IBM Research#Publications

{{see also|IBM#History}}

The roots of today's IBM Research began with the 1945 opening of the Watson Scientific Computing Laboratory at Columbia University.{{cite web |url=http://www.columbia.edu/acis/history/watsonlab.html |title=IBM Watson Laboratory at Columbia University |publisher=Columbia.edu |access-date=2010-05-05 |archive-date=2006-09-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060909153423/http://www.columbia.edu/acis/history/watsonlab.html |url-status=live }} This was the first IBM laboratory devoted to pure science and later expanded into additional IBM Research locations in Westchester County, New York, starting in the 1950s,Beatty, Jack, (editor) [https://books.google.com/books?id=cX9zJctCAqkC Colussus: how the corporation changed America], New York : Random House, 2001. {{ISBN|978-0-7679-0352-3}}. Cf. chapter "Making the 'R' Yield 'D': The IBM Labs" by Robert Buderi.IBM, [http://www.watson.ibm.com/facility_history.shtml "Watson Research Center: Watson Facility History"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120219114433/http://www.watson.ibm.com/facility_history.shtml |date=2012-02-19 }} including the Thomas J. Watson Research Center in 1961.

Notable company inventions include the floppy disk, the hard disk drive, the magnetic stripe card, the relational database, the Universal Product Code (UPC), the financial swap, the Fortran programming language, SABRE airline reservation system, DRAM, copper wiring in semiconductors, the smartphone, the portable computer, the Automated Teller Machine (ATM), the silicon-on-insulator (SOI) semiconductor manufacturing process, Watson artificial intelligence{{cite web |title=History of progress |url=http://www.research.ibm.com/featured/history/ |work=IBM Research |access-date=28 December 2016 |archive-date=26 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126092232/http://www.research.ibm.com/featured/history/ |url-status=live }} and the Quantum Experience.

Advances in nanotechnology include IBM in atoms, where a scanning tunneling microscope was used to arrange 35 individual xenon atoms on a substrate of chilled crystal of nickel to spell out the three letter company acronym. It was the first time atoms had been precisely positioned on a flat surface.{{cite news |last1=Browne |first1=Malcolm W. |title=2 Researchers Spell 'I.B.M.,' Atom by Atom |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/04/05/us/2-researchers-spell-ibm-atom-by-atom.html |agency=New York Times |date=April 5, 1990 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090803210039/http://www.nytimes.com/1990/04/05/us/2-researchers-spell-ibm-atom-by-atom.html |archive-date=2009-08-03}}

Major undertakings at IBM Research have included the invention of innovative materials and structures, high-performance microprocessors and computers, analytical methods and tools, algorithms, software architectures, methods for managing, searching and deriving meaning from data and in turning IBM's advanced services methodologies into reusable assets.

IBM Research's numerous contributions to physical and computer sciences include the Scanning Tunneling Microscope and high-temperature superconductivity, both of which were awarded the Nobel Prize. IBM Research was behind the inventions of the SABRE travel reservation system, the technology of laser eye surgery, magnetic storage, the relational database, UPC barcodes and Watson, the question-answering computing system that won a match against human champions on the Jeopardy! television quiz show. The Watson technology is now being commercialized as part of a project with healthcare company Anthem Inc. Other notable developments include the Data Encryption Standard (DES), fast Fourier transform (FFT), Benoît Mandelbrot's introduction of fractals, magnetic disk storage (hard disks), the MELD-Plus risk score, the one-transistor dynamic random-access memory (DRAM), the reduced instruction set computer (RISC) architecture, relational databases, and Deep Blue (grandmaster-level chess-playing computer).

{{see also|IBM#IBM alumni}}

There are a number of computer scientists "who made IBM Research famous."{{citation |url=http://researcher.watson.ibm.com/researcher/view_group.php?id=1886 |title=Computer scientists who made IBM Research famous |work=IBM |access-date=16 January 2016 |date=17 December 2012 |archive-date=11 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011051248/http://researcher.watson.ibm.com/researcher/view_group.php?id=1886 |url-status=live }} These include Frances E. Allen,{{cite web|url=https://www.ibm.com/ibm/history/witexhibit/wit_hall_allen.html|title=IBM Archives: IBM Women in technology IBM Women in WITI Hall of Fame profile for Frances Allen|date=January 23, 2003|website=www.ibm.com|access-date=February 9, 2020|archive-date=April 5, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200405085216/https://www.ibm.com/ibm/history/witexhibit/wit_hall_allen.html|url-status=live}} Marc Auslander, John Backus,{{cite web|url=https://www.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/builders/builders_backus.html|title=IBM Archives: John Backus|date=January 23, 2003|website=www.ibm.com|access-date=February 9, 2020|archive-date=February 7, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207022245/https://www.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/builders/builders_backus.html|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=https://ccrma.stanford.edu/marl/Backus/BackusHome.html|title=John Backus Archive Home Page|website=ccrma.stanford.edu|access-date=2016-01-16|archive-date=2016-03-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308113007/https://ccrma.stanford.edu/marl/Backus/BackusHome.html|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=https://www.nndb.com/people/079/000129689/|title=John Backus|website=www.nndb.com|access-date=2020-02-09|archive-date=2019-07-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190703031257/https://nndb.com/people/079/000129689/|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/computinghistory/backus.html|title=John Backus|website=www.columbia.edu|access-date=2020-02-09|archive-date=2020-01-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200131050023/http://www.columbia.edu/cu/computinghistory/backus.html|url-status=live}}{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/20/business/20backus.html|title=John W. Backus, 82, Fortran Developer, Dies|first=Steve|last=Lohr|work=The New York Times |date=March 20, 2007|via=NYTimes.com|access-date=February 9, 2017|archive-date=July 9, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709173934/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/20/business/20backus.html|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=http://researcher.watson.ibm.com/researcher/files/us-bbfinkel/john_backus_memorial.pdf|title=John Backus Memorial|access-date=2016-12-29|archive-date=2018-04-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417105957/https://researcher.watson.ibm.com/researcher/files/us-bbfinkel/john_backus_memorial.pdf|url-status=dead}} Charles H. Bennett (computer scientist), Erich Bloch,{{cite web|url=https://www.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/builders/builders_bloch.html|title=IBM Archives: Erich Bloch|date=January 23, 2003|website=www.ibm.com|access-date=February 9, 2020|archive-date=May 30, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200530143131/https://www.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/builders/builders_bloch.html|url-status=live}} Grady Booch,

{{cite web |date= 9 February 2021|title=Grady Booch {{!}} IBM Research Profile |url=https://research.ibm.com/people/grady-booch |access-date=28 December 2022 |website=IBM Research |archive-date=28 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228173259/https://research.ibm.com/people/grady-booch |url-status=live }}{{cite web|url=https://community.ibm.com/community/user/ibmcommunity/home|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151213193833/https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/mydeveloperworks/blogs/gradybooch/?lang=en|url-status=dead|title=IBM Community - IBM Community Home|archive-date=December 13, 2015|website=community.ibm.com}}

{{cite web |url=http://www.handbookofsoftwarearchitecture.com/index.jsp?page=Blog |title=Handbook of software architecture |access-date=2016-01-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107022628/http://www.handbookofsoftwarearchitecture.com/index.jsp?page=Blog |archive-date=2012-01-07 |url-status=dead }}

{{cite web |url=http://www.computer.org/portal/web/computingnow/onarchitecture |title=IEEE Software: On Architecture |access-date=2016-01-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803014315/https://www.computer.org/portal/web/computingnow/onarchitecture |archive-date=2018-08-03 |url-status=dead }}{{cite web|url=http://video.yahoo.com/watch/577305/2839970|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110328083425/http://video.yahoo.com/watch/577305/2839970|url-status=dead|title=The Promise, The Limits, The Beauty of Software|archive-date=March 28, 2011}} Fred Brooks (known for his book The Mythical Man-Month),{{cite magazine|url=https://www.wired.com/2010/07/ff-fred-brooks/|title=Master Planner: Fred Brooks Shows How to Design Anything|magazine=Wired|first=Kevin|last=Kelly|date=July 28, 2010|volume=18|issue=8|via=www.wired.com|access-date=February 9, 2020|archive-date=March 3, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200303041543/https://www.wired.com/2010/07/ff-fred-brooks/|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=https://www.nndb.com/people/991/000029904/|title=Fred Brooks|website=www.nndb.com|access-date=2020-02-09|archive-date=2020-01-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126100006/https://www.nndb.com/people/991/000029904/|url-status=live}}{{Cite web |url=http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/10_18/b4176054953788.htm |title=Innovator: Fred Brooks |access-date=2016-01-16 |archive-date=2011-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110416030722/http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/10_18/b4176054953788.htm |url-status=dead }}{{cite web|url=https://www.computerworld.com/article/2550685/the-grill--fred-brooks.html|title=The Grill: Fred Brooks|first=Michael|last=Fitzgerald|date=June 7, 2010|website=Computerworld|access-date=February 9, 2020|archive-date=September 19, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919132209/https://www.computerworld.com/article/2550685/the-grill--fred-brooks.html|url-status=live}} Peter Brown,{{cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/bob-mercer-peter-brown-2010-3|title=Renaissance Tech, Meet The Two Crazy New Bosses Who Might Close Two Of Your Funds|first=Courtney|last=Comstock|website=Business Insider|access-date=2020-02-09|archive-date=2021-05-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518184424/https://www.businessinsider.com/bob-mercer-peter-brown-2010-3|url-status=live}} Larry Carter,{{cite web|url=http://cseweb.ucsd.edu/~carter/|title=Larry Carter's Home Page|website=cseweb.ucsd.edu|access-date=2016-01-16|archive-date=2016-03-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316080559/http://cseweb.ucsd.edu/~carter/|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=http://researcher.watson.ibm.com/researcher/files/-/siam_short_course.pdf|title=SIAM short course|access-date=2016-12-29|archive-date=2016-12-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229171715/http://researcher.watson.ibm.com/researcher/files/-/siam_short_course.pdf|url-status=dead}} Gregory Chaitin, John Cocke, Alan Cobham,{{cite web|url=http://recursed.blogspot.com/2010/04/alan-cobham.html|title=Recursivity: Alan Cobham|first=Jeffrey|last=Shallit|date=March 31, 2010|access-date=January 16, 2016|archive-date=March 15, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315063312/http://recursed.blogspot.com/2010/04/alan-cobham.html|url-status=live}} Edgar F. Codd, Don Coppersmith, Wallace Eckert, Ronald Fagin, Horst Feistel, Jeanne Ferrante, Zvi Galil, Ralph E. Gomory, Jim Gray, Joseph Halpern, Kenneth E. Iverson, Frederick Jelinek, Reynold B. Johnson, Benoit Mandelbrot, Robert Mercer, C. Mohan, Kirsten Moselund, Michael O. Rabin, Arthur Samuel, Barbara Simons, Alfred Spector, Gardiner Tucker,{{Cite web|date=2012-03-07|title=IBM100 - The First Corporate Pure Science Research Laboratory|url=http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/ibm100/us/en/icons/scientificresearch/team/|access-date=2021-07-30|website=www-03.ibm.com|language=en-US|archive-date=2017-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907024955/http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/ibm100/us/en/icons/scientificresearch/team/|url-status=dead}} Moshe Vardi, John Vlissides, Mark N. Wegman and Shmuel Winograd.

IBM currently has 19 research facilities spread across 12 laboratories on six continents:{{cite web |date= 9 February 2021|title=Our labs |url=https://research.ibm.com/labs/ |access-date=28 December 2022 |website=IBM Research |publisher=IBM |archive-date=21 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221032216/https://research.ibm.com/labs/ |url-status=live }}

• Africa (Nairobi, Kenya, and Johannesburg, South Africa)
• Almaden (San Jose, California, US)
• Australia (Melbourne)
• Brazil (São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro)
• Cambridge – IBM Research and MIT-IBM Watson AI Lab (Cambridge, Massachusetts, US)
• China (Beijing)
• Israel (Haifa)
• Ireland (Dublin)
• India (Delhi and Bengaluru)
• Japan (Tokyo and Shin-Kawasaki)
• Switzerland (Zürich)
• IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center (Yorktown Heights and Albany, New York, US)

Historic research centers for IBM also include IBM La Gaude (Nice), the Cambridge Scientific Center, the IBM New York Scientific Center, 330 North Wabash (Chicago), IBM Austin Research Laboratory, and IBM Laboratory Vienna.{{cite web|last1=IBM Corporation|title=Some key dates in IBM's operations in Europe, the Middle East, and Africa (EMEA)|url=https://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/documents/pdf/emea.pdf|website=IBM History|access-date=July 24, 2016|archive-date=October 10, 2022|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221010/https://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/documents/pdf/emea.pdf|url-status=dead}}

In 2017, IBM invested $240 million to create the MIT–IBM Watson AI Lab. Headquartered in Cambridge, MA, the Lab is a unique joint research venture in artificial intelligence established by IBM and MIT and brings together researchers in academia and industry to advance AI that has a real world impact for business, academic and society. The Lab funds approximately 50 projects per year, which are co-led by principal investigators from MIT and IBM Research, with results published regularly at top peer-reviewed journals and conferences. Projects range from computer vision, natural language processing and reinforcement learning, to devising new ways to ensure that AI systems are fair, reliable and secure.{{cite web |url=https://mitibmwatsonailab.mit.edu/about/ |title=Inside the Lab |date=September 2017 |access-date=October 6, 2020 |archive-date=October 23, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023031838/https://mitibmwatsonailab.mit.edu/about/ |url-status=live }}

File:IBM Research Almaden.jpg

IBM Research – Almaden is in Almaden Valley, San Jose, California. Its scientists perform basic and applied research in computer science, services, storage systems, physical sciences, and materials science and technology.{{cite news|title=Gathering of the Most Brilliant Minds in Energy Storage to Take Place|url=http://www.azom.com/news.aspx?newsID=17759|access-date=June 9, 2012|newspaper=AZOM|date=June 23, 2009|archive-date=May 22, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522125400/http://www.azom.com/news.aspx?newsID=17759|url-status=live}}

IBM Research – Almaden occupies part of a site owned by IBM at 650 Harry Road on nearly {{convert|700|acre|km2}} of land in the Santa Teresa Hills above Silicon Valley. The site, built in 1985 for the research center, was chosen because of its close proximity to Stanford University, UC Santa Cruz, UC Berkeley and other collaborative academic institutions. Today, the research division is still the largest tenant of the site, but the majority of occupants work for other divisions of IBM.

IBM opened its first West Coast research center, the San Jose Research Laboratory in 1952, managed by Reynold B. Johnson. Among its first developments was the IBM 350, the first commercial moving head hard disk drive. Launched in 1956, this saw use in the IBM 305 RAMAC computer system. Subdivisions included the Advanced Systems Development Division.{{cite web |url=http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/text/FindingAids/102658131.Kolsky.pdf |title=Guide to the Harwood G. Kolsky Papers |access-date=January 31, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110920034923/http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/text/FindingAids/102658131.Kolsky.pdf |archive-date=September 20, 2011 |url-status=dead }} Directors of the center include hard disc drive developer Jack Harker.

Prompted by a need for additional space, the center moved to its present Almaden location in 1986.

Scientists at IBM Almaden have contributed to several scientific discoveries such as the development of photoresists{{cite news|title=IBM Research Demonstrates Path for Extending Current Chip-Making Technique|url=http://www.webwire.com/ViewPressRel.asp?aId=9814|access-date=June 9, 2012|newspaper=Web Wire|date=February 20, 2006|archive-date=May 22, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522124617/http://www.webwire.com/ViewPressRel.asp?aId=9814|url-status=live}} and the quantum mirage effect.{{cite news|title=IBM Scientists Discover Nanotech Communication Method|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2000/02/000207074352.htm|access-date=June 9, 2012|newspaper=Science Daily|date=Feb 7, 2000|archive-date=December 17, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111217170515/http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2000/02/000207074352.htm|url-status=live}}

The following are some of the famous scientists who have worked in the past or are currently working in this laboratory: Rakesh Agrawal, Miklos Ajtai, Rama Akkiraju, John Backus, Raymond F. Boyce, Donald D. Chamberlin, Ashok K. Chandra, Edgar F. Codd, Mark Dean, Cynthia Dwork, Don Eigler, Ronald Fagin, Jim Gray, Laura M. Haas, Jean Paul Jacob, Joseph Halpern, Andreas J. Heinrich, Reynold B. Johnson, Maria Klawe, Jaishankar Menon, Dharmendra Modha, William E. Moerner, C. Mohan, Stuart Parkin, Nick Pippenger, Dan Russell, Patricia Selinger, Ted Selker, Barbara Simons, Malcolm Slaney, Arnold Spielberg, Ramakrishnan Srikant, Larry Stockmeyer, Moshe Vardi, Jennifer Widom, Shumin Zhai.

IBM Research – Australia was a research and development laboratory established by IBM Research in 2009 in Melbourne.{{cite web |date= 9 February 2021|title=Labs and locations |url=https://research.ibm.com/labs/ |access-date=28 December 2022 |website=IBM Research |archive-date=21 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221032216/https://research.ibm.com/labs/ |url-status=live }} It was involved in social media, interactive content, healthcare analytics and services research, multimedia analytics, and genomics. The lab was headed by several directors over its 10 years lifespan, including Vice President, Joanna Batstone {{cite web |author= |date= 9 February 2021|title=Labs and locations |url=https://research.ibm.com/labs/ |access-date= |publisher= |archive-date=2022-12-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221032216/https://research.ibm.com/labs/ |url-status=live }} and Professor Iven Mareels. It was to be the company’s first laboratory combining research and development in a single organisation.{{cite web |title=IBM CHOOSES AUSTRALIA FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT LABORATORY |url=http://www.austrade.gov.au/invest/doing-business-in-australia/success-stories/IBM-chooses-Australia-for-research-and-development-laboratory#.VNOPwmjF-Sp |website=austrade.gov |access-date=15 February 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150205160741/http://www.austrade.gov.au/invest/doing-business-in-australia/success-stories/IBM-chooses-Australia-for-research-and-development-laboratory%23.VNOVLn3LfK6 |archive-date=5 February 2015}}

The opening of the Melbourne lab in 2011 received an injection of $22 million in Australian Federal Government funding and an undisclosed amount provided by the State Government.{{cite web|url=https://www.itnews.com.au/news/photos-ibm-launches-melbourne-rd-lab-276777|title=Photos: IBM launches Melbourne R&D lab|website=iTnews|access-date=2020-02-09|archive-date=2019-04-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424104805/https://www.itnews.com.au/news/photos-ibm-launches-melbourne-rd-lab-276777|url-status=live}}

The Melbourne Research lab was closed in 2021, approximately at the same time as the deal for tax breaks from the State Government ended. Approximately 80 full-time researchers were made redundant.

IBM Research – Brazil is one of twelve research laboratories comprising IBM Research, its first in South America.{{cite web |author= |title=IBM Research - Brazil - Locations |url=https://research.ibm.com/labs/brazil/ |access-date=28 December 2022 |website=IBM Research |date=9 February 2021 |publisher=IBM |archive-date=28 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228173259/https://research.ibm.com/labs/brazil/ |url-status=live }} It was established in 2011, with locations in São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. Research focuses on Industrial Technology and Science, Systems of Engagement and Insight, Social Data Analytics and Natural Resources Solutions.

The new lab, IBM's ninth at the time of opening and first in 12 years, underscores the growing importance of emerging markets and the globalization of innovation.{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703302604575294820196514024|title=IBM To Open Research Lab In Brazil|first=Spencer E. Ante And Nathan|last=Becker|date=June 9, 2010|via=www.wsj.com|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|access-date=January 23, 2020|archive-date=June 23, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190623070003/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703302604575294820196514024|url-status=live}} In collaboration with Brazil's government, it will help IBM to develop technology systems around natural resource development and large-scale events such as the 2016 Summer Olympics.

Engineer and associate lab director Ulisses Mello explains that IBM has four priority areas in Brazil: "The main area is related to natural resources management, involving oil and gas, mining and agricultural sectors. The second is the social data analytics segment that comprises the analysis of data generated from social networking sites [such as Twitter or Facebook], which can be applied, for example, to financial analysis. The third strategic area is nanotechnology applied to the development of the smarter devices for the intermittent production industry. This technology can be applied to, for example, blood testing or recovering oil from existing fields. And the last one is smarter cities."{{cite web|url=https://nearshoreamericas.com/brazilian-research-labs-ibm-natural-resources/|title=IBM's Brazil Research Labs Target Natural Resources, Data Analytics and Nanotechnology|first=Silvia|last=Rosa|date=June 10, 2014|access-date=February 9, 2020|archive-date=March 21, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200321151511/http://nearshoreamericas.com/brazilian-research-labs-ibm-natural-resources/|url-status=live}}

The IBM Research – Tokyo, which was called IBM Tokyo Research Laboratory (TRL) before January 2009, is one of IBM's twelve major worldwide research laboratories.{{cite book |title=Managing synergistic innovations through corporate global R&D, Volume 173 |last=Persaud |first=Ajax |author2=Uma Kumar |year=2002 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=1-56720-463-5 |pages=82–83 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HsbQG9BbsFgC&q=IBM+New+York+Research+Laboratory+-+Managing+synergistic+innovations+through+corporate+global+R%26D&pg=PA82 |access-date=2020-10-18 |archive-date=2023-03-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312220523/https://books.google.com/books?id=HsbQG9BbsFgC&q=IBM+New+York+Research+Laboratory+-+Managing+synergistic+innovations+through+corporate+global+R%26D&pg=PA82 |url-status=live }} It is a branch of IBM Research, and about 200 researchers work for TRL.{{cite web |title=IBM Tokyo Research Laboratory |url=https://research.ibm.com/labs/tokyo/ |access-date=28 December 2022 |website=IBM Research |date=9 February 2021 |publisher=IBM |archive-date=28 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228173259/https://research.ibm.com/labs/tokyo/ |url-status=live }} Established in 1982 as the Japan Science Institute (JSI) in Tokyo, it was renamed to IBM Tokyo Research Laboratory in 1986, and moved to Yamato in 1992 and back to Tokyo in 2012.

IBM Tokyo Research Laboratory was established in 1982 as the Japan Science Institute (JSI) in Sanbanchō, Tokyo. It was IBM's first research laboratory in Asia. Hisashi Kobayashi was appointed the founding director of TRL in 1982; he served as director until 1986.{{cite book |title=Network security: current status and future directions |last=Douligeris |first=Christos |author2=Dimitrios N. Serpanos |year=2007 |publisher=John Wiley and Sons |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dHys9OXMFMIC&pg=PA566|isbn=978-0-471-70355-6 |page=566}} JSI was renamed to the IBM Tokyo Research Laboratory in 1986. In 1988, English-to-Japanese machine translation system called "System for Human-Assisted Language Translation" (SHALT) was developed at TRL. It was used to translate IBM manuals.{{cite web |title=TRL 25th Anniversary (1982-2006) |url=http://www.trl.ibm.com/history/index_e.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20070504090755/http://www.trl.ibm.com/history/index_e.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 May 2007 |publisher=IBM |access-date=16 August 2009}}

TRL was shifted from downtown Tokyo to the suburbs to share a building with IBM Yamato Facility in Yamato, Kanagawa Prefecture in 1993.{{cite book |title=Managing global innovation: uncovering the secrets of future competitiveness |last=Boutellier |first=Roman |author2=Oliver Gassmann |author3=Maximilian von Zedtwitz |year=2008 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-540-25441-6 |page=203 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LLLeO5V7qJUC&q=In+1993,+IBM+Tokyo+Research+Laboratory&pg=PA203 |access-date=2020-10-18 |archive-date=2023-03-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312220535/https://books.google.com/books?id=LLLeO5V7qJUC&q=In+1993,+IBM+Tokyo+Research+Laboratory&pg=PA203 |url-status=live }} In 1993, world record was accomplished for generation of continuous coherent Ultraviolet rays. In 1996, Java JIT compiler was developed at TRL, and it was released for major IBM platforms. Numerous other technological breakthroughs were made at TRL.

The team led by Chieko Asakawa (:ja:浅川智恵子), IBM Fellow since 2009, provided basic technology for IBM's software programs for the visually handicapped, IBM Home Page Reader in 1997 and IBM aiBrowser (:ja:aiBrowser) in 2007. TRL moved back to Tokyo in 2012, this time at IBM Toyosu Facility.

TRL researchers are responsible for numerous breakthroughs in sciences and engineering. The researchers have presented multiple papers at international conferences, and published numerous papers in international journals.{{cite web |title=Core Research Competency |url=http://www.trl.ibm.com/projects/index_e.htm |publisher=IBM |access-date=16 August 2009 |archive-date=10 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091010154329/http://www.trl.ibm.com/projects/index_e.htm |url-status=live }}{{cite web |title=Technical Paper |url=http://www.trl.ibm.com/news/publication_e.htm |publisher=IBM |access-date=21 August 2009 |archive-date=20 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091120120026/http://www.trl.ibm.com/news/publication_e.htm |url-status=live }} They have also contributed to the products and services of IBM, and patent filings.{{cite web |title=Research Results |url=http://www.trl.ibm.com/news/highlight_e.htm |publisher=IBM |access-date=16 August 2009 |archive-date=9 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091009105643/http://www.trl.ibm.com/news/highlight_e.htm |url-status=live }} TRL conducts research in microdevices, system software, security and privacy, analytics and optimization, human computer interaction, embedded systems, and services sciences.

TRL collaborates with the Japanese universities, and support their research programs. IBM donates its equipment such as servers, storage systems, and so forth to the Japanese universities to support their research programs under the Shared University Research (SUR) program.{{cite web |title=Collaboration with Academia |url=http://www.research.ibm.com/trl/academic/index_e.htm |publisher=IBM |access-date=17 August 2009 |archive-date=22 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090622115727/http://www.research.ibm.com/trl/academic/index_e.htm |url-status=live }}

In 1987, IBM Japan Science Prize was created to recognize researchers, who are not over 45 years old, working at Japanese universities or public research institutes. It is awarded in physics, chemistry, computer science, and electronics.

IBM Research – Haifa, previously known as the Haifa Research Lab (HRL) was founded as a small scientific center in 1972.{{cite news |title=Aya Soffer named as new Director of IBM's Haifa Research Lab |url=https://www.calcalistech.com/ctech/articles/0,7340,L-3896570,00.html |publisher=CTECH |date=3 March 2021 |access-date=18 August 2021 |archive-date=18 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818112517/https://www.calcalistech.com/ctech/articles/0,7340,L-3896570,00.html |url-status=live }} Since then, it has grown into a major lab that leads the development of innovative technologies and solutions for the IBM corporation. The lab’s offices are situated in three locations across Israel: Haifa, Tel Aviv, and Beer Sheva.

IBM Research – Haifa employs researchers in a range of areas. Research projects are being executed today in areas such as artificial intelligence, hybrid cloud, quantum computing, blockchain, IoT, quality, cybersecurity, and industry domains such as healthcare.

Aya Soffer is IBM vice president of AI technology and serves as the director of the IBM Research Lab in Haifa, Israel.

In its 30th year, the IBM Haifa Research Lab in Israel moved to a new home on the University of Haifa campus.

The researchers at the Lab are involved in special projects with academic institutions across Israel, the United States, and Europe, and actively participate in numerous consortiums as part of the EU Horizon 2020 programme. Today in 2020, the Lab describes itself as having the highest number of employees in Israel's hi-tech industry who hold advanced degrees in science, electrical engineering, mathematics, or related fields. Researchers participate in international conferences and are published in professional publications.{{citation needed|date=January 2022}}

In 2014, IBM Research announced the Cybersecurity Center of Excellence (CCoE) in Beer Sheva in collaboration with Ben-Gurion University of the Negev.

IBM Research – Zurich (previously called IBM Zurich Research Laboratory, ZRL) is the European branch of IBM Research. It was opened in 1956 and is located in Rüschlikon near Zürich, Switzerland.

In 1956, IBM opened their first European research laboratory in Adliswil, Switzerland. The lab moved to its own campus in neighboring Rüschlikon in 1962. The Zürich lab is staffed by a multicultural and interdisciplinary team of a few hundred permanent research staff members, graduate students and postdoctoral fellows, representing about 45 nationalities. Collocated with the lab is a Client Center (formerly the Industry Solutions Lab), an executive briefing facility demonstrating technology prototypes and solutions.

The Zürich lab is world-renowned for its scientific achievements—most notably Nobel Prizes in physics in 1986 and 1987 for the invention of the scanning tunneling microscope{{Cite web |url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1986/index.html |title=Nobel Prize in Physics 1986 |access-date=2020-03-21 |archive-date=2008-09-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080917103215/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1986/index.html |url-status=live }} and the discovery of high-temperature superconductivity,{{Cite web |url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1987/index.html |title=Nobel Prize in Physics 1987 |access-date=2020-03-21 |archive-date=2008-09-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080919014520/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1987/index.html |url-status=live }} respectively. Other key inventions include trellis modulation, which revolutionized data transmission over telephone lines; Token Ring, which became a standard for local area networks and a highly successful IBM product; the Secure Electronic Transaction (SET) standard used for highly secure payments; and the Java Card OpenPlatform (JCOP), a smart card operating system. Most recently the lab was involved in the development of SuperMUC, a supercomputer that is cooled using hot water.

The Zürich lab focus areas are future chip technologies; nanotechnology; data storage; quantum computing, brain-inspired computing; security and privacy; risk and compliance; business optimization and transformation; server systems. The Zürich laboratory is involved in many joint projects with universities throughout Europe, in research programs established by the European Union and the Swiss government, and in cooperation agreements with research institutes of industrial partners. One of the lab's most high-profile projects is called DOME, which is based on developing an IT roadmap for the Square Kilometer Array.

The research projects pursued at the IBM Zürich lab are organized into four scientific and technical departments: Science & Technology, Cloud and AI Systems Research, Cognitive Computing & Industry Solutions and Security Research. The lab is currently managed by Alessandro Curioni.

On 17 May 2011, IBM and the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich opened the Binnig and Rohrer Nanotechnology Center, which is located on the same campus in Rüschlikon.{{cite web|title=IBM and ETH Zurich open collaborative Nanotechnology Center|url=http://www.zurich.ibm.com/news/11/nanocenter.html|work=Press Release|access-date=17 May 2011|archive-date=16 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416221135/http://www.zurich.ibm.com/news/11/nanocenter.html|url-status=live}}

In addition to the IBM Research Division, the IBM Scientific Centers, which were active in various functions from 1964 to the early 1990s, were another remarkable research unit. In contrast to the central control of the Research Division from the headquarters in Armonk in the USA, the IBM Scientific Centers were structured in a decentralized manner. Each center functioned as an integral part of the IBM organization in its respective region or country. This organization also financed the center and ultimately determined its content and strategic direction. The task of an IBM Scientific Center was to contribute with its research, its expertise and its cooperation projects for the benefit of the respective country and thus to contribute to the reputation of IBM in this country or this region.{{Cite journal |last1=Kolsky |first1=H. G. |last2=MacKinnon |first2=R. A. |date=1989 |title=History and contributions of the IBM Scientific Centers |url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5387540 |journal=IBM Systems Journal |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=502–524 |doi=10.1147/sj.284.0502 |issn=0018-8670}}{{Cite book |last=Blaser |first=Albrecht |url=https://cloud.uni-jena.de/s/gTjxFoqCKFGkPZg |title=The IBM Heidelberg Science Center: User Oriented Informatics and Computers in Science. |year=2001 |isbn=3-920799-23-2 |location=Sindelfingen, Germany}}

While the research laboratories of the IBM Research Division had to be very restrictive with regard to scientific cooperation projects with non-IBM institutions for patent reasons and other reasons, technical-scientific and application-oriented cooperation projects with universities and other public research institutions were an important part of IBM's mission for the scientific centers. Because of this, the spectrum of activities of such a center was often very broad. For example, some research groups could deal with topics that can be assigned to basic{{Cite book |last1=Jaeschke |first1=G. |last2=Schek |first2=H. J. |title=Proceedings of the 1st ACM SIGACT-SIGMOD symposium on Principles of database systems - PODS '82 |chapter=Remarks on the algebra of non first normal form relations |date=1982 |chapter-url=http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=588111.588133 |language=en |publisher=ACM Press |pages=124 |doi=10.1145/588111.588133 |isbn=978-0-89791-070-5}} or product-oriented research,{{Cite journal |last1=Dadam |first1=P. |last2=Linnemann |first2=V. |date=1989 |title=Advanced Information Management (AIM): Advanced database technology for integrated applications |url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5387538 |journal=IBM Systems Journal |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=661–681 |doi=10.1147/sj.284.0661 |issn=0018-8670}} while others dealt with application-oriented research topics, for example satellite-based soil classification.{{Cite web |last=Bernstein |first=Ralph |title=Concept for a Future Ground Control Data Set for Image Correction |url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19820020862/downloads/19820020862.pdf |access-date=2023-11-17}}

Descriptions of the thematic focus and research projects as well as a selection of references to the scientific publications of the individual centers, as far as they were still alive in 1989, can be found in. A comprehensive description of the evolution, projects, and success stories of the IBM Heidelberg Scientific Center from its very beginning and to shortly before its end can be found in.

The history of the IBM Scientific Centers began in 1964 with the founding of the first four centers in the USA (marked with * in the list below) and has subsequently grown to 26 centers worldwide in 1989. Their story ended in the early 1990s.

• Bari, Italy (1969–1979)
• Bergen, Norway (since 1986)
• Brasilia, Brazil (1980–1986)
• Cairo, Egypt (since 1983)
• Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA (since 1964) *
• Caracas, Venezuela (since 1983)
• Grenoble, France (1967–1973)
• Haifa, Israel (since 1972)
• Heidelberg, Germany (since 1968)
• Houston, Texas (1966–1974)
• Kuwait City, Kuwait (since 1980)
• Los Angeles, California, USA (since 1964) *
• Madrid, Spain (since 1972)
• Mexico City, Mexico (since 1971)
• New York City (1964–1972) *
• Palo Alto, California, USA (since 1964) *
• Paris, France (since 1977)
• Peterlee, United Kingdom (1969–1979)
• Pisa, Italy (since 1971)
• Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA (1972–1974)
• Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (since 1986)
• Rome, Italy (since 1979)
• Tokyo, Japan (since 1970)
• Venice, Italy (1969–1979)
• Wheaton, Maryland, USA (1967–1969)
• Winchester, United Kingdom (since 1979)

• [https://research.ibm.com/publications?search=eyJ0eXBlIjoic291cmNlIiwidmFsdWUiOnsiaWQiOiIxOTk3MSIsInRleHQiOiJJQk0gSi4gUmVzLiBEZXYifX0 IBM Journal of Research and Development]

{{reflist}}

• {{cite book |first = Jean Ford|last = Brennan|title = The IBM Watson Laboratory at Columbia University: A History|year = 1971|publisher = IBM|url = http://www.columbia.edu/acis/history/brennan/index.html}}

• {{official website|https://research.ibm.com}} of IBM Research
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20051210065715/http://domino.research.ibm.com/Comm/wwwr_projects.nsf/projectlist.html?ReadForm&count=500&alpha=a Projects] (archived 10 December 2005)
• [http://www.research.ibm.com/about/top_innovations_history.shtml Research History Highlights] (Top Innovations)
• [http://www.research.ibm.com/about/history.shtml Research history by year]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20020812091414/http://www.cbi.umn.edu/oh/display.phtml?id=72 Oral history interview with Martin Schwarzschild] head of Watson Scientific Computation Laboratory at Columbia University, Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota (archived 12 August 2002)
• [https://research.ibm.com/publications IBM Research's technical journals]

{{IBM|state=uncollapsed}}

{{authority control}}

Category:IBM facilities

Category:Computer science organizations

Category:Research and development organizations