Human coronavirus 229E

HCoV-229E transmits via droplet-respiration and fomites.

HCoV-229E is associated with a range of respiratory symptoms, ranging from the common cold to high-morbidity outcomes such as pneumonia and bronchiolitis. However, such high morbidity outcomes are almost always seen in cases with co-infection with other respiratory pathogens; there is a single published case report to date of a 229E infection that caused acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in an otherwise healthy patient having no detectable co-infection with another pathogen.{{cite journal | pmid = 29850307 | year = 2018 | last1 = Vassilara | first1 = F. | last2 = Spyridaki | first2 = A. | last3 = Pothitos | first3 = G. | last4 = Deliveliotou | first4 = A. | last5 = Papadopoulos | first5 = A. | title = A Rare Case of Human Coronavirus 229E Associated with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in a Healthy Adult | journal = Case Reports in Infectious Diseases | volume = 2018 | pages = 1–4 | doi = 10.1155/2018/6796839 | pmc = 5925015 | doi-access = free }} HCoV-229E is also among the coronaviruses most frequently codetected with other respiratory viruses, particularly with human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV).{{cite journal | pmid = 13130404 | year = 2003 | last1 = Pene | first1 = F. | last2 = Merlat | first2 = A. | last3 = Vabret | first3 = A. | last4 = Rozenberg | first4 = F. | last5 = Buzyn | first5 = A. | last6 = Dreyfus | first6 = F. | last7 = Cariou | first7 = A. | last8 = Freymuth | first8 = F. | last9 = Lebon | first9 = P. | title = Coronavirus 229E-related pneumonia in immunocompromised patients | journal = Clinical Infectious Diseases | volume = 37 | issue = 7 | pages = 929–932 | doi = 10.1086/377612 | pmc = 7107892 }}{{cite journal | pmid = 12684910 | year = 2003 | last1 = Vabret | first1 = A. | last2 = Mourez | first2 = T. | last3 = Gouarin | first3 = S. | last4 = Petitjean | first4 = J. | last5 = Freymuth | first5 = F. | title = An outbreak of coronavirus OC43 respiratory infection in Normandy, France | journal = Clinical Infectious Diseases | volume = 36 | issue = 8 | pages = 985–989 | doi = 10.1086/374222 | pmc = 7109673 }}{{cite journal | pmid = 16267760 | year = 2005 | last1 = Woo | first1 = P. C. | last2 = Lau | first2 = S. K. | last3 = Tsoi | first3 = H. W. | last4 = Huang | first4 = Y. | last5 = Poon | first5 = R. W. | last6 = Chu | first6 = C. M. | last7 = Lee | first7 = R. A. | last8 = Luk | first8 = W. K. | last9 = Wong | first9 = G. K. | last10 = Wong | first10 = B. H. | last11 = Cheng | first11 = V. C. | last12 = Tang | first12 = B. S. | last13 = Wu | first13 = A. K. | last14 = Yung | first14 = R. W. | last15 = Chen | first15 = H. | last16 = Guan | first16 = Y. | last17 = Chan | first17 = K. H. | last18 = Yuen | first18 = K. Y. | title = Clinical and molecular epidemiological features of coronavirus HKU1-associated community-acquired pneumonia | journal = The Journal of Infectious Diseases | volume = 192 | issue = 11 | pages = 1898–2707 | doi = 10.1086/497151 | pmc = 7110183 }}

HCoV-229E is one of the seven human coronaviruses which include HCoV-NL63, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1,

MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV-1, and SARS-CoV-2 and are globally distributed.Fields, B. N., D. M. Knipe, and P. M. Howley (ed.). 1996. Fields virology, 3rd ed. Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, PA.{{cite journal | pmid = 16911043 | year = 2006 | last1 = Van Der Hoek | first1 = L. | last2 = Pyrc | first2 = K. | last3 = Berkhout | first3 = B. | title = Human coronavirus NL63, a new respiratory virus | journal = FEMS Microbiology Reviews | volume = 30 | issue = 5 | pages = 760–773 | doi = 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2006.00032.x | pmc = 7109777 }} However, the viruses were detected in different parts of the world at different times of the year.{{cite journal | pmid = 16704837 | year = 2006 | last1 = Esper | first1 = F. | last2 = Weibel | first2 = C. | last3 = Ferguson | first3 = D. | last4 = Landry | first4 = M. L. | last5 = Kahn | first5 = J. S. | title = Coronavirus HKU1 infection in the United States | journal = Emerging Infectious Diseases | volume = 12 | issue = 5 | pages = 775–779 | doi = 10.3201/eid1205.051316 | pmc = 3374449 }}{{cite journal | pmid = 17222582 | year = 2007 | last1 = Gerna | first1 = G. | last2 = Percivalle | first2 = E. | last3 = Sarasini | first3 = A. | last4 = Campanini | first4 = G. | last5 = Piralla | first5 = A. | last6 = Rovida | first6 = F. | last7 = Genini | first7 = E. | last8 = Marchi | first8 = A. | last9 = Baldanti | first9 = F. | title = Human respiratory coronavirus HKU1 versus other coronavirus infections in Italian hospitalised patients | journal = Journal of Clinical Virology | volume = 38 | issue = 3 | pages = 244–250 | doi = 10.1016/j.jcv.2006.12.008 | pmc = 7108341 }}{{cite journal | pmid = 5556222 | year = 1971 | last1 = Kaye | first1 = H. S. | last2 = Marsh | first2 = H. B. | last3 = Dowdle | first3 = W. R. | title = Seroepidemiologic survey of coronavirus (Strain OC 43) related infections in a children's population | journal = American Journal of Epidemiology | volume = 94 | issue = 1 | pages = 43–49 | doi = 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a121293 | pmc = 7109649 }} A NCBI-study found a previous HCoV-229E infection in 42.9% – 50.0% of children of 6–12 months of age and in 65% of those 2.5–3.5 years of age.{{cite journal | pmid = 20113545 | year = 2010 | last1 = Principi | first1 = N. | last2 = Bosis | first2 = S. | last3 = Esposito | first3 = S. | title = Effects of coronavirus infections in children | journal = Emerging Infectious Diseases | volume = 16 | issue = 2 | pages = 183–188 | doi = 10.3201/eid1602.090469 | pmc = 2957994 }}

HCoV-229E is one of seven known coronaviruses to infect humans. The other six are:{{cite web |last1=Leung |first1=Daniel |title=Coronaviruses (including SARS) |url=https://www.infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com/home/decision-support-in-medicine/infectious-diseases/coronaviruses-including-sars/ |website=Infectious Disease Advisor |date=20 January 2019 |publisher=Decision Support in Medicine, LLC |access-date=1 August 2020 |archive-date=16 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416193956/https://www.infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com/home/decision-support-in-medicine/infectious-diseases/coronaviruses-including-sars/ |url-status=dead }}

• Human coronavirus NL63 (HCoV-NL63)
• Human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43)
• Human coronavirus HKU1 (HCoV-HKU1)
• Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (MERS-CoV)
• Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-1)
• Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)

{{missing information|section|alpaca virus relative, also derived from bat|date=October 2021}}

Chloroquine, a zinc ionophore, inhibits the replication of Human coronavirus 229E in cell culture.{{cite journal |last1=de Wilde |first1=Adriaan H. |last2=Jochmans |first2=Dirk |last3=Posthuma |first3=Clara C. |last4=Zevenhoven-Dobbe |first4=Jessika C. |last5=van Nieuwkoop |first5=Stefan |last6=Bestebroer |first6=Theo M. |last7=van den Hoogen |first7=Bernadette G. |last8=Neyts |first8=Johan |last9=Snijder |first9=Eric J. |title=Screening of an FDA-Approved Compound Library Identifies Four Small-Molecule Inhibitors of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Replication in Cell Culture |journal=Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy |date=August 2014 |volume=58 |issue=8 |pages=4875–4884 |doi=10.1128/AAC.03011-14|pmid=24841269 |pmc=4136071 |doi-access=free }}

Human HCoV-229E, and human HCoV-NL63, likely originated from bats.{{cite journal | pmid = 28077633 | year = 2017 | last1 = Tao | first1 = Y. | last2 = Shi | first2 = M. | last3 = Chommanard | first3 = C. | last4 = Queen | first4 = K. | last5 = Zhang | first5 = J. | last6 = Markotter | first6 = W. | last7 = Kuzmin | first7 = I. V. | last8 = Holmes | first8 = E. C. | last9 = Tong | first9 = S. | title = Surveillance of Bat Coronaviruses in Kenya Identifies Relatives of Human Coronaviruses NL63 and 229E and Their Recombination History | journal = Journal of Virology | volume = 91 | issue = 5 | doi = 10.1128/JVI.01953-16 | pmc = 5309958 }}

A researcher at the University of Chicago, Dorothy Hamre, first identified 229E in 1965.{{Cite web|title=The Secret History Of The First Coronavirus|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/alexknapp/2020/04/11/the-secret-history-of-the-first-coronavirus-229e/|last=Knapp|first=Alex|website=Forbes|language=en|access-date=2020-05-06}}{{Cite journal|last1=Hamre|first1=D.|last2=Procknow|first2=J. J.|date=1966-01-01|title=A New Virus Isolated from the Human Respiratory Tract.|url=http://ebm.sagepub.com/lookup/doi/10.3181/00379727-121-30734|journal=Experimental Biology and Medicine|language=en|volume=121|issue=1|pages=190–193|doi=10.3181/00379727-121-30734|pmid=4285768|s2cid=1314901|issn=1535-3702|url-access=subscription}}

In 2021 the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) approved a new system of naming viruses, by using binomial names.{{Cite web |title=Binomial nomenclature for virus species (continued) |url=https://gd.eppo.int/reporting/article-7659#:~:text=In%202021%2C%20the%20International%20Committee,is%20now%20called%20emaravirus%20rosae. |access-date=25 July 2024 |website=EPPO Global Database}} In 2024, the species that HCoV-229E is assigned to was renamed Alphacoronavirus chicagoense.{{cite web|title=History of the taxon: Species: Alphacoronavirus chicagoense (2024 Release, MSL #40)|url=https://ictv.global/taxonomy/taxondetails?taxnode_id=202401852&taxon_name=Alphacoronavirus%20chicagoense|publisher=International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses|access-date=4 April 2025}}

• Virulence
• Outbreak
• RNA virus
• Human coronavirus HKU1
• Positive/negative-sense

{{Reflist|2}}

{{Wikispecies}}

• [https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/about/ CDC]
• [http://virology-online.com/viruses/CORZA4.htm Virology online]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20070309144307/http://www-micro.msb.le.ac.uk/3035/Coronaviruses.html Coronaviruses]
• [http://viralzone.expasy.org/viralzone/all_by_species/766.html Viralzone: Alphacoronavirus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304112308/http://viralzone.expasy.org/viralzone/all_by_species/766.html |date=2016-03-04 }}
• [http://www.viprbrc.org/brc/home.do?decorator=corona Virus Pathogen Database and Analysis Resource (ViPR): Coronaviridae]

{{Human coronaviruses}}

{{Viral diseases}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q16983356}}

Category:Alphacoronaviruses

Category:Viral respiratory tract infections