Human rights in Singapore#FOE

{{main|Conscription in Singapore}}

Similar to countries such as South Korea, Switzerland and Taiwan, all male Singapore citizens and second-generation permanent residents (PR) who have reached the age of 18 are required (unless medically exempt) to undergo a two-year conscription known as National Service. Those who have gone AWOL (Desertion) can be fined or sentenced to jail if there are no valid reasons for doing so.{{cite news |date=12 February 2016 |title=NS evader jailed 1½ months; judge gives sentencing guidelines |url= http://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/courts-crime/ns-evader-jailed-112-months-judge-gives-sentencing-guidelines |newspaper=The Straits Times |location=Singapore}}

Male citizens who hold dual citizenships may renounce their Singapore citizenship only upon completion of their service,{{cite news |date=2 March 2016 |title=Singapore-born New Zealand teenager has to fulfil national service obligations: MFA |url= http://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/singapore-born-new-zealand-teenager-has-to-fulfil-national-service-obligations-mfa |newspaper=The Straits Times |location= Singapore}} unless they have citizenship of another country at age 11, and have announced to the Ministry of Defence of their intention to renounce their citizenships before the age of 11, and avoid all "socio-economic benefits of a Singapore citizenship" before their renunciation of Singaporean citizenship after attaining the age of majority.{{cite news |date=25 January 2016 |title=How to avoid serving NS if you hold dual citizenship |url= http://www.theindependent.sg/how-to-avoid-serving-ns-if-you-hold-dual-citizenship/ |newspaper=The Independent |location= Singapore}}{{Cite web |title=Guide to NS Issues |publisher= Singapore Expats |url=http://www.singaporeexpats.com/resources-in-singapore/articles/guide-to-ns.htm |website=www.singaporeexpats.com}} Second-generation permanent residents who renounce their PR status without serving NS will be blacklisted if they apply to return to Singapore to study or work in the future.{{Cite web |title=Must Permanent Residents (PRs) do National Service? |url= http://www.gov.sg/factually/content/must-permanent-residents-do-national-service |website=www.gov.sg}}

{{main|Caning in Singapore}}

{{See also|Michael P. Fay}}

Singapore employs corporal punishment in the form of caning for numerous criminal offences if committed by males under 50. This is a mandatory sentence for some offences such as rape and vandalism. Caning is never ordered on its own in Singapore, only in combination with imprisonment.

Caning can be enforced of at least three strokes, combined with a minimum of three months' imprisonment, for foreign workers and illegal immigrants who overstay by more than 3 months. The government argues that this is necessary to deter would-be immigration offenders, as Singapore remains an attractive destination for illegal immigrants. It feels that imprisonment alone is not a sufficient deterrent, and that long-term overstayers who are not able to work will pose social problems and may turn to crime.{{cite web |date=26 May 2008 |title=Written Answer to Parliament Question on Mandatory Caning of Foreign Workers Who Overstay |url=http://www.mha.gov.sg/news_details.aspx?nid=MTIzMQ%3D%3D-yqlR8v6x2x4%3D |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220170006/http://www.mha.gov.sg/news_details.aspx?nid=MTIzMQ%3D%3D-yqlR8v6x2x4%3D |archive-date=20 February 2014 |access-date=15 March 2014 |publisher=Singapore Ministry of Home Affairs |df=dmy-all}}

Corporal punishment may also be ordered for various sexual offences, rioting, the possession of weapons, violence of all kinds, illicit drug use, and vandalism of public property. Male members of the armed forces are liable to a less severe form of caning for breaches of military discipline.{{citation needed|date=December 2020}}

{{main|Capital punishment in Singapore}}

Singapore enforces the death penalty by hanging. It is mandatory for premeditated and aggravated murder and for the possession or trafficking of more than {{convert|14|g}} of heroin in its pure form (diamorphine).{{cite web |date=5 September 2013 |title=Singapore: Country Specific Information |url=https://travel.state.gov/content/passports/english/country/singapore.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150105144915/http://travel.state.gov/content/passports/english/country/singapore.html |archive-date=5 January 2015 |access-date=15 March 2014 |publisher=Department of State}} According to Amnesty International, some 400 criminals were hanged between 1991 and 2003, mostly for drug offenses and murder.{{cite web |date=n.d. |title=Singapore: The death penalty: A hidden toll of executions |url=http://www.amnestyusa.org/document.php?id=14C1E722FEE4F90E80256DFE0068898C&lang=e |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110503225911/http://www.amnestyusa.org/document.php?id=14C1E722FEE4F90E80256DFE0068898C&lang=e |archive-date=3 May 2011 |access-date=15 March 2014 |publisher=Amnesty International USA |df=dmy-all}}

The government argues that death penalty is meted out for the most serious crimes to curb the drug menace as Singapore is particularly vulnerable due to its small size and location near the Golden Triangle.{{cite press release |title=The Singapore Government's Response To Amnesty International's Report "Singapore – The Death Penalty: A Hidden Toll Of Executions" |date=30 January 2004 |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Singapore |url=http://www.mha.gov.sg/basic_content.aspx?pageid=74 |access-date=22 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100125195351/http://www.mha.gov.sg/basic_content.aspx?pageid=74 |archive-date=25 January 2010}}.

{{main|Internal Security Act (Singapore)}}

The Ministry of Home Affairs Internal Security Department enforces the country's Internal Security Act, which has the stated intent of countering potential espionage, international terrorism, threats to racial and religious harmony, and subversion.

The ISA permits indefinite detention without formal charges or recourse to trial, and has historically been used to imprison political opponents of the People's Action Party during Operation Coldstore and Operation Spectrum.{{cite news |title=Plea to free political detainee Chia Thye Poh |url= http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19850714-1.2.20.14 |newspaper=The Straits Times |location= Singapore |date=14 July 1985}} In the 2000s during the height of Islamic terrorism, 36 men were being held under the ISA, including members of the militant group Jemaah Islamiyah.{{cite web|url=http://web.amnesty.org/report2005/sgp-summary-eng |title=Amnesty International Report 2005: Singapore |publisher=Amnesty International |year=2005 |access-date=15 March 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080604195731/http://www.web.amnesty.org/report2005/sgp-summary-eng |archive-date=4 June 2008 }}

Internment without trial under the Criminal Law (Temporary Provisions) Act has been used to deal with espionage, terrorism, organised crime, and narcotics.{{Cite news |last=Sim |first=Walter |date=14 November 2013 |title=Detention without trial extended for 5 more years |url=http://www.asiaone.com/singapore/detention-without-trial-extended-5-more-years |access-date=22 August 2017 |work=AsiaOne |location=Singapore}}

{{anchor | FOE}}

Although the right to freedom of speech and association is guaranteed by Article 14(1) of the Constitution of Singapore, the People's Action Party government has been accused of restricting freedom of speech and limiting other civil and political rights, especially during the 20th century.{{cite news |date=9 March 2017 |title=The government of Singapore says it welcomes criticism, but its critics still suffer |url=https://www.economist.com/news/asia/21718571-three-protesters-get-stiff-penalties-disturbing-public-order-government-singapore-says-it |newspaper=The Economist |location=London}} Politics of Singapore is also marred with the dynastic politics, gerrymandering of political constituencies, and nepotism in Singapore politics.

The only place in Singapore where outdoor public assemblies do not require police permits for citizens is at the Speakers' Corner, similar to Hyde Park, London. However, foreigners still require a permit to speak at the park, and one must still register personal details with the National Parks Board before speaking or protesting at the Speakers' corner. There are also many surveillance cameras in the park, a situation that some Singaporeans and Singaporean MPs have commented on.{{cite news |date=25 August 2008 |title=Singaporeans can demonstrate at Speakers' Corner from Sep 1 |url=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/371502/1/.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907035711/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/371502/1/.html |archive-date=7 September 2008 |access-date=30 July 2012 |work=Channel News Asia |location=Singapore}}{{cite news |date=25 July 2008 |title=CCTV installed at Speakers' Corner |url=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/444612/1/.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817122042/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/444612/1/.html |archive-date=17 August 2017 |access-date=30 July 2012 |work=Channel News Asia |location=Singapore}}

According to Amnesty International, laws that had limited freedom of expression and assembly, and to stifle critics and activists, had been somewhat relaxed in 2010, with government critics and human rights defenders being able to hold public gatherings without much interference. Nonetheless, lawsuits were taken out by the authorities against dissidents. {{cite web |title=Amnesty International Report 2010 |url=http://report2010.amnesty.org/sites/default/files/AIR2010_AZ_EN.pdf#page=233 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20140329014910/http://report2010.amnesty.org/sites/default/files/AIR2010_AZ_EN.pdf#page=233 |archive-date=29 March 2014 |access-date=15 March 2014 |publisher=Amnesty International |pages=233}}

Censorship of content deemed by the state to be political and racially or religiously-sensitive occurs, and is imposed formally through stringent media regulations and informally through OB markers placed upon local journalists as well as the provision and withdrawal of public arts funding.{{Cite web |date=12 August 2016 |title=Singapore contempt of court bill seen suppressing freedom of speech |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-singapore-rights-idUSKCN10N0NA |via=www.reuters.com}}{{cite news |last1=Harmon |first1=Steph |date=9 September 2017 |title=Art v government at Singapore festival: 'I fear once I leave, they will punish me' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/sep/09/art-v-government-at-singapore-festival-i-fear-once-i-leave-they-will-punish-me |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London}}{{cite book |last1=George |first1=Cherian |title=Contentious journalism and the Internet |date=2006 |publisher=Singapore University Press |isbn=9789971693251 |pages=43–47}} Government pressure to conform has resulted in the practice of self-censorship by journalists.{{cite web |date=May 2005 |title=the Singapore profile, the Library of Congress Country Studies project |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Singapore.pdf |access-date=15 March 2014 |publisher=Library of Congress |location=Washington DC}}{{cite web |date=5 September 2017 |title=Singapore profile |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-15966553 |website=BBC News}}

{{main|Sedition Act (Singapore)}}

The Sedition Act prohibits seditious acts and speech; and the printing, publication, sale, distribution, reproduction and importation of seditious publications.{{citation needed|date=December 2020}}

In addition to punishing actions that tend to undermine the administration of government, the Act also criminalizes actions which promote feelings of ill-will or hostility between different races or classes of the population.{{clarification needed|date=February 2021}}

Under the Public Order Act 2009, a police permit is required to hold large public processions or outdoor assemblies legally.{{cite news |url=http://in.reuters.com/article/2009/01/17/idINIndia-37501620090117 |title=Singapore to toughen protest laws ahead of APEC meet |work=Reuters |date=17 January 2009 |access-date=30 July 2012 |archive-date=4 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151104222414/http://in.reuters.com/article/2009/01/17/idINIndia-37501620090117 |url-status=dead }} However, indoor assemblies could be held freely without the need to apply for police permits.{{cite press release |url= http://www.ifex.org/singapore/2011/10/17/see_harassed/ |title=Activist filmmaker under investigation for organising event |publisher=International Freedom of Expression Exchange |date=17 October 2011}}

As of October 2017, all event organisers are required to notify the police if they expect more than 5,000 attendees for public events or 10,000 at any one time for private assemblies.{{cite news|title=New rules for event organisers to kick in Oct 1|publisher=Channel NewsAsia|date=27 September 2017}} The Commissioner of Police may refuse a permit for public assembly or procession if it is deemed to be directed towards a political or religious end, or is organised by or involving non-Singapore entities and citizens, due to the risk of foreign interference.{{cite news|title=Singapore to block foreigners from promoting political causes locally|url=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/singapore-to-block-foreigners-from-promoting-political-causes-lo-8712130|publisher=Channel NewsAsia|access-date=13 October 2017|archive-date=12 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112014248/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/singapore-to-block-foreigners-from-promoting-political-causes-lo-8712130|url-status=dead}}

Police permits are not granted to events that are deemed to have a "significant risk of public disorder" and those that could "incite feelings of hostility between different racial and religious groups" in Singapore. Authorities have justified refusing permits on the grounds that racial riots have previously occurred in the country, most notably the 1964 and 1969 race riots.{{cite news |date=13 February 2015 |title=Police reject activist Gilbert Goh's application for Speakers' Corner permit |url=http://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/police-reject-activist-gilbert-gohs-application-for-speakers-corner-permit |newspaper=The Straits Times |location=Singapore}}

{{main|Offence of scandalizing the court in Singapore}}

The offence of scandalizing the court is committed when a person brings a court or a judge into contempt, or to lower authority. Allegations of bias, lack of impartiality, impropriety or any wrongdoing concerning a judge in the exercise of his judicial function falls within the offence.{{citation needed|date=February 2024}}

The Act requires the chief editor or the proprietor of a newspaper to obtain a permit from the relevant Minister in order to print or publish a newspaper in Singapore.{{citation needed|date=February 2024}} Section 10 of the Act gives the Minister the power to appoint the management shareholders of all newspaper companies and to control any transfers of such management shares.{{Cite web |title=Newspaper and Printing Presses Act - Singapore Statutes Online |url=https://sso.agc.gov.sg:5443/Act-Rev/NPPA1974/Published/20021231?DocDate=19910301 |access-date=2023-06-14 |website=sso.agc.gov.sg |language=en}} It also gives the management shareholders a minimum 66% majority in any votes regarding staffing decisions.

{{main|LGBT rights in Singapore}}

Singaporean law dating from 1938 until 2023 (Penal Code, s. 377A) banned sexual relations between men, but no prosecutions for private sexual activity have taken place since 1999. Since a May 2009 rally at Speaker's Corner at Hong Lim Park, gay-rights supporters have participated in the annual Pink Dot SG rally at Speaker's Corner, without government interference.HRW 2010 pages 343–346 The 2009 event was deemed significant enough to be included in the US Department of State's human rights reports for 2009.{{cite web |url= https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/eap/136008.htm |title=Human Rights Reports for 2009: Singapore |publisher=US Department of State |date=11 March 2010 |accessdate=5 January 2019}} On 21 August 2022, Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong announced during the annual National Day Rally that the government intended to repeal Section 377A, effectively ending criminalisation both de facto and de jure.{{Cite news |title=NDR 2022: Govt to repeal Section 377A, amend Constitution to protect marriage definition from legal challenges |url= https://www.todayonline.com/singapore/ndr-2022-section-377a-repeal-constitution-1974206 |date=21 August 2022 |work=Today |first=Justin |last=Ong |location= Singapore}}{{Cite news |title=NDR 2022: Govt will repeal Section 377A, decriminalise sex between men |work=The Straits Times |location= Singapore |url= https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/politics/ndr-2022-govt-will-repeal-section-377a-decriminalise-sex-between-men |author=Tham Yuen-C |date=22 August 2022 }} On 29 November 2022, the Parliament of Singapore passed a bill to repeal Section 377A.{{Cite news |last=Goh |first=Yan Han |date=29 November 2022 |title=Parliament repeals Section 377A, endorses amendments protecting definition of marriage |work=The Straits Times |location=Singapore |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/politics/parliament-repeals-section-377a-endorses-amendments-protecting-marriage-definition |access-date=3 December 2022}} The bill was assented by President Halimah Yacob on 27 December 2022 and gazetted on 3 January 2023, thus Section 377A was struck off the books.{{Cite web |last=Goh |first=Yan Han |date=2023-01-03 |title=S377A officially repealed after President Halimah gives assent to Bill {{!}} The Straits Times |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/s377a-officially-repealed-as-president-assents-to-changes-to-legislation |access-date=2023-01-03 |website=www.straitstimes.com |language=en}}{{cite web |date=3 January 2023 |title=Penal Code (Amendment) Act 2022 |url=https://sso.agc.gov.sg//Acts-Supp/39-2022/Published/20230103?DocDate=20230103 |access-date=8 January 2023 |website=Singapore Statutes Online}}

Singapore provides basic protection for foreign domestic workers, such as a standard number of working hours and rest days. Foreign workers can also report their employers to the Ministry of Manpower in the case of mistreatment, and employers have been fined or even jailed when found guilty of such acts.{{cite web|url=http://thereport.amnesty.org/sites/report2009.amnesty.org/files/documents/air09-en.pdf |title=Amnesty International Report 2009, the State of the World's Human Rights |publisher=Amnesty International |access-date=15 March 2014 |pages=289–290 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090805013030/http://thereport.amnesty.org/sites/report2009.amnesty.org/files/documents/air09-en.pdf |archive-date=5 August 2009 }}

Previously, the recruitment fees of domestic workers can be up to 40% of the workers salary in a two-year contract. In 2020, the Singapore government announced that a law will be legislated that will pass the cost of placement fee to employers, as a way for the country to reduce its reliance on domestic workers.{{cite web |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/consumer/employers-to-pay-up-to-3k-more-for-new-maids-from-indonesia|title=Employers to pay up to $3k more for new maids |last=Devaraj |first=Samuel |date=18 December 2020 |website=straitstimes.com |publisher=The Straits Times |access-date=27 December 2020 |quote="A Ministry of Manpower (MOM) spokesman told The New Paper it has received feedback from employment agencies here that the Indonesian authorities are enforcing a "zero placement fee policy" from Jan 1 next year. The ruling means employers must now pay this fee to enable new Indonesian FDWs to come to Singapore debt-free."}}

When the Singapore constitution was written, it did not include a right to privacy and the subsequent data protection act does not protect citizens from government-sanctioned surveillance.{{Cite web |title=The Right to Privacy in Singapore |url=https://www.privacyinternational.org/sites/default/files/Singapore_UPR_PI_submission_FINAL.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702183328/https://www.privacyinternational.org/sites/default/files/Singapore_UPR_PI_submission_FINAL.pdf |archive-date=2 July 2015 |website=Privacy International}} The government does not need prior judicial authorisation to conduct any surveillance interception, and documents that restrict what officials can do with personal data are classified.{{Cite news |date=3 August 2015 |title=Singapore is using spyware, and its citizens can't complain |url=https://www.digitalnewsasia.com/digital-economy/singapore-is-using-spyware-and-its-citizens-cant-complain |access-date=22 August 2017 |work=Digital News Asia |language=en}}{{cite news |last1=Meyers |first1=Jessica |date=28 August 2017 |title=Singapore has an idea to transform city life — but there may be a privacy cost |url=https://www.latimes.com/world/asia/la-fg-singapore-smart-nation-2017-story.html |newspaper=Los Angeles Times}} In a U.S State Department report in 2015, it is believed that law enforcement and government agencies have extensive networks for gathering information and conducting surveillance. A majority of Singaporeans are widely aware that authorities track telephone conversations and the use of the internet of civilians, and indirect routine checks are done on some government critics.{{Cite web |year=2016 |title=Singapore 2015 Human Rights Report |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/253009.pdf |publisher=US State Department |page=8}}

The Singapore Info-communications Media Development Authority was listed as a customer of spyware maker Hacking Team in a data leak. The group is alleged to have used spyware to analyse the digital footprint of its intended audience.{{Cite news |date=6 August 2015 |title=Singaporean and Malaysian Governments Accused of Using Spyware for Digital Surveillance of Citizens |url=https://www.ifsecglobal.com/the-singapore-and-malaysia-government-connection-with-hacking-team-exposed-both-countries-using-spyware-for-digital-surveillance/ |access-date=22 August 2017 |work=IFSEC Global {{!}} Security and Fire News and Resources}}{{better source needed|date=December 2020}}

The Ministry of Defence claims that the threshold for surveillance is higher in Singapore and that the majority of citizens have accepted the "surveillance situation" as necessary for deterring terrorism and "self-radicalisation." Singaporeans are said to have accepted the social contract between residents and their government, and expect to "surrender certain civil liberties and individual freedoms in exchange for fundamental guarantees: security, education, wealth, safety, affordable housing, and health care."{{Cite news |date=29 July 2014 |title=The Social Laboratory |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2014/07/29/the-social-laboratory/ |access-date=22 August 2017 |work=Foreign Policy |location=Washington DC}} With the push for the Smart Nation initiative to collate and analyse big data from all aspects of urban life for decision-making, it is unclear how individual rights to privacy will continue to be upheld.{{Cite news |title=Seeking Privacy in a City of Sensors |url=https://www.citylab.com/life/2017/04/singapore-city-of-sensors/523392/ |access-date=22 August 2017 |work=CityLab}}{{Cite web |title=Tech in Asia - Connecting Asia's startup ecosystem |url=https://www.techinasia.com/singapore-advanced-surveillance-state-citizens-mind |access-date=22 August 2017 |website=www.techinasia.com}}{{Cite news |last1=Watts |first1=Jake Maxwell |last2=Purnell |first2=Newley |date=25 April 2016 |title=Singapore Is Taking the 'Smart City' to a Whole New Level |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/singapore-is-taking-the-smart-city-to-a-whole-new-level-1461550026 |access-date=22 August 2017 |work=The Wall Street Journal |location=New York}}

In November 2017, it was announced that the government would introduce legislation in 2018 to mandate all private doctors to submit patient information for the centralised national healthcare database named National Electronic Health Records System (NEHR).{{cite news |last1=Lai |first1=Linette |date=8 November 2017 |title=All healthcare practices roped into plan to put patients' medical history in electronic database |url=http://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/health/all-practices-roped-into-plan-to-put-residents-medical-history-in-electronic |work=The Straits Times |location=Singapore}} Patients can request for their health records to be made inaccessible to physicians and healthcare workers, but the records will still be added and updated to the electronic system. While the authorities have asserted that only relevant healthcare workers will have access to the patients' data,{{cite news |date=8 November 2017 |title=National electronic patient database soon to be mandatory for healthcare providers |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/national-electronic-health-record-mandatory-clinics-9385666 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711124631/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/national-electronic-health-record-mandatory-clinics-9385666 |archive-date=11 July 2019 |access-date=22 December 2017 |work=Channel NewsAsia |location=Singapore}} it was noted that there have been cases of illegal access of patients' records from outside Singapore even with the privacy safeguards in place.{{cite news |date=8 November 2017 |title=Doctors seek assurances on patient privacy and IT security |url=http://www.todayonline.com/singapore/doctors-seek-assurances-patient-privacy-and-it-security |work=Today |location=Singapore}}

{{main|Human trafficking in Singapore}}

As of 2020, the U.S–based Trafficking in Persons report listed Singapore on Tier 1, which states that the Singapore government has fully complied with the TVPA's minimum standards, making it a non-issue.{{cite news | url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/inaccuracies-in-annual-us-trafficking-report-singapore | title=Inaccuracies in annual US trafficking in persons report: Singapore | newspaper=The Straits Times | date=24 July 2019 | access-date=16 July 2020}}{{cite web | url=https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/2020-TIP-Report-Complete-062420-FINAL.pdf | title=TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS REPORT 20TH EDITION | access-date=16 July 2020 | pages=441}}

According to Amnesty International, Singapore has signed the following international agreements relating to human rights:{{cite web|url=http://thereport.amnesty.org/sites/report2009.amnesty.org/files/documents/air09-en.pdf |title=Amnesty International Report 2009, The State of the World's Human Rights |access-date=15 March 2014 |pages=380–381 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090805013030/http://thereport.amnesty.org/sites/report2009.amnesty.org/files/documents/air09-en.pdf |archive-date=5 August 2009 }}

• Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW)
• Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC)
• Optional Protocol to the CRC on the involvement of children in armed conflict in 2008
• International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
• International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR)

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