (Het verlangen, 1978) ({{ISBN|0-14-025538-9}})
Wonder, 2009 (De verwondering, 1962) ({{ISBN|978-0-9800330-1-4}})
Poetry:
with Karel Appel: Love Song, 1963 (written in English)
Four Flemish Poets: Hugo Claus, Gust Gils, Paul Snoek, Hugues C. Pernath / edited by Peter Nijmeijer. (1976) ({{ISBN|0856820342}})
with Pierre Alechinsky and Karel Appel: Two-brush paintings: Their poems by Hugo Claus, 1980 (Zwart, 1978)
An Evening of postwar poetry of the Netherlands and Flanders [sound recording]: Hugo Claus, Judith Herzberg, Gerrit Kouwenaar, and Cees Nooteboom reading their poems, 1984
Selected Poems 1953–1973, 1986
The Sign of the Hamster, 1985 (Het teken van de Hamster, 1964) ({{ISBN|9071345130}})
Greetings: selected poems, 2004 ({{ISBN|0151009007}})
Even Now, selected and translated by David Colmer, 2013
Theatre:
Friday, 1972 (Vrijdag, 1968) ({{ISBN|0706700511}})
Four Works for the Theatre, 1980 ({{ISBN|0-9666152-1-2}})
Friday, 1993 (Vrijdag, 1968)
The sacrament and other plays of forbidden love, 2007 ({{ISBN|9781575911106}})
Essay:
Karel Appel, Painter, 1963 (Karel Appel, Schilder, 1964)

References

External links

[https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/25/books/25claus.html?ref=obituaries New York Times: Hugo Claus, One of Belgium’s Most Renowned Authors, Dies at 78 ]
[https://web.archive.org/web/20150621214139/http://www.ua.ac.be/main.aspx?c=*CLAUS Study and Documentation Centre Hugo Claus] at the University of Antwerp
{{Books and Writers |id=hclaus |name=Hugo Claus}}
[https://web.archive.org/web/20070926220858/http://www.the-ledge.com/flash/ledge.php?prsn=118&lan=UK Hugo Claus 'Bookweb' on literary website The Ledge, with suggestions for further reading]
{{IMDb name|id=0165282|name=Hugo Claus}}

Category:1929 births

Category:2008 deaths

Category:Writers from Bruges

Category:20th-century Belgian dramatists and playwrights

Category:Belgian male dramatists and playwrights

Category:20th-century Belgian novelists

Category:21st-century Belgian novelists

Category:Belgian film directors

Category:Belgian male poets

Category:Belgian comics writers

Category:Dutch-language poets

Category:20th-century Belgian painters