Hwange National Park

{{Infobox protected area

| name = Hwange National Park

| iucn_category = II

| photo = Down the water hole.jpg

| photo_caption = African bush elephants in a waterhole of the park

| map_image = Hwange National Park location.png

| map_caption = The park (in red) on a map of Africa with Zimbabwe highlighted

| location = Matabeleland North, Zimbabwe

| nearest_city = Hwange

| coordinates = {{coord|18.735|S|26.955|E|format=dms|display=inline, title}}

| area_km2 = 14651

| area_ref =

| established = 1928 as a Game Reserve{{cite book|author1=G. Child |author2=B. Reese |title=Wankie National Park|year=1977|publisher=National Parks and Wildlife Management of Rhodesia}} (1961 as a National Park)National Parks and Nature Reserves of Zimbabwe, [http://www.nationalparks-worldwide.info/zimbabwe.htm World Institute for Conservation and Environment] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120416010459/http://www.nationalparks-worldwide.info/zimbabwe.htm |date=16 April 2012 }}.

| visitation_num =

| visitation_year =

| governing_body =Zimbabwe Parks and Wildlife Management Authority

}}

Hwange National Park (formerly Wankie Game Reserve) is the largest natural reserve in Zimbabwe. It is around 14,600 sq km in area. It lies in the northwest of the country, just off the main road between Bulawayo and Victoria Falls. The nearest town is Dete.

History

Hwange National Park was founded in 1928.

It is considered for inclusion in the five-nation Kavango - Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area.{{Cite web |title=Hwange National Park |url=https://www.venture-to-zimbabwe.com/hwange.html |access-date=2022-06-22 |website=Venture To Zimbabwe |language=en}}

=Poaching incidents=

In 2011, nine elephants, five lions and two buffaloes were killed by poachers.{{citation needed|date=July 2021}}

In October 2013 it was discovered that poachers killed a large number of African elephants with cyanide after poisoning their waterhole. Conservationists have claimed the incident to be the largest illegal killing of animals in Southern Africa in 25 years.{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-23991510|title=Zimbabwe elephants poisoned by poachers in Hwange|work=BBC News|date=6 September 2013|access-date=25 September 2013}}[https://www.scmp.com/news/world/article/1868867/death-cyanide-poachers-kill-40-elephants-zimbabwe-china-drives-ivory Death by cyanide: poachers kill 40 elephants in Zimbabwe as China drives ivory demand]{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/zimbabwe/10390634/Poachers-kill-300-Zimbabwe-elephants-with-cyanide.html |title= Poachers kill 300 Zimbabwe elephants with cyanide |publisher=Telegraph.co.uk |access-date=27 November 2013}}{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-24234927|title=Zimbabwe elephants poisoned by cyanide|work=BBC News|date=24 September 2013|access-date=25 September 2013}} Two aerial surveys were carried to determine the extent of the deaths, and 19 carcasses were identified in the first survey{{cite report|title=Report on Hwange Elephant Poisoning|author=Colin Gillies|publisher=Matabeleland Branch, Wildlife and Environment Zimbabwe|date=November 2013}} and a further 84 carcasses in the second survey.{{cite report|title=2nd Report Hwange Elephant Poisoning|author=Colin Gillies|publisher=Matabeleland Branch, Wildlife and Environment Zimbabwe|date=November 2013}}[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-23991510 Zimbabwe elephants poisoned by poachers in Hwange][https://www.scmp.com/news/world/article/1868867/death-cyanide-poachers-kill-40-elephants-zimbabwe-china-drives-ivory] Three of the poachers were caught, arrested, tried, convicted and sentenced. All royal game and elephant poaching offences now have a mandatory 9-year sentence and the supply chain is also targeted.

=Cecil and Xanda hunting incidents=

On or about 1 July 2015, Cecil, a lion who had lived on Hwange National Park for 13 years, was killed.{{cite web|url=https://uk.news.yahoo.com/zimbabwe-hunter-loses-bid-cecil-case-dropped-131916796.html#Hwo4X4M|title=Zimbabwe hunter loses bid to have Cecil case dropped|date=20 October 2015|work=Yahoo! News}} This action spurred widespread social media coverage{{cite news|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2015/07/29/cecil-the-lions-death-prompts-social-media-outcry|title=Cecil the Lion's Death Prompts Social Media Outcry - US News|work=U.S. News & World Report|access-date=30 July 2015}} and a petition calling for Zimbabwe's president Robert Mugabe to outlaw big game hunting permits.{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-33694075|title=How the internet descended on the man who killed Cecil the lion - BBC News|work=BBC Online|access-date=30 July 2015}} Walter Palmer, the admitted killer of Cecil, had a permit and was not charged with any crime, as all his papers were in order.{{Cite web|url=https://news.yahoo.com/zimbabwe-says-not-charge-u-dentist-killing-cecil-133842381.html|title = Zimbabwe will not charge U.S. Dentist for killing Cecil the lion| date=12 October 2015 }} Authorities in Zimbabwe have said he is free to visit the country. Charges were initially laid against Theo Bronkhorst, Palmer's guide, for "failing to stop an illegal hunt" but these were later thrown out of court.{{cite news|last1=Bale|first1=Rachael|title=Cecil the Lion: Charges Dropped Against Professional Hunter|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/11/wildlife-watch-cecil-lion-hunter-charges-dropped/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112130742/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/11/wildlife-watch-cecil-lion-hunter-charges-dropped/|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 November 2016|access-date=5 May 2017|work=National Geographic|date=11 November 2016}}

Two years after Cecil's killing, his son Xanda met a similar fate. Unlike that of his father, Xanda's killing was not termed illegal, though it did provoke outrage.{{cite news |title=Xanda, son of Cecil the lion, killed by hunter in Zimbabwe |publisher=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-40671590 |date=2017-07-20 |access-date=2017-07-20}}{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/animalia/wp/2017/07/20/cecil-the-lions-son-shot-dead-by-trophy-hunter-officials-say/ |title=Cecil the lion's son has 'met the same fate' — killed in a trophy hunt in Zimbabwe, reports say |newspaper=Washington Post |author1=Bever, L. |author2=Brulliard, K. |date=20 July 2017 |access-date=20 July 2017}}{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/jul/20/son-of-cecil-the-lion-killed-by-trophy-hunter |title=Son of Cecil the lion killed by trophy hunter |work=The Guardian |author=Damian Carrington |date=20 July 2017 |access-date=20 July 2017}}

Biodiversity

=Flora=

Image:Wetland-hwange.jpg

The park is close to the edge of the Kalahari desert, a region with little water and very sparse, xerophile vegetation. The Kalahari woodland is dominated by Zambezi Teak, Sand Camwood (Baphia) and Kalahari bauhinia.{{cite web|author1=M.A. Hyde |author2=B.T. Wursten |author3=P. Ballings |year=2010|title=Flora of Zimbabwe: Outing no. 6: Visit to Hwange National Park and Bulawayo|url=http://www.zimbabweflora.co.zw/speciesdata/outing-display.php?outing_id=6|access-date=27 January 2012}} Seasonal wetlands form grasslands in this area.

The north and north-west of the park are dominated by mopane woodland.

Although it has been argued that elephant populations cause change in vegetation structure,{{cite journal|doi=10.1890/05-1990 |url=http://holdolab.biology.missouri.edu/Ecol_Appl_2007.pdf |title=Elephants, Fire, and Frost Can Determine Community Structure and Composition in Kalahari Woodlands |year=2007 |last1=Holdo |first1=R.M. |journal=Ecological Applications |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=558–68 |pmid=17489259 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100627200029/http://holdolab.biology.missouri.edu/Ecol_Appl_2007.pdf |archive-date=27 June 2010 |df=dmy-all }}{{cite journal|url=http://libres.uncg.edu/ir/uncg/listing.aspx?id=2384 |journal=South African Journal of Science |volume=93 |pages=231–236 |title=Elephants, woodlands and biodiversity in southern Africa |year=1997 |author=Cumming, D.H.M., Fenton, M.B., Rautenbach, I.L., Taylor, R.D., Cumming, G.S., Cumming, M.S., Dunlop, J.M., Ford, G.S., Hovorka, M.D., Johnston, D.S., Kalcounis, M.C., Mahlanga, Z., and C.V. Portfors |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161126130819/http://libres.uncg.edu/ir/uncg/listing.aspx?id=2384 |archive-date=26 November 2016 |df=dmy-all }} some recent studies suggest that this is not the case, even with the large increases in elephant population recorded in the late 1980s.{{cite journal|doi=10.1017/S0266467406003609|title=Vegetation structure and ungulate abundance over a period of increasing elephant abundance in Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe|year=2007|last1=Valeix|first1=Marion|last2=Fritz|first2=Hervé|last3=Dubois|first3=Ségolène|last4=Kanengoni|first4=Kwanele|last5=Alleaume|first5=Samuel|last6=Saïd|first6=Sonia|journal=Journal of Tropical Ecology|volume=23|page=87|s2cid=55750086}}

=Fauna=

Image:Lion-hwange.jpg resting near a termite mound]]

The Park hosts over 100 mammal and 400 bird species,{{cite web|url=http://www.zimparks.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=18&Itemid=18|title=Hwange National Park|publisher=Parks and Wildlife Management Authority|access-date=26 January 2012|archive-date=21 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321212557/http://www.zimparks.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=18&Itemid=18|url-status=dead}} including 19 large herbivores and eight large carnivores. All Zimbabwe's specially protected animals are to be found in Hwange and it is the only protected area where gemsbok and brown hyena occur in small numbers.

Grazing herbivores are more common in the Main Camp Wild Area and Linkwasha Concession Area, with mixed feeders more common in the Robins and Sinamatella Wild Areas, which are more heavily wooded.{{cite journal|journal=African Journal of Ecology |volume=47 |pages=804–808 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2028.2009.01077.x |url=http://simonchamaille.net/wp-content/uploads/pdfs/Chamaille_2009_AJEcol.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220313235357/http://simonchamaille.net/wp%2Dcontent/uploads/pdfs/Chamaille_2009_AJEcol.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2022-03-13 |title=Seasonal density estimates of common large herbivores in Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe |year=2009 |last1=Chamaillé-Jammes |first1=Simon |last2=Valeix |first2=Marion |last3=Bourgarel |first3=Mathieu |last4=Murindagomo |first4=Felix |last5=Fritz |first5=Hervé |issue=4 |hdl=11427/28050 |hdl-access=free }} Distribution fluctuates seasonally, with large herbivores concentrating in areas where intensive water pumping is maintained during the dry season.{{cite journal|doi=10.1017/S0266467410000647|title=Temporal dynamics of dry-season water-hole use by large African herbivores in two years of contrasting rainfall in Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe|year=2011|last1=Valeix|first1=Marion|journal=Journal of Tropical Ecology|volume=27|issue=2|page=163|s2cid=85918271}}

The population of the Cape wild dogs to be found in Hwange is thought to be of one of the larger surviving groups in Africa today, along with that of Kruger National Park and Selous Game Reserve.{{cite journal|doi=10.1046/j.1365-3008.1999.00052.x|title=Conserving the African wild dog Lycaon pictus. I. Diagnosing and treating causes of decline|year=1999|last1=Woodroffe|first1=Rosie|last2=Ginsberg|first2=Joshua R.|journal=Oryx|volume=33|issue=2|page=132|doi-access=free}}{{cite journal|doi=10.1046/j.0962-1083.2001.01302.x|url=http://www.environment.ucla.edu/ctr/research/ConGen/Girman-Mol-Eco-genetic-var-2001.pdf|title=Patterns of population subdivision, gene flow and genetic variability in the African wild dog (Lycaon pictus)|year=2001|last1=Girman|first1=D. J.|last2=Vilà|first2=C.|last3=Geffen|first3=E.|last4=Creel|first4=S.|last5=Mills|first5=M. G. L.|last6=McNutt|first6=J. W.|last7=Ginsberg|first7=J.|last8=Kat|first8=P. W.|last9=Mamiya|first9=K. H.|last10=Wayne|first10=R. K.|journal=Molecular Ecology|volume=10|issue=7|pages=1703–23|pmid=11472538|s2cid=24540274|display-authors=8}}

Other major predators include the lion, whose distribution and hunting in Hwange is strongly related to the pans and waterholes.{{cite journal|doi=10.1007/s10980-009-9425-x|title=How key habitat features influence large terrestrial carnivore movements: Waterholes and African lions in a semi-arid savanna of north-western Zimbabwe|year=2009|last1=Valeix|first1=M.|last2=Loveridge|first2=A.J. |last3=Davidson|first3=Z. |last4=Madzikanda|first4=H. |last5=Fritz|first5=H. |last6=MacDonald|first6=D.W.|journal=Landscape Ecology|volume=25|issue=3|page=337−351|s2cid=24083943}}

Since 2005, the protected area is considered a Lion Conservation Unit together with the Okavango Delta.IUCN Cat Specialist Group (2006). Conservation Strategy for the Lion Panthera leo in Eastern and Southern Africa. IUCN, Pretoria, South Africa.

African leopard, spotted hyena and cheetah are also present in the protected area.{{citation needed|date=April 2018}}

Image:Eles longone.jpg

Elephants have been enormously successful in Hwange and the population has increased to far above that naturally supported by such an area.{{cite journal|year=1975|title=Seasonal distribution of elephant in Wankie National Park|journal=Arnoldia|author=B. Williamson}} This population of elephants has put a lot of strain on the resources of the park. There has been a lot of debate on how to deal with this, with parks authorities implementing culling to reduce populations,{{cite journal|journal=Zimconservation Opinion |year=2004 |volume=1 |pages=1–6 |author=G. Child |title=Elephant Culling in Zimbabwe |url=http://www.zimconservation.com/PDFs/Opinion1-Child.pdfZformat=pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810205821/http://www.zimconservation.com/PDFs/Opinion1-Child.pdfZformat%3Dpdf |archive-date=10 August 2014 |df=dmy-all }} especially during 1967 to 1986. The elephant population doubled in the five years following the end of culling in 1986.{{cite journal|doi=10.1017/S0266467407004531 |url=http://holdolab.biology.missouri.edu/Chamaille-Jammes_etal_2007.pdf |title=Spatial relationship between elephant and sodium concentration of water disappears as density increases in Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe |year=2007 |last1=Chamaillé-Jammes |first1=Simon |last2=Fritz |first2=Hervé |last3=Holdo |first3=Ricardo M. |journal=Journal of Tropical Ecology |volume=23 |issue=6 |pages=725–728 |s2cid=85577974 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100627202135/http://holdolab.biology.missouri.edu/Chamaille-Jammes_etal_2007.pdf |archive-date=27 June 2010 |df=dmy-all }}

National Parks Scientific Services co-ordinates two major conservation and research projects in the park:

National Leopard Project, which is surveying numbers of leopard to obtain base-line data for later comparative analysis with status of leopard in consumptive (hunting) areas and Communal Land bordering the National Park.{{cite web|publisher=Zimbabwe Parks and Wildlife Management Authority |url=http://www.zimparks.org/images/national_leopard_project_introduction.pdf |title=Zimbabwe National Leopard Survey |access-date=10 June 2013 }}{{dead link|date=April 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} This is carried out at Hwange in conjunction with the Wildlife Conservation and Research Unit of Oxford University and the Dete Animal Rescue Trust, a registered wildlife conservation Trust
Painted Dog Project: The project aims to protect and increase the range and numbers of African wild dog both in Zimbabwe and elsewhere in Africa, and operates through the Painted Dog Conservation organisation in Dete.{{cite web|url=http://www.zimparks.org/images/stories/pdc_end_of_year_report_2011_nb.pdf |title=Painted Dog Conservation Organisation: – End of Year Report 2011 |publisher=Zimbabwe Parks and Wildlife Management Authority |access-date=10 June 2013 }}{{dead link|date=April 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

== Birds ==

File:A_southern_ground_hornbill.jpg

This overview is only one indication of the diversity of birds in the park and is not a complete list.

Yellow-billed kite{{cite web|title=Hwange National Park in Zimbabwe, October 2017|url=https://independent-travellers.com/zimbabwe/hwange_national_park/|website=Independent Travellers|publisher=independent-travellers.com|access-date=April 11, 2018}}
Southern ground hornbill
Dickinson's kestrel

=Geography and geology=

Most of the park is underlain by Kalahari Sands.{{cite report|author=J.C.Ferguson|date=1938|title=Geological reconnaissance in the Wankie Game Reserve|publisher=Zimbabwe Geological Survey Technical Files}} In the north-west there are basalt lava flows of the Batoka Formation, stretching from south of Bumbusi to the Botswana border.{{cite journal|author=B.Lightfoot|year=1912|title=The Geology of the North-Western Part of the Wankie Coalfield, Southern Rhodesia|journal=Southern Rhodesia Geological Survey Bulletin|volume=4|issue=1}}{{cite journal|author=R.L.A. Watson|year=1960|title=The Geology and Coal Resources of the Country around Wankie, Southern Rhodesia|journal=Southern Rhodesia Geological Survey Bulletin|volume=48}}{{cite journal|author=B. Lightfoot|year=1914|title=The Geology of the North-western part of the Wankie Coalfield|journal=Southern Rhodesia Geological Survey Bulletin|volume=4}} In the north-central area, from Sinamatella going eastwards, there are granites and gneisses of the Kamativi-Dete Inlier{{cite journal|author=N.H. Lockett|year=1979|title=The Geology of the Country Around Dett|journal=Rhodesia Geological Survey Bulletin|volume=85}} and smaller inliers of these rocks are found within the basalts in the north-west.{{cite journal|year=1999|title=Crystalline inliers to the south of Hwange|journal=Geological Society of Zimbabwe Newsletter|issue=July 1999|page=5|author=D. Love}}

The north and north-west of the park are drained by the Deka and Lukosi rivers and their tributaries, and the far south of the park is drained by the Gwabadzabuya River, a tributary of the Nata River. There are no rivers in the rest of the park, although there are fossil drainage channels in the main camp and Linkwasha areas, which form seasonal wetlands. In these areas without rivers, grassy pan depressions and pans have formed. Some of these pans, such as many of the pans in the Shumba area, fill with rainwater, while others, such as Ngweshla, Shakwanki and Nehimba, are fed by natural groundwater seeps.{{cite journal |year=2006|title=Influence of drought on predation of elephant (Loxodonta africana) calves by lions (Panthera leo) in an African wooded savannah|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=270|pages=523–530|author1=Loveridge, A. J. |author2=Hunt, J.E. |author3=Murindagomo, F. |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00181.x |issue=3}}{{cite journal|year=2003|title=Drought mortality of bush elephants in Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe|journal=African Journal of Ecology|volume=39|pages=187–194|author1=Dudley, J. P. |author2=Craig, G. C. |author3=Gibson, D. ST. C. |author4=Haynes, G. |author5=Klimowicz, J. |doi=10.1046/j.0141-6707.2000.00297.x|issue=2}} Many of the pans are additionally supplied by water pumped from underground by park authorities.{{cite book|author=T. Davison|title=Wankie: The Story Of A Great Game Reserve|page=211|publisher=Books of Africa|year=1967}}

=Archaeological, historical and cultural sites=

People have lived in the region for tens of thousands of years, as attested by numerous archaeological sites ranging from early Stone Age to the historic era. Stone age foragers hunted and gathered in the region, leaving numerous sites with stone tools throughout today's park. They made engravings of animal hoofprints on sandstone rockshelter walls with some small rock paintings in the park's northwest.{{Cite web|title=Hwange National Park's Historic and Prehistoric Places|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/345101763|website=researchgate.net}} Iron-age people built large and small stone-walling sites in the park, such Mtoa {{Cite web|title=Mtoa Ruins, Hwange National Park|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/275969608|access-date=8 July 2021|website=researchgate.net}} and the Bumbusi National Monument. Information about the people who once lived in today's park is available online.{{Cite web|title=Sediments, soils, and the expansion of farmers in a forager's world|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/314164633|access-date=9 July 2021|website=researchgate.net}}{{Cite web|title=[Book Excerpt) The People|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282156396|access-date=9 July 2021|website=researchgate.net}}[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282156396]

=Places of interest=

Image:Hwangemap.png

==Main Camp area==

Umtshibi camp, the headquarters of the park maintenance unit
Mtoa Ruins and Pan
Dopi vlei, a fossil river containing Dopi Pan
Kennedy vlei, a fossil river also known as Massumamalisa, containing the Kennedy 1, Kennedy 2 (named after Sir John Noble Kennedy, Governor of Southern Rhodesia) and Massumamalisa (Somalisa) Pans
Manga vlei, a fossil river also known as Amanga, containing the Manga Pans
Nyamandhlovu Pan (the name refers to elephant meat) and game-viewing platform, one of the most popular game-viewing sites
Guvalala Pan and game-viewing platform, rehabilitated by scouts from Kent, UK in the 1990s{{cite web|url=http://www.angelfire.com/sc/matabeles/gp/zimbex98.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120717182238/http://www.angelfire.com/sc/matabeles/gp/zimbex98.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 July 2012 |title=Zimbex expedition |access-date=24 February 2012 }}
Dom Pan, where lion are often seen
Chivasa Pan
Longone Pans, named after the chief cook during the first warden's time
Ngweshla Pan, a waterhole heavily frequented by game since before the park's proclamation
Shapi Pan, another waterhole heavily frequented by game since before the park's proclamation and former headquarters of the park maintenance unit
Sibaya Pan

==Sinamatella area==

Chawato Springs, a mineral spring north-west of Sinamatella on the Bumbusi road{{cite journal|url=http://www.bgs.ac.uk/sadc/fulldetails.cfm?id=ZW1228|title=A preliminary report on the mineral springs of Southern Rhodesia|author=Maufe, H.B. |year=1933|journal=Southern Rhodesia Geological Survey Bulletin|volume=23}}
Dabashuro (Dobashura) Spring, a mineral spring west of Sinamatella
Salt Springs
Tshakabika Hot Springs, a thermal spring east of Sinamatella
Lukosi River
Mandavu Dam and picnic site
Masuma Dam, with a thatched shelter overlooking the dam, as well as a camping ground and picnic site{{cite web|author=Mitchell, M.|title=Walkabout in Hwange|url=http://www.africanxmag.com/walkabout_in_hwange.htm|publisher=African Expedition|access-date=10 May 2013}}{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
New Inyantue Dam
Tshompani Dam
Dandari (Dandaro) Vlei, Plains and Pan
Kapula Vlei
Tiriga (Triga) Vlei, a fossil river
Shuma Pans, a series of waterholes heavily frequented by game since before the park's proclamation, with a hide and picnic site
Nehimba Pan
Tshompani Pan

==Linkwasha concession area==

Inkwazi Vlei, a fossil river
Makololo Pans and Plains
Somavundhla Pan

==Dzivanini wilderness area==

Liputi (Libuti) Camp and well. The name means a meeting place
Kordoziba Gate
Nata River
Gwabazabuya (Gwabadzabuya ) River
Limpandi Dam
Dzivanini (Sibanini) Pan and mudflats

==Shakwanki wilderness area==

Shakwanki Pan; the name means ear and is a reference to its shape
Tamasanka Pan, on the Hunters Road from Tati to Mpandamatenga
Xixi Amabandi Pan

==Tsamhole wilderness area==

Tsamhole (Tsamahole) Pan and firetower, on the edge of extensive mudflats. The name refers to a waterhole owned by two people
Bumbumutsa Pan; the name means bumble bee
Reedbuck vlei, at the headwaters of the Deka River

References

External links

[http://protectedplanet.net/sites/Hwange_Wankie_National_Park Protected Planet page on Hwange] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616044701/http://protectedplanet.net/sites/Hwange_Wankie_National_Park |date=16 June 2013 }}
[http://www.zimparks.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=18&Itemid=18 Zimparks Hwange Official web page] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321212557/http://www.zimparks.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=18&Itemid=18 |date=21 March 2012 }}

Category:Hwange

Category:National parks of Zimbabwe

Matabeleland South

Category:Tourist attractions in Matabeleland North Province

Category:Protected areas established in 1928

Category:1961 establishments in Southern Rhodesia

Category:Protected areas established in 1961