Huizhou dialect

{{Short description|Dialect of Chinese spoken in Huizhou, Guangdong}}

{{For|the group of dialects spoken in the historical region of Huīzhōu ({{lang|zh|徽州}})|Huizhou Chinese}}

{{Infobox language

| name = Huizhou

| nativename = {{lang|zh-Hans|惠州话}} / {{lang|zh-Hant|惠州話}}

| pronunciation =

| states = China

| region = Huizhou, Guangdong

| speakers = {{sigfig|110,000|2}}

| date = 2002

| ref = {{sfn|HZSHCQZ|2012|p=113}}

| familycolor = Sino-Tibetan

| fam2 = Sinitic

| fam3 = Chinese

| fam4 = Hakka–Gan?

| fam5 = Hakka–She?

| fam6 = Hakka?

| script = Chinese characters
Pha̍k-fa-sṳ

| iso3 =

| isoexception = dialect

| linglist = hak-hui

| lingname = Huizhou

| glotto = huiz1243

| glottoname = Huizhou

| glottofoot = no

| lingua = 79-AAA-gai
79-AAA-gaj

| notice = IPA

}}

The Huizhou dialect ({{zh|s=惠州话|t=惠州話|p=Huìzhōuhuà}}) is a Chinese dialect spoken in and around Huicheng District, the traditional urban centre of Huizhou, Guangdong.{{sfn|Hou|2017|p=159}} The locals also call the dialect Bendihua ({{zh|s=本地话|t=本地話|p=Běndìhuà|l=local speech}}) and distinguish it from the dialect spoken in Meixian and Danshui, Huiyang, which they call Hakka ({{zh|s=客家话|t=客家話|p=Kèjiāhuà}}).{{sfn|Hou|2017|p=159}}{{sfn|Huang|1987|p=255}}

Classification

The classification of the Huizhou dialect is disputed because it shows characteristics of both Yue and Hakka. Most scholars classify the Huizhou dialect as a dialect of Hakka, but some scholars, most notably Liu Shuxin, consider it to be a dialect of Yue.{{sfn|Hou|2017|p=159}}

The first edition of the Language Atlas of China puts it into its own subgroup under Hakka known as the Huizhou subgroup ({{zh|c=惠州片|p=Huìzhōu piàn|labels=no}}).{{sfn|Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Australian Academy of the Humanities|1987|loc=B15}} In the second edition, it is still classified as a dialect of Hakka, but it is placed under the Mei–Hui cluster ({{zh|c=梅惠小片|p=Méi-Huì xiǎopiàn|labels=no}}) of the Yue–Tai subgroup ({{zh|s=粤台片|t=粵臺片|p=Yuè-Tái piàn|labels=no}}).{{sfn|Xie|Huang|2012|p=117}}

Liu Shuxin groups it together with other similar dialects spoken around the middle and upper reaches of the Dong River, including the Heyuan dialect, into the Hui–He branch ({{zh|c=惠河系|p=Huì-Hé xì|labels=no}}) of Yue.{{sfn|Liu|2007|p=189}} Chang Song-hing and Zhuang Chusheng propose a similar grouping called the Hui–He subgroup ({{zh|c=惠河片|p=Huì-Hé piàn|labels=no}}), but they classify the group as Hakka.{{sfn|Chang|Zhuang|2008|p=410}}

Phonology

=Tones=

The Huizhou dialect has seven tones:{{sfn|Liu|1991|pp=14–15}}

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" !Tone name !dark level ({{lang\|zh-Hans\|阴平}} / {{lang\|zh-Hant\|陰平}}) !light level ({{lang\|zh-Hans\|阳平}} / {{lang\|zh-Hant\|陽平}}) !rising ({{lang\|zh-Hans\|上声}} / {{lang\|zh-Hant\|上聲}}) !dark departing ({{lang\|zh-Hans\|阴去}} / {{lang\|zh-Hant\|陰去}}) !light departing ({{lang\|zh-Hans\|阳去}} / {{lang\|zh-Hant\|陽去}}) !dark entering ({{lang\|zh-Hans\|阴入}} / {{lang\|zh-Hant\|陰入}}) !light entering ({{lang\|zh-Hans\|阳入}} / {{lang\|zh-Hant\|陽入}})
Example \| {{lang\|zh\|哥}} \|\| {{lang\|zh\|人}} \|\| {{lang\|zh-Hans\|许}} / {{lang\|zh-Hant\|許}} \| {{lang\|zh-Hans\|气}} / {{lang\|zh-Hant\|氣}} \|\| {{lang\|zh\|事}} \| {{lang\|zh\|急}} \|\| {{lang\|zh\|及}}
Tone letter \| {{IPA\|˧}} (33){{efn-ua\|name=yinping\|Also recorded as {{IPA\|˦}} (44){{sfn\|Hou\|2008\|p=41}}{{sfn\|Yan\|2009\|pp=2–3}} or {{IPA\|˥}} (55).{{sfn\|Huang\|1987\|p=256}}}} \| {{IPA\|˨}} (22){{efn-ua\|name=yangping\|Also recorded as {{IPA\|˩}} (11){{sfn\|Liu\|2007\|p=41}}{{sfn\|Yan\|2009\|pp=2–3}} or {{IPA\|˧}} (33).{{sfn\|Huang\|1987\|p=256}}}} \| {{IPA\|˧˥}} (35) \| {{IPA\|˨˩˧}} (213){{efn-ua\|name=yinqu\|Also recorded as {{IPA\|˩˧}} (13).{{sfn\|Huang\|1987\|p=256}}{{sfn\|Liu\|2007\|p=41}}{{sfn\|Hou\|2008\|p=41}}{{sfn\|Yan\|2009\|pp=2–3}}}} \| {{IPA\|˧˩}} (31){{efn-ua\|name=yangqu\|Also recorded as {{IPA\|˥˧}} (53){{sfn\|Huang\|1987\|p=256}} or {{IPA\|˨˩}} (21).{{sfn\|Liu\|2007\|p=41}}}} \| {{IPA\|˦˥}} (45), {{IPA\|˥}} (5) \| {{IPA\|˨˩}} (21){{efn-ua\|name=yangru\|Also recorded as {{IPA\|˨}} (2),{{sfn\|Liu\|2007\|p=41}}{{sfn\|Yan\|2009\|pp=2–3}} {{IPA\|˩}} (1){{sfn\|Huang\|1987\|p=256}} or {{IPA\|˧}} (3).{{sfn\|Hou\|2008\|p=41}}}}

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

!Tone name

!dark level
({{lang|zh-Hans|阴平}} / {{lang|zh-Hant|陰平}})

!light level
({{lang|zh-Hans|阳平}} / {{lang|zh-Hant|陽平}})

!rising
({{lang|zh-Hans|上声}} / {{lang|zh-Hant|上聲}})

!dark departing
({{lang|zh-Hans|阴去}} / {{lang|zh-Hant|陰去}})

!light departing
({{lang|zh-Hans|阳去}} / {{lang|zh-Hant|陽去}})

!dark entering
({{lang|zh-Hans|阴入}} / {{lang|zh-Hant|陰入}})

!light entering
({{lang|zh-Hans|阳入}} / {{lang|zh-Hant|陽入}})

Example

| {{lang|zh|哥}} || {{lang|zh|人}} || {{lang|zh-Hans|许}} / {{lang|zh-Hant|許}}

| {{lang|zh-Hans|气}} / {{lang|zh-Hant|氣}} || {{lang|zh|事}}

| {{lang|zh|急}} || {{lang|zh|及}}

Tone letter

| {{IPA|˧}} (33){{efn-ua|name=yinping|Also recorded as {{IPA|˦}} (44){{sfn|Hou|2008|p=41}}{{sfn|Yan|2009|pp=2–3}} or {{IPA|˥}} (55).{{sfn|Huang|1987|p=256}}}}

| {{IPA|˨}} (22){{efn-ua|name=yangping|Also recorded as {{IPA|˩}} (11){{sfn|Liu|2007|p=41}}{{sfn|Yan|2009|pp=2–3}} or {{IPA|˧}} (33).{{sfn|Huang|1987|p=256}}}}

| {{IPA|˧˥}} (35)

| {{IPA|˨˩˧}} (213){{efn-ua|name=yinqu|Also recorded as {{IPA|˩˧}} (13).{{sfn|Huang|1987|p=256}}{{sfn|Liu|2007|p=41}}{{sfn|Hou|2008|p=41}}{{sfn|Yan|2009|pp=2–3}}}}

| {{IPA|˧˩}} (31){{efn-ua|name=yangqu|Also recorded as {{IPA|˥˧}} (53){{sfn|Huang|1987|p=256}} or {{IPA|˨˩}} (21).{{sfn|Liu|2007|p=41}}}}

| {{IPA|˦˥}} (45), {{IPA|˥}} (5)

| {{IPA|˨˩}} (21){{efn-ua|name=yangru|Also recorded as {{IPA|˨}} (2),{{sfn|Liu|2007|p=41}}{{sfn|Yan|2009|pp=2–3}} {{IPA|˩}} (1){{sfn|Huang|1987|p=256}} or {{IPA|˧}} (3).{{sfn|Hou|2008|p=41}}}}

Other than these seven tones, {{IPA|˥}} (55) appears in some grammatical particles.{{sfn|Liu|1991|p=15}}

Grammar

=Verbal aspect=

The Huizhou dialect has several aspectual markers that attach to the verb as suffixes:{{sfn|Liu|1991|pp=228–229}}{{sfn|Liu|1997|pp=16–18}}{{sfn|Chen|2010}}

class="wikitable" ! Aspect !! Marker
Progressive	{{lang\|zh-Hans\|紧}} / {{lang\|zh-Hant\|緊}} {{IPA\|/kin˧˥/}}, {{lang\|zh-Hans\|稳}} / {{lang\|zh-Hant\|穩}} {{IPA\|/ũn˧˥/}}
Continuous	{{lang\|zh\|住}} {{IPA\|/tsʰy˧˩/}}
Perfective	{{lang\|zh-Hans\|抛}} / {{lang\|zh-Hant\|拋}} {{IPA\|/pʰau˧ ~ au˧ ~ ei˧/}}, {{lang\|zh\|阿}} {{IPA\|/a˧/}}, {{lang\|zh\|□}} {{IPA\|/ei˥/}}
Experiential	{{lang\|zh-Hans\|过}} / {{lang\|zh-Hant\|過}} {{IPA\|/kɔ˨˩˧/}}

=Pronouns=

The Huizhou dialect has the following personal pronouns. The plural is formed by a tone change.{{sfn|Liu|1991|p=227}}

class="wikitable"
! Singular ! Plural
1st person \| {{lang\|zh\|我}} {{IPA\|/ŋɔi˨˩˧/}} \| {{lang\|zh\|我}} {{IPA\|/ŋɔi˧˥/}}
2nd person \| {{lang\|zh\|你}} {{IPA\|/ni˨˩˧/}} \| {{lang\|zh\|你}} {{IPA\|/ni˧˥/}}
3rd person \| {{lang\|zh\|佢}} {{IPA\|/kʰy˨/}} \| {{lang\|zh\|佢}} {{IPA\|/kʰy˧˥/}}

class="wikitable"

! Singular

! Plural

1st person

| {{lang|zh|我}} {{IPA|/ŋɔi˨˩˧/}}

| {{lang|zh|我}} {{IPA|/ŋɔi˧˥/}}

2nd person

| {{lang|zh|你}} {{IPA|/ni˨˩˧/}}

| {{lang|zh|你}} {{IPA|/ni˧˥/}}

3rd person

| {{lang|zh|佢}} {{IPA|/kʰy˨/}}

| {{lang|zh|佢}} {{IPA|/kʰy˧˥/}}

Vocabulary

The Huizhou dialect has many cognates with Yue and/or Hakka (cognates with Huizhou are shaded in blue):{{sfn|Liu|1991|p=219–224}}

class="wikitable" ! English	Huizhou	Guangzhou (Yue)	Meixian (Hakka)	Putonghua
fly (insect)	style="background-color: #E4F1F5;" \| {{lang\|zh-Hans\|乌蝇}} / {{lang\|zh-Hant\|烏蠅}} {{IPA\|/ũ˧ zən˨/}}	style="background-color: #E4F1F5;" \| {{lang\|zh-Hans\|乌蝇}} / {{lang\|zh-Hant\|烏蠅}} wu{{sup\|1}} jing{{sup\|1}}	style="background-color: #E4F1F5;" \| {{lang\|zh-Hans\|乌蝇}} / {{lang\|zh-Hant\|烏蠅}} vu{{sup\|1}} yin{{sup\|2}}	{{lang\|zh-Hans\|苍蝇}} / {{lang\|zh-Hant\|蒼蠅}} cāngyíng
house	style="background-color: #E4F1F5;" \| {{lang\|zh\|屋}} {{IPA\|/ək˦˥/}}	style="background-color: #E4F1F5;" \| {{lang\|zh\|屋}} uk{{sup\|1}}	style="background-color: #E4F1F5;" \| {{lang\|zh\|屋}} vug{{sup\|5}}	{{lang\|zh\|房子}} fángzi
sleep	style="background-color: #E4F1F5;" \| {{lang\|zh-Hans\|𰥛觉}} / {{lang\|zh-Hant\|瞓覺}} {{IPA\|/hun˨˩˧ kau˨˩˧/}}	style="background-color: #E4F1F5;" \| {{lang\|zh-Hans\|𰥛觉}} / {{lang\|zh-Hant\|瞓覺}} fan{{sup\|3}} gaau{{sup\|3}}	{{lang\|zh\|睡目}} soi{{sup\|4}} mug{{sup\|5}}	{{lang\|zh-Hans\|睡觉}} / {{lang\|zh-Hant\|睡覺}} shuìjiào
see	style="background-color: #E4F1F5;" \| {{lang\|zh\|睇}} {{IPA\|/tʰiɛ˧˥/}}	style="background-color: #E4F1F5;" \| {{lang\|zh\|睇}} tai{{sup\|2}}	{{lang\|zh\|看}} kon{{sup\|4}}	{{lang\|zh\|看}} kàn
maize	style="background-color: #E4F1F5;" \| {{lang\|zh\|包粟}} {{IPA\|/pau˧ sək˦˥/}}	{{lang\|zh\|粟米}} suk{{sup\|1}} mai{{sup\|5}}	style="background-color: #E4F1F5;" \| {{lang\|zh\|包粟}} bau{{sup\|1}} xiug{{sup\|5}}	{{lang\|zh\|玉米}} yùmǐ
younger brother	style="background-color: #E4F1F5;" \| {{lang\|zh\|老弟}} {{IPA\|/lau˧˥ tʰiɛ˨˩˧/}}	{{lang\|zh-Hans\|细佬}} / {{lang\|zh-Hant\|細佬}} sai{{sup\|3}} lou{{sup\|2}}	style="background-color: #E4F1F5;" \| {{lang\|zh\|老弟}} lau{{sup\|3}} tai{{sup\|1}}	{{lang\|zh\|弟弟}} dìdi
rowspan="2" \| water chestnut	style="background-color: #E4F1F5;" \| {{lang\|zh-Hans\|马蹄}} / {{lang\|zh-Hant\|馬蹄}} {{IPA\|/ma˨˩˧ tʰiɛ˨/}}	style="background-color: #E4F1F5;" \| {{lang\|zh-Hans\|马蹄}} / {{lang\|zh-Hant\|馬蹄}} maa{{sup\|5}} tai{{sup\|2}}		rowspan="2" \| {{lang\|zh-Hans\|荸荠}} / {{lang\|zh-Hant\|荸薺}} bíqi
style="background-color: #E4F1F5;" \| {{lang\|zh-Hant\|马荠}} / {{lang\|zh-Hans\|馬薺}} {{IPA\|/ma˨˩˧ tsʰi˨/}}		style="background-color: #E4F1F5;" \| {{lang\|zh-Hant\|马荠}} / {{lang\|zh-Hans\|馬薺}} ma{{sup\|1}} qi{{sup\|2}}
rowspan="2" \| together	style="background-color: #E4F1F5;" \| {{lang\|zh-Hans\|一齐}} / {{lang\|zh-Hant\|一齊}} {{IPA\|/ĩt˦˥ tsʰiɛ˨/}}	style="background-color: #E4F1F5;" \| {{lang\|zh-Hans\|一齐}} / {{lang\|zh-Hant\|一齊}} jat{{sup\|1}} cai{{sup\|4}}		rowspan="2" \| {{lang\|zh\|一起}} yīqǐ
style="background-color: #E4F1F5;" \| {{lang\|zh\|一下}} {{IPA\|/ĩt˦˥ ha˧˩/}}		style="background-color: #E4F1F5;" \| {{lang\|zh\|一下}} yid{{sup\|5}} ha{{sup\|4}}

Notes

References

{{cite journal|last1=Chang|first1=Song-hing|last2=Zhuang|first2=Chusheng|script-title=zh:廣東方言的地理格局與自然地理及歷史地理的關係|trans-title=Geographical Distribution of Guangdong Dialects: Their Linkage with Natural and Historical Geography|url=http://www.cuhk.edu.hk/ics/journal/articles/v48p407.pdf|journal=Journal of Chinese Studies|date=2008|issue=48|language=Chinese|pages=407–422}}
{{cite journal|last=Chen|first=Shu-huan|script-title=zh:惠州方言的完成体助词“抛”和“□[ei⁵⁵]”|trans-title=Auxiliaries of Perfect Aspect Pao and [ei⁵⁵] in Huizhou Dialect|journal=Journal of Huizhou University|date=2010|volume=30|issue=4|language=Chinese|pages=8–14}}
{{cite book|author1=Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|author-link1=Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|author2=Australian Academy of the Humanities|author-link2=Australian Academy of the Humanities|script-title=zh:中国语言地图集|trans-title=Language Atlas of China|date=1987|publisher=Longman Group (Far East)|location=Hong Kong|isbn=0-582-99903-0|language=Chinese}}
{{cite thesis|last1=Hou|first1=Xiaoying|script-title=zh:东江中上游本地话研究|trans-title=A Study of Bendihua in the Middle and Upper Reaches of Dongjiang Basin|date=2008|type=PhD|publisher=Xiamen University|language=Chinese}}
{{cite journal|last1=Hou|first1=Xiaoying|script-title=zh:惠州话：粤色客底的粤化客方言|trans-title=Huizhou Dialect: a Hakka Dialect Greatly Influenced by Yue Dialect|journal=Academic Research|date=2017|issue=7|pages=159–169|language=Chinese}}
{{cite journal|last1=Huang|first1=Xuezhen|script-title=zh:惠州话的归属|journal=Fangyan|date=1987|issue=4|pages=255–263|language=Chinese}}
{{cite book|last1=Liu|first1=Ruoyun|script-title=zh:惠州方言志|trans-title=Huizhou Dialect Gazetteer|date=1991|publisher=Guangdong Science & Technology Press|location=Guangzhou|isbn=7-5359-0658-3|language=Chinese}}
{{cite journal|last1=Liu|first1=Ruoyun|script-title=zh:惠州方言的助词|trans-title=Particles in the Huizhou Dialect|date=1997|journal=Sun Yatsen University Forum|issue=4|pages=15–22|language=Chinese}}
{{cite book|last1=Liu|first1=Shuxin|script-title=zh:东江中上游土语群研究——粤语惠河系探考|trans-title=A Study of the Group of Vernaculars Spoken around the Middle and Upper Reaches of the Dong River—An Investigation of the Hui–He Branch of Yue|date=2007|publisher=China Society Publishing House|location=Beijing|isbn=978-7-5087-1716-6|language=Chinese}}
{{cite book|editor=Local Gazetteer Editorial Committee of Huicheng District, Huizhou City|script-title=zh:惠州市惠城区志|trans-title=Gazetteer of Huicheng District, Huizhou City|date=2012|publisher=Guangdong People's Publishing House|location=Guangzhou|isbn=978-7-218-08115-1|language=Chinese|ref={{harvid|HZSHCQZ|2012}}}}
{{cite book|last1=Xie|first1=Liuwen|last2=Huang|first2=Xuezhen|script-title=zh:中国语言地图集|trans-title=Language Atlas of China|date=2012|publisher=Commercial Press|location=Beijing|isbn=978-7-100-07054-6|pages=116–124|edition=2nd|language=Chinese|volume={{lang|zh|汉语方言卷}}|script-chapter=zh:B1—17 客家话}}
{{cite journal|last1=Yan|first1=Xiuhong|script-title=zh:河源惠州“本地话”语音概略（一）|trans-title=A Summary of the Phonology of "Bendihua" in Heyuan and Huizhou|url=https://dialects.jnu.edu.cn/06/niankan/01/20090112.pdf|date=2009|language=Chinese}}

Category:Hakka Chinese

Category:Yue Chinese

Category:Huizhou

class="wikitable" ! English	Huizhou	Guangzhou (Yue)	Meixian (Hakka)	Putonghua
fly (insect)	style="background-color: #E4F1F5;" \| {{lang\|zh-Hans\|乌蝇}} / {{lang\|zh-Hant\|烏蠅}} {{IPA\|/ũ˧ zən˨/}}	style="background-color: #E4F1F5;" \| {{lang\|zh-Hans\|乌蝇}} / {{lang\|zh-Hant\|烏蠅}} wu{{sup\|1}} jing{{sup\|1}}	style="background-color: #E4F1F5;" \| {{lang\|zh-Hans\|乌蝇}} / {{lang\|zh-Hant\|烏蠅}} vu{{sup\|1}} yin{{sup\|2}}	{{lang\|zh-Hans\|苍蝇}} / {{lang\|zh-Hant\|蒼蠅}} cāngyíng
house	style="background-color: #E4F1F5;" \| {{lang\|zh\|屋}} {{IPA\|/ək˦˥/}}	style="background-color: #E4F1F5;" \| {{lang\|zh\|屋}} uk{{sup\|1}}	style="background-color: #E4F1F5;" \| {{lang\|zh\|屋}} vug{{sup\|5}}	{{lang\|zh\|房子}} fángzi
sleep	style="background-color: #E4F1F5;" \| {{lang\|zh-Hans\|𰥛觉}} / {{lang\|zh-Hant\|瞓覺}} {{IPA\|/hun˨˩˧ kau˨˩˧/}}	style="background-color: #E4F1F5;" \| {{lang\|zh-Hans\|𰥛觉}} / {{lang\|zh-Hant\|瞓覺}} fan{{sup\|3}} gaau{{sup\|3}}	{{lang\|zh\|睡目}} soi{{sup\|4}} mug{{sup\|5}}	{{lang\|zh-Hans\|睡觉}} / {{lang\|zh-Hant\|睡覺}} shuìjiào
see	style="background-color: #E4F1F5;" \| {{lang\|zh\|睇}} {{IPA\|/tʰiɛ˧˥/}}	style="background-color: #E4F1F5;" \| {{lang\|zh\|睇}} tai{{sup\|2}}	{{lang\|zh\|看}} kon{{sup\|4}}	{{lang\|zh\|看}} kàn
maize	style="background-color: #E4F1F5;" \| {{lang\|zh\|包粟}} {{IPA\|/pau˧ sək˦˥/}}	{{lang\|zh\|粟米}} suk{{sup\|1}} mai{{sup\|5}}	style="background-color: #E4F1F5;" \| {{lang\|zh\|包粟}} bau{{sup\|1}} xiug{{sup\|5}}	{{lang\|zh\|玉米}} yùmǐ
younger brother	style="background-color: #E4F1F5;" \| {{lang\|zh\|老弟}} {{IPA\|/lau˧˥ tʰiɛ˨˩˧/}}	{{lang\|zh-Hans\|细佬}} / {{lang\|zh-Hant\|細佬}} sai{{sup\|3}} lou{{sup\|2}}	style="background-color: #E4F1F5;" \| {{lang\|zh\|老弟}} lau{{sup\|3}} tai{{sup\|1}}	{{lang\|zh\|弟弟}} dìdi
rowspan="2" \| water chestnut	style="background-color: #E4F1F5;" \| {{lang\|zh-Hans\|马蹄}} / {{lang\|zh-Hant\|馬蹄}} {{IPA\|/ma˨˩˧ tʰiɛ˨/}}	style="background-color: #E4F1F5;" \| {{lang\|zh-Hans\|马蹄}} / {{lang\|zh-Hant\|馬蹄}} maa{{sup\|5}} tai{{sup\|2}}		rowspan="2" \| {{lang\|zh-Hans\|荸荠}} / {{lang\|zh-Hant\|荸薺}} bíqi
style="background-color: #E4F1F5;" \| {{lang\|zh-Hant\|马荠}} / {{lang\|zh-Hans\|馬薺}} {{IPA\|/ma˨˩˧ tsʰi˨/}}		style="background-color: #E4F1F5;" \| {{lang\|zh-Hant\|马荠}} / {{lang\|zh-Hans\|馬薺}} ma{{sup\|1}} qi{{sup\|2}}
rowspan="2" \| together	style="background-color: #E4F1F5;" \| {{lang\|zh-Hans\|一齐}} / {{lang\|zh-Hant\|一齊}} {{IPA\|/ĩt˦˥ tsʰiɛ˨/}}	style="background-color: #E4F1F5;" \| {{lang\|zh-Hans\|一齐}} / {{lang\|zh-Hant\|一齊}} jat{{sup\|1}} cai{{sup\|4}}		rowspan="2" \| {{lang\|zh\|一起}} yīqǐ
style="background-color: #E4F1F5;" \| {{lang\|zh\|一下}} {{IPA\|/ĩt˦˥ ha˧˩/}}		style="background-color: #E4F1F5;" \| {{lang\|zh\|一下}} yid{{sup\|5}} ha{{sup\|4}}