Hypnotic induction

File:Braid's "upwards and inwards squint" induction method.tif

Hypnotic induction is the process undertaken by a hypnotist to establish the state or conditions required for hypnosis to occur.

Self-hypnosis is also possible, in which a subject listens to a recorded induction or plays the roles of both hypnotist and subject.{{cite book|last=Baryss|first=Imants|title=Alterations of Consciousness|year=2003|publisher=American Psychological Association|location=Washington, DC|pages=109}}

Traditional techniques

James Braid in the nineteenth century saw fixing the eyes on a bright object as the key to hypnotic induction.O. L. Zangwill, 'History of Hypnotism' in R. Gregory ed., The Oxford Companion to the Mind (1987) p. 331; also Yeates (2013).

A century later, Sigmund Freud saw fixing the eyes, or listening to a monotonous sound as indirect methods of induction, as opposed to “the direct methods of influence by way of staring or stroking”S. Freud, Civilization, Society and Religion (PFL 12) p. 158-9—all leading however to the same result, the subject's unconscious concentration on the hypnotist. The swinging watch and intense eye gaze -- staples of hypnotic induction in film and television -- are not used in practice as the rapidly changing movements, and the obvious cliché of their application, would be distracting rather than focusing.

Debates

Hypnotic induction may be defined as whatever is necessary to get a person into the state of trance{{cite book|last=Baryss|first=Imants|title=Alterations of Consciousness|year=2003|publisher=American Psychological Association|location=Washington, DC|pages=110}} — i.e., when understood as a state of increased suggestibility, during which critical faculties are reduced, and subjects are more prone to accept the hypnotist's commands and suggestions.Keys To The Mind - How to Hypnotize Anybody and Practice Hypnosis and Hypnotherapy Correctly - by Dr. Richard K Nongard and Nathan Thomas Evidence of changes in brain activity and mental processes have also been associated experimentally with hypnotic inductions.M. R. Nash ed., Oxford Handbook of Hypnotism (2011) p. 387

Theodore X. Barber argued that techniques of hypnotic induction were merely empty-but-popularly-expected rituals, inessential for hypnosis to occur: hypnosis on this view is a process of influence, which is only enhanced (or formalized) through expected cultural rituals.O. L. Zangwill, 'Experimental Hypnosis' in R. Gregory ed., The Oxford Companion to the Mind (1987) p. 330

Oliver Zangwill pointed out in opposition that, while cultural expectations are important in hypnotic induction, seeing hypnosis only as a conscious process of influence fails to account for such phenomena as posthypnotic amnesia or post-hypnotic suggestion.O. L. Zangwill, 'Experimental Hypnosis' in R. Gregory ed., The Oxford Companion to the Mind (1987) p. 330

Faster methods of hypnotic induction

In early hypnotic literature a hypnosis induction was a gradual, drawn-out process. Methods were designed to relax the hypnotic subject into a state of inner focus (during which their imagination would come to the forefront) and the hypnotist would be better able to influence them and help them effect changes at the subconscious level.Time Distortion – A Comparison of Hypnotic Induction and Progressive Relaxation Procedures: A Brief Communication - Clement von Kirchenheim & Michael A. Persinger

These are still used, notably in hypnotherapy, where the gradual relaxation of a client may be preferred over faster inductions. Generally, a hypnotherapist will use the induction they find most appropriate and effective for each individual client.

However, newer and faster methods have been suggested -- such as the Elman Induction, introduced by Dave ElmanA. Jain, Clinical and Meditative Hypnotherapy (2006) p. 10 -- which involve having the subject imagine that their eyes are just too relaxed to keep open, so that the harder they try to keep them open, the harder it becomes to keep them open (otherwise known as a double-bind). The therapist then raises the subject's arm and allows it to drop, to further impress the state of relaxation. Lastly, the therapist has the subject visualize clouds and numbers within those clouds, as they blow away (each number that blows away increases the effect of the trance) until the subject is too tired to think of any more numbers. This process takes several minutes, but has been known to be effective enough to prepare patients for certain types of surgery.

However, there are even faster instant hypnosis inductions (such as 'snap' inductions) which employ the principles of shock and surprise. A shock to the nervous system of the subject causes their conscious mind to be temporarily disengaged. During this brief window of distraction the hypnotist quickly intervenes, allowing the subject to enter the state of intense, hyper imagination and inner focus.See, for instance, Gil Boyne's Transforming Therapy a New Approach to Hypnotherapy (1989) {{ISBN|978-0-930-29813-5}}, and Charles Tebbetts' Miracles on Demand (1987), {{ISBN|0930298284}}

Literary examples

In George du Maurier's Trilby, we are told of the hypnotist Svengali that “with one look of his eye – with a word – Svengali could turn her into the other Trilby”.Du Maurier, quoted in J. Pintar/S. J. Lynn, Hypnosis: A Brief History (2009) p. 1

Notes

References

[https://archive.org/download/b28099734/b28099734.pdf Coates, James (1904), Human Magnetism; or, How to Hypnotise: A Practical Handbook for Students of Mesmerism, London: Nichols & Co.]