Hyllarima

The settlement's name appears in Greek sources as Hyllarima ({{langx|grc|Ὑλλάριμα}}). This is thought to derive from the epithet of the local deity Zeus Hyllos; Hyllos may originally have been a native Anatolian god which merged with Zeus through syncretism. Similar processes can be seen at Panamara and Labraunda in Caria, whose chief sanctuaries were for Zeus Panamaros and Zeus Labraundos respectively.{{cite book |last1=Laumonier |first1=Alfred |title=Les cultes indigènes en Carie |date=1958 |publisher=E. de Boccard |location=Paris}}

The Carian name of Hyllarima is attested as yλarmi- in an inscribed list of "priests of the gods of Hyllarima", qmoλš msoτ yλarmiτ (ʘ𐊪𐊫𐊣𐤭 𐊪𐊰𐊫𐋇 𐊤𐊣𐊠8px𐊪𐊹𐋇). The form yλarmiτ is inflected, resulting in the syncope of the original medial vowel /i/ which survives in the Greek form.{{cite book |last1=Adiego |first1=Ignasi-Xavier |title=The Carian Language |date=2007 |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden |isbn=9789004152816 |page=477}}

The archaic form of Hyllarima might be Wallarima, which is attested in Hittite texts of the 2nd millennium BCE as the name of a community in this region, alongside nearby Iyalanda (Alinda).{{cite thesis |last=Jewell |first=Elizabeth Ruth |date=1974 |title=The Archaeology and History of Western Anatolia During the Second Millennium, BCE. |type=PhD |publisher=University of Pennsylvania |page=267}}

It is thought that the otherwise-unknown toponym Kaprima ({{langx|grc|Κάπριμα}}), the site of Eupolemus' defeat by Ptolemaeus according to Diodorus Siculus, is a corruption of Hyllarima.{{cite book |last1=Diodorus |title=Bibliotheca historica |location=19.68.5}} This corruption corresponds with the well-known alternation between initial /h-/ and /k-/ in Carian toponyms, such as in Hydai/Kydai or Hyromos/Kyramos/Euromos.{{cite book |last=Konuk |first=Koray |date=2019 |editor-last=Adiego |editor-first1=Ignasi-Adiego |title=The Carian Language |publisher=Brill |page=477 |chapter=‘Coin Legends in Carian’ |isbn=9789004152816}}

If Wallarima is an early mention of Hyllarima, the community may have existed as early as the 14th century BCE. Excavations have shown that the community moved from one fortified hilltop settlement (modern Asarcıktepe) to another nearby (modern Kapraklar) sometime in the 4th century BCE.{{cite thesis |last=Carbon |first=Jan-Mathieu |date=2012 |title=Mixobarbaroi: Epigraphical Aspects of Religion in Karia (6th-1st centuries BCE) |type=PhD |publisher=University of Oxford |pages=154–156}}

The political history of Hyllarima is poorly known before the Hellenistic period. The earliest known inscription from the vicinity shows that it recognised the conquest of Alexander the Great; it gives its date of creation "(in) the kingship of Philip". Carian: (𐊾𐊠) 𐊽𐊾𐊲𐊸𐊫 𐊷𐊹𐋃𐊹𐊷𐊲𐊰, (δa) kδuśo Pilipus.{{cite book |last=Adiego |first=Ignasi-Xavier |date=2019 |editor-last1=Adiego |editor-first1=Ignasi-Xavier |editor-last2=García Trabazo |editor-first2=José Virgilio |editor-last3=Vernet |editor-first3=Mariona |editor-last4=Obrador-Cursach |editor-first4=Bartomeu |editor-last5=Martínez Rodríguez |editor-first5=Elena |title=Luwic dialects and Anatolian. Inheritance and Diffusion. |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/41944038 |publisher=Institut del Pròxim Orient Antic |pages=11–50 |chapter=A Kingdom for a Karian Letter |isbn=9788491683759}}

Because Philip III Arrhidaeus was only king in name, Hyllarima was probably under the control of Asander, satrap of Caria since the Partition of Babylon, at this time ({{circa|323|313}} BCE). Antigonus I subsequently conquered Caria.{{cite book |last1=Diodorus |title=Bibliotheca historica |location=19.75}} Hyllarima was later governed by the dynast Pleistarchus, who fortified the hilltop in the 290s BCE.{{cite journal |last1=Brun |first1=Patrice |title=Les fortifications d'Hyllarima, Philon de Byzance et Pleistarchos |journal=Revue des Études Anciennes |date=1994 |volume=96 |issue=1–2 |pages=193–204 |doi=10.3406/rea.1994.4571 |url=https://doi.org/10.3406/rea.1994.4571|url-access=subscription }} A proxeny inscription from the time of Pleistarchus shows that Hyllarima had adopted the institutions of a Greek polis by the 3rd century, whose chief magistrate was the eponymous archon.{{cite journal |last1=Roos |first1=Paavo |title=Alte und neue Inschriftenfunde aus Zentralkarien |journal=Mitteilungen des deutschen archäologischen Instituts |date=1975 |volume=25 |pages=339–341}}

Hyllarima fell under Seleucid control by the 260s BCE, during the joint rule of Antiochos I and his son, the future Antiochos II. It then became part of the Rhodian Peraia as a result of the Treaty of Apamea and was eventually absorbed into Roman Asia. Hyllarima remained an important local religious centre throughout the Roman period; a dedication of the 2nd century CE compares the emperor Antoninus Pius to Zeus Hyllos. After converting to Christianity, Hyllarima was the seat of a bishop in antiquity. It no longer has a residential bishop today but still remains a titular see of the Roman Catholic Church.[http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/d2h49.html Catholic Hierarchy]

The site was excavated by a joint French-Turkish team led by Pierre Debord and Ender Varinlioğlu from 1997. Their findings were published in 2018.{{cite book |last1=Debord |first1=Pierre |last2=Varinlioğlu |first2=Ender |title=Hyllarima de Carie : état de la question |date=2018 |publisher=Ausonius |location=Pessac |isbn=9782356132123}}

The main theatre, built in the 2nd–1st centuries BCE, suggests that the town had a maximum population of approximately 1,500 at the time.{{cite thesis |last=Carbon |first=Jan-Mathieu |date=2012 |title=Mixobarbaroi: Epigraphical Aspects of Religion in Karia (6th-1st centuries BCE) |type=PhD |publisher=University of Oxford |page=155}} It is still visible today.

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{{Former settlements in Turkey}}

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Category:Populated places in ancient Caria

Category:Former populated places in Turkey

Category:Ancient Greek archaeological sites in Turkey

Category:Roman towns and cities in Turkey

Category:Populated places of the Byzantine Empire

Category:History of Muğla Province

Category:Catholic titular sees in Asia