Hurricane Larry

{{Infobox weather event

| image = Larry 2021-09-05 1405Z.jpg

| caption = Hurricane Larry near peak intensity in the open Atlantic Ocean, on September 5

| formed = August 31, 2021

| extratropical = September 11, 2021

| dissipated = September 12, 2021

}}{{Infobox weather event/NWS

| winds = 110

| pressure = 953

}}{{Infobox weather event/Effects

| year = 2021

| fatalities = 5 total

| missing = 1

| damage = 61000000

| areas = Lesser Antilles, Bermuda, United States East Coast, Canada, Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Greenland

| ibtracs = 2021244N12339

| refs =

}}{{Infobox weather event/Footer

| season = 2021 Atlantic hurricane season

}}

Hurricane Larry was a strong and long-lived tropical cyclone that became the first hurricane to make landfall in Newfoundland since Igor in 2010. The twelfth named storm, fifth hurricane, and third major hurricane{{#tag:ref|Hurricanes reaching Category 3 ({{convert|111|mph|km/h|disp=or|sp=us}}) and higher on the five-level Saffir–Simpson wind speed scale are considered major hurricanes.{{cite web| title=Background Information: North Atlantic Hurricane Season| date=May 22, 2019| url=https://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/outlooks/Background.html| publisher=Climate Prediction Center| location=College Park, Maryland| access-date=February 22, 2025| archive-date=June 22, 2021| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210622233215/https://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/outlooks/Background.html| url-status=live}}|group="nb"}} of the 2021 Atlantic hurricane season, Larry originated from a tropical wave that emerged off the coast of Africa and organized into a tropical depression on August 31. The next day, the depression developed into a tropical storm, receiving the name Larry. The storm moved quickly across the far eastern tropical Atlantic, where it strengthened into a Category 1 hurricane the morning of September 2. Then, after undergoing a period of rapid intensification, Larry became a major Category 3 hurricane early on September 4. After churning for several days as a strong hurricane in the open ocean, and passing near Bermuda, Larry made landfall in Newfoundland on September 11, as a Category 1 hurricane, becoming an extratropical cyclone later that same day. On September 13, the storm was absorbed by a larger extratropical cyclone near Greenland.

Larry passed to the east of Bermuda as a Category 1 hurricane, causing minimal damage. Swells generated by Larry's powerful and expansive wind field killed three people offshore the East Coast of the United States, one off the coast of Puerto Rico, and another in the U.S. Virgin Islands. Another person went missing at sea south of Newfoundland when their stolen boat sailed directly into the storm. In Newfoundland, Larry caused over 60,000 power outages and damaged buildings. Its powerful extratropical remnants paralleled the eastern coast of Greenland on September 12, resulting in over {{convert|4|ft|m|abbr=on}} of snow and hurricane-force wind gusts across much of the interior of eastern Greenland. A report by Catastrophe Indices and Quantification Inc. (CATIQ) stated that Larry killed five people and caused an estimated CA$25 million (US$20 million) in insurance loss from damage.{{cite news|url=https://www.newswire.ca/news-releases/hurricane-larry-caused-25-million-in-insured-damage-877695760.html|title=Hurricane Larry caused $25 million in insured damage|work=Canada Newswire|date=October 27, 2021|access-date=October 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027134534/https://www.newswire.ca/news-releases/hurricane-larry-caused-25-million-in-insured-damage-877695760.html|archive-date=October 27, 2021|url-status=live}} According to Aon Benfield, total damage in Canada reached US$61 million.{{cite report|url=https://www.aon.com/getmedia/1b516e4d-c5fa-4086-9393-5e6afb0eeded/20220125-2021-weather-climate-catastrophe-insight.pdf.aspx|title=2021 Weather, Climate and Catastrophe Insight|date=January 25, 2022|publisher=Aon Benfield|access-date=January 25, 2022|url-status=live|archive-date=January 25, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125140845/https://www.aon.com/getmedia/1b516e4d-c5fa-4086-9393-5e6afb0eeded/20220125-2021-weather-climate-catastrophe-insight.pdf.aspx|format=pdf}}

Meteorological history

On August 27, the National Hurricane Center (NHC) was monitoring a tropical wave that was going to emerge off the coast of West Africa, giving it a 20% chance of formation for the next five days.{{Cite web|title=August 27 Graphical Outlook Archive|url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/xgtwo/gtwo_archive.php?current_issuance=202108272047&basin=atl&fdays=5|access-date=April 26, 2025|archive-url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/xgtwo_5day/gtwo_archive.php?basin=atl&fdays=5¤t_issuance=202108272047|archive-date=May 15, 2023|website=National Hurricane Center|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|url-status=dead}} The tropical wave exited Africa on August 30, associated with an area of low pressure moving generally westward. In the following 24 hours, deep convection began to quickly develop around the eastern portion of the low-pressure area. Due to this, the NHC designated the system as a tropical depression at 18:00 UTC on August 31, numbering it Twelve, while it was situated {{convert|280|nmi|mi km|round=10|order=out|abbr=off}} south-southeast of the Cape Verde Islands. Six hours later, the depression became a tropical storm, receiving the name Larry. The storm moved generally westward over the next few days, directly to the south of the edge of the subtropical ridge, steadily strengthening due to favorable conditions such as low wind shear, high moisture levels, and high sea surface temperatures. The storm underwent some strengthening on September 1, with a small inner-core forming that afternoon.{{Cite web|title=Tropical Storm LARRY Discussion Number 6|url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2021/al12/al122021.discus.006.shtml?|access-date=2021-09-11|website=www.nhc.noaa.gov}}

At 06:00 UTC on September 2, Larry developed a well-defined mid-level eye, and strengthened to winds of {{convert|65|kn|mph km/h|round=5|order=out|abbr=on}} with a pressure of 991 hPa (29.26 inHg), sufficient for the NHC to classify Larry as a hurricane.{{Cite web|title=Hurricane LARRY Advisory Number 7|url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2021/al12/al122021.public.007.shtml?|access-date=2021-09-11|website=www.nhc.noaa.gov}} Later on September 2, Larry, in the process of an eyewall replacement cycle, encountered wind shear and dry mid-level air, and its intensification paused briefly, disturbing the process. Larry quickly recovered from this, and early the next day it underwent a period of rapid intensification, the fourth hurricane of the season to do so, intensifying by {{convert|45|mph|abbr=on|round=5}} in a {{nowrap|24-hour}} period.{{cite web|last1=Masters|first1=Jeff|last2=Henson|first2=Bob|date=September 14, 2021|title=Nicholas brings debris, storm surge to Texas as Cat 1 hurricane|url=https://yaleclimateconnections.org/2021/09/nicholas-brings-debris-storm-surge-to-texas-as-cat-1-hurricane/|publisher=Yale Climate Connections|location=New Haven, Connecticut|access-date=September 15, 2021}} At 12:00 UTC, Larry developed a well-defined eye that was visible on satellite imagery, and at 00:00 UTC the next day, Larry became a Category 3 major hurricane. Six hours later, Larry reached its peak intensity of {{convert|110|kn|mph km/h|round=5|order=out|abbr=on}}, while located {{convert|1000|mi|km|round=10|order=out|abbr=on}} east of the Leeward Islands, then began to turn west-northwestward, slowing down under the influence of the subtropical ridge.

On the afternoon of September 4, Larry underwent another eyewall replacement cycle and decreased slightly in intensity, although remaining at Category 3 strength. By the morning of September 5, the storm had gained annular characteristics,{{Cite web|title=Hurricane LARRY|url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2021/al12/al122021.discus.018.shtml?|access-date=2021-09-12|website=www.nhc.noaa.gov}} specifically an eye that had doubled in size, from {{convert|20|mi|km|round=5|order=out|abbr=on}} in diameter to {{convert|50|mi|km|round=5|order=out|abbr=on}}. Overnight, Larry had also strengthened back to {{convert|110|kn|mph km/h|round=5|order=out|abbr=on}}, its second peak intensity, located {{convert|725|nmi|mi km|round=5|order=out|abbr=off}} east of the Leeward Islands. Early on September 6, Larry weakened again, while maintaining annular features. At 12:00 UTC on September 7, Larry weakened to {{convert|95|kn|mph km/h|round=5|order=out|abbr=on}}, becoming a Category 2 hurricane.{{Cite web|title=Hurricane LARRY|url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2021/al12/al122021.public.033.shtml?|access-date=2021-09-12|website=www.nhc.noaa.gov}}{{Cite web|title=Hurricane LARRY|url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2021/al12/al122021.discus.033.shtml?|access-date=2021-09-12|website=www.nhc.noaa.gov}} It had also reached the western edge of the subtropical ridge by then, and started moving more sharply to the north, over the central Atlantic. By September 8, Larry had grown to a large size; with a tropical-storm-force wind radius of {{convert|200|nmi|mi km|round=10|order=out|abbr=off}}. Larry would maintain Category 2 status until it got downgraded to a Category 1 hurricane on September 9,{{Cite web|title=Hurricane LARRY|url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2021/al12/al122021.public.036.shtml?|access-date=2021-09-12|website=www.nhc.noaa.gov}} with winds of {{convert|80|kn|mph km/h|round=5|order=out|abbr=on}}, due to slowly decreasing sea surface temperatures. Turning north-northwestward, late on 9 September, Larry reached its westernmost point {{convert|130|nmi|mi km|round=10|order=out|abbr=off}} east-northeast of Bermuda.

Early on September 10, Larry started moving north, and began to accelerate due to the presence of a mid-latitude trough. Increasing wind shear and decreasing sea surface temperatures caused Larry to weaken further, and at 12:00 UTC on September 10, it reached {{convert|70|kn|mph km/h|round=5|order=out|abbr=on}}. Then Larry turned to the north-northeast and its forward speed increased to {{convert|30|kn|mph km/h|round=5|order=out|abbr=on}} as it passed within {{convert|200|nmi|mi km|round=10|order=out|abbr=off}} of Nova Scotia.{{#tag:ref|The forward speed of a tropical cyclone is the speed at which it moves.|group="nb"}} By 00:00 UTC on September 11, Larry's speed had increased to {{convert|40|kn|mph km/h|round=5|order=out|abbr=on}} as it approached the southeastern coast of Newfoundland. At 03:30 UTC on September 11, the storm made landfall in Great Bona Cove, east of the Burin Peninsula on Newfoundland's south coast as a Category 1 hurricane with sustained winds of {{convert|80|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} and a minimum central pressure of {{convert|960|mbar|inHg}}.{{Cite web|title=Hurricane LARRY Tropical Cyclone Update|url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2021/al12/al122021.update.09110355.shtml?|access-date=2021-09-11|website=www.nhc.noaa.gov}} Once Larry made landfall, it further weakened to {{convert|65|kn|mph km/h|round=5|order=out|abbr=on}} at 06:00 UTC on September 11, while over Newfoundland. By 12:00 UTC, Larry had passed Newfoundland and transitioned into a large {{convert|60|kn|mph km/h|round=5|order=out|abbr=on}} extratropical cyclone {{convert|320|nmi|mi km|round=10|order=out|abbr=off}} north-northeast of St. John's, Newfoundland.{{Cite web|last=Blake|first=Eric|title=Hurricane Larry Discussion Number 43|url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2021/al12/al122021.discus.043.shtml?|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=September 11, 2021|access-date=September 11, 2021}} Extratropical Cyclone Larry weakened slightly before, at 00:00 UTC on September 12, it was absorbed by another extratropical cyclone moving east in the Labrador Sea, causing hurricane-force winds in Greenland.

Preparations and impact

= Bermuda =

File:Larry 2021-09-09 1650Z.jpg

At 15:00 UTC on September 7, the Bermuda Weather Service issued a tropical storm watch as tropical storm conditions were possible.{{cite report|title=Hurricane Larry Advisory Number 28|url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2021/al12/al122021.public.028.shtml?|author=Richard Pasch|publisher=National Hurricane Center |location=Miami, Florida|date=September 7, 2021|access-date=September 8, 2021}} The following day at 12:00 UTC, the watch was upgraded to a warning.{{cite report|title=Hurricane Larry Intermediate Advisory Number 31a|url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2021/al12/al122021.public_a.031.shtml?|author=Richard Pasch|publisher=National Hurricane Center |location=Miami, Florida|date=September 8, 2021|access-date=September 8, 2021}} At 00:00 UTC, September 9, the Bermuda Weather Service discontinued the warning.{{cite report|title=Hurricane Larry Intermediate Advisory Number 37A

|url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2021/al12/al122021.public_a.037.shtml?|author=Forecaster Papina|publisher=National Hurricane Center|location=Miami, Florida|date=September 9, 2021|access-date=September 11, 2021}} That same day, Larry brought tropical storm-force winds to the island, with sustained winds of {{convert|40|kn|km/h mph|order=out|abbr=on}} and gusts up to {{convert|46|kn|km/h mph|order=out|abbr=on}}, a minimum overland pressure of {{convert|1004|hPa|inHg|sigfig=4|abbr=on|comma=off}} and a storm surge of {{convert|0.67|ft|m|order=flip}} being recorded at Ferry Reach. No deaths were recorded, and overall damage was minimal, consisting only of storm surge to beaches{{cite web|url=https://www.weather.bm/climatereport/climateReport.asp|title=Troughs and fronts bring the weather, although tropicals remain a persistent concern|date=October 13, 2021|publisher=Bermuda Weather Service|access-date=May 1, 2025}} and one minor power outage due to fallen trees.{{cite web|url=https://belco.bm/hurricane-larry-09-09-21-updates/|title=Hurricane Larry Updates|date=September 10, 2021|work=Belco|access-date=April 28, 2025}}

= United States =

Although Larry remained far away from the United States and its territories, large swells from the hurricane reached the East Coast, as well as Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands. Rip currents killed a woman in Saint Croix on September 8 and a man in Puerto Rico on September 11.{{cite report|first=Daniel|last=Brown|title=Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Larry|date=December 16, 2021|url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL122021_Larry.pdf|publisher=National Hurricane Center|location=Miami, Florida|access-date=December 17, 2021}} In Florida, the National Weather Service issued a rip current warning for beach areas. In Cape Canaveral, a 69-year-old man drowned due to rip currents.{{cite news|title=Swimmers off Florida's coast encountering dangerous surf due to Hurricane Larry|last=Dukes|first=Amanda|url=https://www.wesh.com/article/dangerous-surf-central-florida-hurricane-larry/37530604|publisher=WESH|date=September 9, 2021|access-date=September 11, 2021}} On September 8, a 68-year-old man drowned offshore a beach in South Carolina.{{cite news|publisher=WMBF|date=September 9, 2021|access-date=September 12, 2021|title=Coroner identifies drowning victim in Cherry Grove as Pennsylvania man|url=https://www.wmbfnews.com/2021/09/09/horry-county-coroners-office-identifies-cherry-grove-drowning-victim/}} A 23-year-old man was caught in a rip current off the Virginia coast and died.

= Canada =

File:Larry 2021-09-11 0300Z GOESEast.png

Larry passed south of Nova Scotia on the way to Newfoundland/Labrador. On the evening of September 10, an emergency position-indicating radio beacon (EPIRB) from a yacht, Secret Plans, stolen earlier in the week in Halifax was activated more than {{convert|600|km|mi|abbr=on}} southeast of Halifax. Wind gusts of over {{convert|70|mph|kph|order=flip|abbr=on}} and seas of up to {{convert|50|ft|m|order=flip|abbr=on}} were reported in the area at the time. Resources were dispatched from the United States Coast Guard rescue co-ordination centre in Boston and the Joint Rescue Coordination Centre Halifax. Flares were seen but no trace was ever found of the vessel or the person believed to have been on board,{{cite news |last1=Frisko |first1=Bruce |title=Stolen Halifax sailboat appears to be victim of Hurricane Larry |url=https://atlantic.ctvnews.ca/stolen-halifax-sailboat-appears-to-be-victim-of-hurricane-larry-1.5583980 |access-date=16 May 2022}} an Antiguan man who had been arrested for smuggling cocaine into Canada via sailboat, and had recently escaped from custody and disappeared.{{cite news |title=Stolen Yacht Sent Distress Signal, Then Disappeared in Hurricane Larry |url=https://www.maritime-executive.com/article/stolen-yacht-sent-distress-signal-and-disappeared-in-hurricane-larry|publisher=The Maritime Executive|date=September 14, 2021|access-date=16 May 2022}} The search was called off on 12 September.{{cite web|url=https://oceannavigator.com/stolen-sailboat-sails-into-hurricane/|title=Stolen sailboat sails into hurricane|publisher=Ocean Navigator|date=16 September 2021|access-date=February 25, 2025}}

In Newfoundland, St. John's International Airport recorded sustained winds of {{convert|96|kph|mph|abbr=on}} and a gust of {{convert|145|kph|mph|abbr=on}} just after 05:30 UTC, while Cape St. Mary's Lighthouse reported a gust of {{convert|182|kph|mph|abbr=on}} before ceasing transmission. The waves reached heights of {{convert|3.6|m|ft|abbr=on}} in Argentia and the tide gauge showed a maximum water level about 150 centimeters higher than normal. The storm surge coincided with a high tide, exacerbating coastal flooding.{{cite news |last1=Smellie |first1=Sarah |title=Hurricane Larry wipes out power, trees and fishing wharves across Newfoundland |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/climate-and-environment/hurricane-larry-wipes-out-power-trees-and-fishing-wharves-across-newfoundland-1.5581460 |access-date=September 12, 2021 |work=CTV News |agency=The Canadian Press |date=September 11, 2021}} This caused the coastal town of Little Bay on the Burin Peninsula of Newfoundland's south coast to be evacuated. Due to Larry's fast movement, rainfall was less severe than expected. It rained from {{convert|25|to|35|mm|in|abbr=on}} in a very short time over southeastern Newfoundland,{{Cite tweet|author=Meteorological Service of Canada (NFLD) |author-link=Meteorological Service of Canada |user=ECCCWeatherNL |number=1436802043910529031|date=September 11, 2021 |title=Hurricane #Larry brought very strong winds, powerful storm surge and a period of intense rainfall to eastern Newfoundland. |access-date=September 11, 2021 |language=en |archive-url= |archive-date= }} with the highest recorded rain from Larry being {{convert|38|mm|in|abbr=on}} in Port Rexton.

In the eastern part of the province, Larry left 61,000 people without power.{{cite news|language=en |title=Hurricane Larry wallops eastern Newfoundland with strong winds, storm surge |work=CBC News |date=September 11, 2021 |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/hurricane-larry-aftermath-1.6172420 |access-date=September 11, 2021}} Trees were uprooted and branches were littered across the ground.{{cite news|language=en |title=Hurricane Larry wipes out power, trees in Newfoundland |work=ABC news |date=September 11, 2021 |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/hurricane-larry-wipes-power-trees-newfoundland-79958490

|access-date=September 12, 2021}} The Mary Queen of Peace Elementary School in St. John's was severely damaged due to high winds.{{cite news|title=Thousands without power across eastern Newfoundland as Hurricane Larry wreaks havoc|publisher=CBC News|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/hurricane-larry-nl-1.6170766|date=September 10, 2021|access-date=September 11, 2021}} The performance tent near Quidi Vidi Lake, set up for the Iceberg Alley concert festival, suffered significant damage, and a show scheduled for September 10 was cancelled in advance of Larry. Mayor Danny Breen confirmed that the hurricane caused a significant amount of damage around St. John's. The Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Transportation and Infrastructure asked motorists to avoid the area of Highway 90 in the southern Avalon Peninsula because a section was damaged. Numerous activities in the affected area and some flights at St. John's International Airport were canceled or postponed.{{cite news|language=en |title=Here's what's open, closed and affected due to Hurricane Larry |work=CBC News |date=September 11, 2021 |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/hurricane-larry-openings-closures-nl-1.6172468 |access-date=September 11, 2021}} St. Clare's Mercy Hospital lost power during the storm, leading them to temporarily stop visitations.{{cite news |last1=Lucero II |first1=Louis |last2=Medina |first2=Eduardo |last3=Mele |first3=Christopher |last4=Paybarah |first4=Azi |last5=Stanford |first5=Chris |last6=Paz |first6=Isabella Grullón |last7=Taylor |first7=Derrick Tyson |title=Hurricane Larry to Bring Heavy Snow to Greenland |url=https://www.nytimes.com/article/tropical-storm-larry-hurricane.html |access-date=September 12, 2021 |work=The New York Times |date=September 11, 2021}} Advance polls for the 2021 Canadian federal election were suspended in parts of St. John's.{{cite news |title=Some advance polls closed in N.L. after Hurricane Larry rips through coast |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/8183231/election-canada-2021-advance-polls-hurricane-larry/ |access-date=September 12, 2021 |work=Global News |agency=The Canadian Press |date=September 11, 2021}}

In Lord's Cove, near Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon, damage was caused to the infrastructure, including to the wharf, the seawall, and the causeway.{{cite news|language=fr |author1=Alice Girard-Bossé |title=L'ouragan Larry provoque des pannes et des dégâts |work=La Presse |date=September 11, 2021 |url=https://www.lapresse.ca/actualites/national/2021-09-11/terre-neuve/l-ouragan-larry-provoque-des-pannes-et-des-degats.php |access-date=September 11, 2021}} At North Harbour, a kilometre-long stretch of the main road was washed out by large waves and storm surge.{{cite news |last1=Mooney |first1=Kyle |title='The road's got to be done': Larry pushes storm-ravaged town to the brink |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/hurricane-larry-north-harbour-route-92-destruction-1.6173565 |access-date=September 18, 2021 |work=CBC News |date=September 13, 2021}} Over 90,000 salmon at an aquaculture facility off the south coast of Newfoundland died after concentrations of dissolved oxygen fell significantly while Larry passed over the area.{{cite news |title=Aquaculture critic presses for answers after another salmon die-off |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/aquaculture-salmon-the-gorge-newfoundland-south-coast-1.6178769 |access-date=September 18, 2021 |work=CBC News |date=September 17, 2021}} A report by the Catastrophe Indices and Quantification (CATIQ) stated that the insurance loss was about CA$25 million (US$20 million).

= Greenland =

In Greenland, ex-Larry was one of the few storms from the remnants of a tropical cyclone to pass so far north. It caused up to {{convert|4|ft|cm|abbr=in|order=flip}} of snow with some places along the coast receiving a rainfall equivalent. On September 12, gusts of {{convert|161|kph|mph|abbr=on}} were reported at Kulusuk airport, near the southeast coast of the island. In Tasiilaq, sustained winds reached {{convert|89|kph|mph|abbr=on}} and gusts of over {{convert|145|kph|mph|abbr=on}}. Wind and snow caused a blizzard at Summit Camp, a weather station located on the ice sheet over {{convert|3200|m|ft|abbr=on}} above sea level.{{cite news|language=en |author1=Becky Sullivan |title=Greenland Pummeled By Snow One Month After Its Summit Saw Rain For The First Time |work=National Public Radio |date=September 12, 2021 |url=https://www.npr.org/2021/09/12/1036452138/greenland-pummeled-by-snow-one-month-after-its-summit-saw-rain-for-the-first-tim |access-date=September 12, 2021}}{{Cite web |last1=Hansen |first1=Kathryn |last2=Observatory |first2=NASA Earth |date=2021-09-16 |title=Unusual Snowfall in Greenland – "A Dramatic End to a Season of Extreme Events" |url=https://scitechdaily.com/unusual-snowfall-in-greenland-a-dramatic-end-to-a-season-of-extreme-events/ |access-date=2024-08-12 |website=SciTechDaily |language=en-US}}