Hydrangea macrophylla

Hydrangea macrophylla is endemic to Japan, where it occurs in coastal habitats from Honshu southwards.{{cite journal | last=Wilson | first=Ernest Henry | title=The Hortensias Hydrangea macrophylla DC. and Hydrangea serrata DC. | journal=Journal of the Arnold Arboretum | volume=4 |page=238 | date=1921 | issn=0004-2625 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8368427 | access-date=2025-04-25}} Natural wild plants, formerly sometimes distinguished as H. macrophylla var. normalis E.H.Wilson, have "lacecap" structure flowerheads, with a few large sterile showy bract-like flowers that act as targets for pollinators, surrounding a central cluster of small fertile flowers. A closely related hydrangea from the mountains of the interior of Japan, Hydrangea serrata, was treated as a variety of H. macrophylla by some authors in the past,{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/floraofjapaninen00oiji|title=Flora of Japan|last1=Ohwi|first1=Jisaburo|last2=Meyer|first2=Frederick G.|last3=Walker|first3=Egbert H.|date=1965|publisher=Smithsonian Institution|pages=[https://archive.org/details/floraofjapaninen00oiji/page/511 511]}} but is currently treated as a separate species.{{cite web | title=Hydrangea serrata (Thunb.) Ser. | website=Plants of the World Online | url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:791682-1 | access-date=2025-04-25}}

The species is naturalised in China, Korea, Siberia, New Zealand and the Americas,{{Cite book|title=World Economic Plants: A Standard Reference, Second Edition|last1=Wiersema|first1=John H.|last2=León|first2=Blanca|date=2016|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9781466576810|pages=357|language=en}} and has become an invasive species in the Azores and Madeira archipelagos.{{cite web |title=Hydrangea macrophylla |url=https://acores.flora-on.pt/#/1hydrangea |publisher=flora.on |access-date=1 November 2020}}

File:Afbeelding-057-Hydrangea macrophylla.tif, 1868]]

The term macrophylla means 'large- or long-leaved'.{{cite book|last=Harrison|first=Lorraine|title=RHS Latin for gardeners|year=2012|publisher=Mitchell Beazley|location=United Kingdom|isbn=9781845337315|pages=224}} The opposite leaves can grow to {{convert|15|cm|0|abbr=on}} in length. They are simple, membranous, orbicular to elliptic and acuminate. They are generally serrated.

The natural inflorescence of wild Hydrangea macrophylla is a corymb, with all flowers placed in a plane. Two distinct types of flowers are found; numerous central, small, fertile pentamerous ones, and a few peripheral, large, tetramerous ones; the latter are usually sterile, and whitish to pale blue or pinkish. The small flowers have five small greenish sepals and five small petals. Flowering begins in early summer and lasts until early winter. The fruit is a subglobose capsule.

In cultivation as an ornamental plant, numerous variants have been developed as cultivars; in most of these (over 500 cultivars), the small central flowers replaced by large, sterile or mostly sterile tetramerous flowers, the inflorescence forming a hemisphere or a whole sphere rather than in a flat plane. These cultivar groups are known as "mophead" or "hortensia" hydrangeas. These large flowers have colours ranging from pale pink to red, fuchsia, purple, to blue. A much smaller cultivar group (over 20 cultivars), known as "lacecap" hydrangeas, retain the natural form of flat flowerheads with small flowers surrounded by a halo of large sterile flowers, but varying from the wild plants in more intense colours. Some cultivars (possibly many, and particularly those selected for greater cold tolerance) derive from hybrids between Hydrangea macrophylla and Hydrangea serrata, the hill hydrangea of the mountains of Japan.

The flowers of Hydrangea macrophylla cultivars can be blue, red, pink, light purple, or dark purple. The colour is affected by soil pH.{{cite book|last= Wade |first=Gary L. |date = August 2017 |orig-date= September 2009|title= Growing Bigleaf Hydrangea | url=https://extension.uga.edu/publications/detail.html?number=C973&title=Growing%20Bigleaf%20Hydrangea |publisher= University of Georgia}}{{Cite web |url=http://www.usna.usda.gov/Gardens/faqs/hydrangeafaq2.html |title= Hydrangea Questions and Answers |date= 28 September 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516083220/http://www.usna.usda.gov/Gardens/faqs/hydrangeafaq2.html |website= The United States National Arboretum |publisher= United States Department of Agriculture |archive-date=16 May 2013 |url-status=dead }} An acidic soil (pH below 7) will usually produce a flower colour closer to blue, whereas an alkaline soil (pH above 7) will produce flowers of a pink, or even a red colour.{{Cite web |date=2020-01-30 |title=Tips for Using pH to Change Hydrangea Color |url=https://www.earthsciencegrowing.com/expert-advice/tips-for-using-ph-to-change-hydrangea-color/ |access-date=2024-07-21 |website=Earth Science |language=en-US}} This is caused by a colour change of the flower pigments in the presence of aluminium ions which can be taken up into hyperaccumulating plants. Scientists do not understand why this happens, whether it is due to predation or to attract pollinators.

Phyllodulcin, hydrangenol, and their 8-O-glucosides, and thunberginols A and F can be found in H. macrophylla.{{ cite journal |author1=Matsuda, H. |author2=Shimoda, H. |author3=Yamahara, J. |author4=Yoshikawa, M. | title = Effects of Phyllodulcin, Hydrangenol, and their 8-O-Glucosides, and Thunberginols A and F from Hydrangea macrophylla SERINGE var. thunbergii MAKINO on Passive Cutaneous Anaphylaxis Reaction in Rats | journal = Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin | year = 1999 | volume = 22 | issue = 8 | pages = 870–872 | pmid = 10480329 | doi = 10.1248/bpb.22.870 | url = http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/bpb1993/22/8/22_8_870/_pdf | format = pdf | doi-access = free }} Thunberginol B,{{ cite journal | pmid=17950587 | year=2008 | last1=Matsuda | first1=H | last2=Wang | first2=Q | last3=Matsuhira | first3=K | last4=Nakamura | first4=S | last5=Yuan | first5=D | last6=Yoshikawa | first6=M | title=Inhibitory effects of thunberginols A and B isolated from Hydrangeae Dulcis Folium on mRNA expression of cytokines and on activation of activator protein-1 in RBL-2H3 cells | volume=15 | issue=3 | pages=177–84 | doi=10.1016/j.phymed.2007.09.010 | journal=Phytomedicine }} the dihydroisocoumarins thunberginol C, D and E, the dihydroisocoumarin glycosides thunberginol G 3'-O-glucoside and (−)-hydrangenol 4'-O-glucoside{{ cite journal|pmid= 1363465|year= 1992|last1= Yoshikawa|first1= M|last2= Uchida|first2= E|last3= Chatani|first3= N|last4= Kobayashi|first4= H|last5= Naitoh|first5= Y|last6= Okuno|first6= Y|last7= Matsuda|first7= H|last8= Yamahara|first8= J|last9= Murakami|first9= N|title= Thunberginols C, D, and E, new antiallergic and antimicrobial dihydroisocoumarins, and thunberginol G 3'-O-glucoside and (−)-hydrangenol 4'-O-glucoside, new dihydroisocoumarin glycosides, from Hydrangeae Dulcis Folium|volume= 40|issue= 12|pages= 3352–4|journal= Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin |doi=10.1248/cpb.40.3352|doi-access= free}} and four kaempferol and quercetin oligoglycosides{{cite journal|pmid=11549443|url=http://144.206.159.178/ft/116/43291/785202.pdf|year=2001|last1=Murakami|first1=N|last2=Mostaqul|first2=HM|last3=Tamura|first3=S|last4=Itagaki|first4=S|last5=Horii|first5=T|last6=Kobayashi|first6=M|title=New anti-malarial flavonol glycoside from Hydrangeae Dulcis Folium|volume=11|issue=18|pages=2445–7|journal=Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters|doi=10.1016/s0960-894x(01)00467-x}}{{Dead link|date=January 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} can be found in Hydrangeae Dulcis Folium, the processed leaves of H. macrophylla var. thunbergii. The leaves also contain the stilbenoid hydrangeic acid.{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.01.005|title=Hydrangeic acid from the processed leaves of Hydrangea macrophylla var. thunbergii as a new type of anti-diabetic compound |year=2009 |last1=Zhang|first1=Hailong|last2=Matsuda|first2=Hisashi|last3=Yamashita|first3=Chihiro|last4=Nakamura|first4=Seikou|last5=Yoshikawa|first5=Masayuki|journal=European Journal of Pharmacology |volume=606 |issue=1–3 |pages=255–61 |pmid=19374876}}

The various colours, such as red, mauve, purple, violet and blue, in H. macrophylla are developed from one simple anthocyanin, delphinidin 3-glucoside (myrtillin), which forms complexes with metal ions called metalloanthocyanins.{{Cite journal|first1=K.|last1= Hayashi |first2= Y. |last2=Abe|title=Studien über Anthocyane. XXIII. Papierchromatographische Übersicht der Anthocyane im Pflanzenreich |journal= Miscellaneous Reports of the Research Institute for Natural Resources |year= 1953|volume= 29|pages=1–8}}{{cite journal |vauthors=Yoshida K, Mori M, Kondo T |title=Blue flower color development by anthocyanins: from chemical structure to cell physiology |journal=Natural Product Reports |volume=26 |issue=7 |pages=884–915 |year=2009 |pmid=19554240 |doi=10.1039/b800165k |url=http://www.rsc.org/delivery/_ArticleLinking/DisplayHTMLArticleforfree.cfm?JournalCode=NP&Year=2009&ManuscriptID=b800165k&Iss=7|url-access=subscription }}

Lunularic acid, lunularin, 3,4′-dihydroxystilbene and a glycoside of lunularic acid have been found in the roots of H. macrophylla.{{cite journal | doi = 10.1016/S0031-9422(00)86795-3 | title = Lunularic acid and related compounds in liverworts, algae and Hydrangea | year = 1977 | last1 = Gorham | first1 = John | journal = Phytochemistry | volume = 16 | issue = 2 | pages = 249–253| bibcode = 1977PChem..16..249G }}

Hydrangine is another name for the coumarin umbelliferone, and may be responsible for the possible toxicity of the plant.

File:Hortensia-1.jpg

Amacha is a Japanese beverage made from fermented leaves of Hydrangea macrophylla var. thunbergii.

Hydrangeae Dulcis Folium is a drug made from the fermented and dried leaves of H. macrophylla var. thunbergii with possible antiallergic and antimicrobial properties.{{cite journal|pmid=8795265|year=1996|last1=Yoshikawa|first1=M|last2=Matsuda|first2=H|last3=Shimoda|first3=H|last4=Shimada|first4=H|last5=Harada|first5=E|last6=Naitoh|first6=Y|last7=Miki|first7=A|last8=Yamahara|first8=J|last9=Murakami|first9=N|title=Development of bioactive functions in Hydrangeae Dulcis Folium. V. On the antiallergic and antimicrobial principles of Hydrangeae Dulcis Folium. (2). Thunberginols C, D, and E, thunberginol G 3'-O-glucoside, (−)-hydrangenol 4'-o-glucoside, and (+)-hydrangenol 4'-O-glucoside|volume=44|issue=8|pages=1440–7|journal=Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin |doi=10.1248/cpb.44.1440|doi-access=free}} It also has a hepatoprotective activity by suppression of D-galactosamine-induced liver injury in vitro and in vivo.{{cite journal | pmid = 14730144 | volume=67 | issue=12 | title=Suppression by Hydrangeae Dulcis Folium of D-galactosamine-induced liver injury in vitro and in vivo |date=December 2003 | journal=Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry | pages=2641–3 |vauthors=Nakagiri R, Hashizume E, Kayahashi S, Sakai Y, Kamiya T | doi = 10.1271/bbb.67.2641| title-link=D-galactosamine | s2cid=29536120 }}

Hydrangea macrophylla is included in the Tasmanian Fire Service's list of low flammability plants, indicating that it is suitable for growing within a building protection zone.{{cite web|last1=Chladil and Sheridan|first1=Mark and Jennifer|title=Fire retardant garden plants for the urban fringe and rural areas|url=http://www.fire.tas.gov.au/publications/1709%20Brochure.pdf|website=www.fire.tas.gov.au|publisher=Tasmanian Fire Research Fund}}

Leaf extracts of Hydrangea macrophylla are being investigated as a possible source of new chemical compounds with antimalarial activity.{{cite journal |author1=Kamei K. |author2=Matsuoka H. |author3=Furuhata S.I. |author4=Fujisaki R.I. |author5=Kawakami T. |author6=Mogi S. |author7=Yoshihara H. |author8=Aoki N. |author9=Ishii A. | year = 2000 | title = Anti-malarial activity of leaf-extract of Hydrangea macrophylla, a common Japanese plant | journal = Acta Medica Okayama | volume = 54 | issue = 5| pages = 227–232 | pmid = 11061572 |display-authors=etal}}{{cite journal |vauthors=Yarnell E, Abascal K |date=Oct 2004 | title = Botanical treatment and prevention of malaria: Part 2 - Selected botanicals | journal = Alternative and Complementary Therapies | volume = 10 | issue = 5| pages = 277–84 | doi = 10.1089/act.2004.10.277 }} Hydrangeic acid from the leaves is being investigated as a possible anti-diabetic drug as it significantly lowered blood glucose, triglyceride, and free fatty acid levels in laboratory animals.

The two main groups of H. macrophylla cultivars are called "lacecap" and "mophead".[https://plantaddicts.com/types-of-hydrangeas Types of Hydrangeas] at Plant Addicts. Accessed 7/3/2018

Some popular hydrangea cultivars (those marked {{smallcaps|agm}} have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit) include:{{cite web | url= https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf | title = AGM Plants - Ornamental | date = July 2017 | page = 51 | publisher = Royal Horticultural Society | access-date = 7 March 2018}}

{{div col|colwidth=20em}}

• 'All Summer Beauty'; cold-hardy, floriferous mophead
• 'Alpengluhen'; deep-red coloured mophead
• 'Altona' {{smallcaps|agm}};{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - Hydrangea macrophylla 'Altona'|url= https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/98866/Hydrangea-macrophylla-Altona-(H)/Details | access-date = 1 August 2020}} compact plant with large rose-red florets
• 'Ami Pasquier' {{smallcaps|agm}};{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - Hydrangea macrophylla 'Ami Pasquier'|url= https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/96699/Hydrangea-macrophylla-Ami-Pasquier-(H)/Details | access-date = 1 August 2020}} floriferous, wine pink to blue mophead
• 'Ayesha';{{cite web|title=RHS Plants - Hydrangea macrophylla 'Ayesha'|url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/90005/Hydrangea-macrophylla-Ayesha-(H)/Details|access-date=1 September 2019}} small, cupped, lilac-like flowers in clusters
• 'Bailmer' (marketed as Endless Summer) a perpetual-blooming, pink to blue mophead
• 'Beauté Vendômoise'; giant whitish-pink lacecap
• 'Blaumeise' {{smallcaps|agm}};{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/65384/i-Hydrangea-macrophylla-i-Blaumeise-(Teller-Series)-(L)/Details | title = RHS Plantfinder - Hydrangea macrophylla 'Blaumeiser' | access-date = 7 March 2018}} Swiss-bred "Teller" blue lacecap
• 'Blue Bonnet'; hardy, blue mophead
• 'Blue Wave'; robust light pink to light blue lacecap
• 'Blushing Bride'; cold-hardy, ever-blooming white mophead
• 'Cocktail'; bushy shrub with ovate, serrated sepals
• 'Europa' {{smallcaps|agm}};{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - Hydrangea macrophylla 'Europa'|url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=3120|access-date=22 June 2013|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304050919/http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=3120|url-status=dead}} compact, deep pink mophead
• 'Forever Pink'; a pink mophead
• 'Générale Vicomtesse de Vibraye' {{smallcaps|agm}};{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - Hydrangea macrophylla 'Générale Vicomtesse de Vibraye'|url= https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/93784/Hydrangea-macrophylla-Generale-Vicomtesse-de-Vibraye-(H)/Details |access-date=5 September 2020}} compact, cold-hardy, French-bred pink to blue mophead
• 'Hamburg'; deep-coloured pink to blue mophead
• 'Harlequin'; a picoteed pink to purple mophead
• 'Lady in Red';{{cite web|title=RHS Plant - Hydrangea macrophylla 'Lady in Red'|url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/211088/Hydrangea-macrophylla-Lady-in-Red-(L)/Details|access-date=1 September 2019}} large lacecap flowers of rose-red
• 'Lanarth White' {{smallcaps|agm}};{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - Hydrangea macrophylla 'Lanarth White'|url= https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/98588/Hydrangea-macrophylla-Lanarth-White-(L)/Details |access-date=5 September 2020}} white lacecap
• 'Lilacina'; cold-hardy, disease-resistant pink to blue lacecap
• 'Love You Kiss' {{smallcaps|agm}};{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/229061/i-Hydrangea-macrophylla-i-Love-You-Kiss-sup-(PBR)-sup-(Hovaria-Series)-(L)/Details | title = RHS Plantfinder - Hydrangea macrophylla 'Love You Kiss'

| access-date = 7 March 2018}} red-margined white florets, lacecap

• 'Madame Emile Mouillère' {{smallcaps|agm}};{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - Hydrangea macrophylla 'Madame Emile Mouillère'|url= https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/96064/Hydrangea-macrophylla-Madame-Emile-Mouillere-(H)/Details |access-date=5 September 2020}} small shrub to {{convert|1.8 |m|ft|abbr=on}}, white flowers
• 'Marechal Foch'; old-fashioned pink to blue mophead
• 'Mariesii Grandiflora';{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - Hydrangea macrophylla 'Mariesii Grandiflora'|url= https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/166285/Hydrangea-macrophylla-Mariesii-Grandiflora-(L)/Details |access-date=5 September 2020}} blue or pink and white lacecap
• 'Mariesii Lilacina' {{smallcaps|agm}};{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - Hydrangea macrophylla 'Mariesii Lilacina'|url= https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/178223/Hydrangea-macrophylla-Mariesii-Lilacina-(L)/Details | access-date = 1 August 2020}} mauve pink or blue lacecap
• 'Mariesii Perfecta';{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - Hydrangea macrophylla 'Mariesii Perfecta'|url= https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/96799/Hydrangea-macrophylla-Mariesii-Perfecta-(L)/Details | access-date = 1 August 2020}} blue, or blue and pink, lacecap
• 'Masja';{{cite web|title=RHS Plant - Hydrangea macrophylla 'Masja'|url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/63035/Hydrangea-macrophylla-Masja-(H)/Details|access-date=1 September 2019}} bushy and compact, dark pink to pink mophead
• 'Möwe';{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - Hydrangea macrophylla 'Möwe'|url= https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/132932/Hydrangea-macrophylla-Mowe-(Teller-Series)-(L)/Details |access-date=5 September 2020}} rose-red and cream lacecap
• 'Nigra';{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - Hydrangea macrophylla 'Nigra'

|url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/93285/i-Hydrangea-macrophylla-i-Nigra-(H)/Details|access-date=22 June 2013}} pink or blue mophead, black stems

• 'Nikko Blue'; popular, cold-hardy pink to blue mophead
• 'Pia'; dwarf pink to purplish-blue mophead
• 'Penny Mac'; cold-hardy, pink to blue mophead
• 'Rotschwantz’ {{smallcaps|agm}};{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/130471/i-Hydrangea-macrophylla-i-Rotschwanz-(Teller-Series)-(L)/Details | title = RHS Plantfinder - Hydrangea macrophylla 'Rotschwantz' | access-date = 7 March 2018}} deep red and white lacecap
• 'Soeur Therese'; hardy, robust white mophead
• 'Taube'; Swiss-bred "Teller", pink to blue lacecap
• 'Tokyo Delight' {{smallcaps|agm}};{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - Hydrangea macrophylla 'Tokyo Delight'|url= https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/91259/Hydrangea-macrophylla-Tokyo-Delight-(L)/Details | access-date = 1 August 2020}} mauve-pink and white lacecap
• 'Twist-N-Shout'; ever-blooming, hardy pink to blue lacecap
• 'Veitchii' {{smallcaps|agm}};{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - Hydrangea macrophylla 'Veitchii'|url= https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/97082/Hydrangea-macrophylla-Veitchii-(L)/Details | access-date = 1 August 2020}} blue and white lacecap
• 'Westfalen' {{smallcaps|agm}};{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - Hydrangea macrophylla 'Westfalen'|url= https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/98795/Hydrangea-macrophylla-Westfalen-(H)/Details | access-date = 1 August 2020}} compact, crimson-purple mophead
• 'Zorro’ {{smallcaps|agm}};{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/65384/i-Hydrangea-macrophylla-i-Blaumeise-(Teller-Series)-(L)/Details | title = RHS Plantfinder - Hydrangea macrophylla 'Zorro' | access-date = 7 March 2018}} {{smallcaps|agm}} bright blue lacecap

{{div col end}}

;Lacecaps

File:Hydrangeaceae - Hydrangea macrophylla - Bunspecht.JPG|'Bunspecht'

File:Gakuajisai6183.jpg|'Gakuajisai'

File:Hydrangeaceae - Hydrangea macrophylla - Geoffrey Chadbund.JPG|'Geoffrey Chadbund'

File:Hydrangea MacrophyllaTaube.JPG|'Taube'

File:Bigleaf Hydrangea Hydrangea macrophylla 'Tokyo Delight' Pink 3008px.jpg|'Tokyo Delight'

File:Hydrangeaceae - Hydrangea macrophylla - Zaunkoenig.JPG|'Zaunkoenig'

;Mopheads (also called hortensias)

File:Hydrangea macrophylla Ayesha 5zz.jpg|'Ayesha'

File:Hydrangeaceae - Hydrangea macrophylla - Beauté Vendomoise.JPG|'Beauté Vendomoise'

File:Hydrangeaceae - Hydrangea macrophylla - Harlequin.JPG|'Harlequin'

File:Hydrangeaceae - Hydrangea macrophylla - La Marne.JPG|'La Marne'

File:Hydrangeaceae - Hydrangea macrophylla - Mariesii.JPG|'Mariesii'

File:Hydrangeaceae - Hydrangea macrophylla - Merveille.JPG|'Merveille'

File:Nikko Petals 1.jpg|'Nikko Blue'

File:Hydrangea macrophylla - Pia.JPG|'Pia'

File:Hydrangeaceae - Hydrangea macrophylla - Red Ace.JPG|'Red Ace'

File:Hydrangeaceae - Hydrangea macrophylla - Satinette.JPG|'Satinette'

{{Reflist|30em}}

Yuan, Qi, H., Yang, S., Chu, Z., Zhang, G., & Liu, C. (2023). Role of delphinidin-3-glucoside in the sepal blue color change among Hydrangea macrophylla cultivars. Scientia Horticulturae, 313, 111902–. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2023.111902

{{Commons category|Hydrangea macrophylla}}

{{Wikispecies|Hydrangea macrophylla}}

• [https://archive.today/20121217162157/https://picasaweb.google.com/birdofgod/SplendorInTheGrass%235635040009122590226 - Splendor In The Grass]
• [http://www.heronswood.com/Hydrangea_Pruning_and_Care Hydrangeas- Their Pruning and Care](Heronswood Nursery)
• http://www.HydrangeasHydrangeas.com/mopheads.html - All About Hydrangeas: Information on Hydrangea macrophylla.
• http://www.floridata.com/ref/h/hydran_m.cfm
• http://www.clemson.edu/extension/hgic/plants/landscape/shrubs/hgic1067.html
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927110701/http://lakecounty.typepad.com/life_in_lake_county/2007/07/hydrangea-thoug.html Hydrangea Thoughts I] - Informative but non-scholarly essay on Hydrangea (Culture, History and Etymology).

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macrophylla

Category:Endemic flora of Japan

Category:Garden plants of Asia